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Two measurement techniques are used to measure the range and apparent elevation of surface targets. In one set of experiments, a survey station measured the apparent elevation angle, and Global Positioning System data were used to determine the range. In the other experiments, a lidar measured both elevation and range. Two different analysis techniques (one analytical and one involving an optimal estimation model) are used to characterize the shape of the temperature profiles. The six case studies discussed are equally split between stable and unstable cases. In four cases, data from a survey station are analyzed and include measurements of boats, buoys, and a tower. In two cases, lidar measurements of the sea surface were made. Elevation and range data are derived from a nonlinear model of the surface return. For the analytical model, the errors between the derived and the measured range are minimized; typically the range errors are less than 100 m. For the optimal estimation technique, the errors in derived and measured heights are minimized; the height errors are typically less than 1 m.

William P. HooperNaval Research LaboratoryRemote Sensing DivisionCode 72214555 Overlook AvenueWashington, DC 20375-5000E-mail: hooper@ccf.nrl.navy.milLee U. MartinNaval Research LaboratoryRadar Division4555 Overlook AvenueWashington, DC 20375-5000Abstract. A scanning lidar was used at Wallops Island, Virginia, to lo-cate regions where aerosols are generated by breaking waves and tocharacterize the resultant aerosol plumes. False-color lidar images showviews of both the horizontal and the vertical extent of the plumes abovethe surf zone. A 30-min-average location of aerosol generation is shownas a contour overlay on the lidar images. The strength of the backscatteris separated into three regions: the land side of the surf zone, the surfzone, and the ocean side of the surf zone.

The performance assessment of new mobile radio base station (BS) transceiver concepts with adaptive intelligent antennas requires realistic directional radio channel models. An appropriate model is derived from the results of an extensive uplink sounding campaign performed at 1.9 GHz in a urban macrocell within the city of Frankfurt. In the experiments the wideband sounder RUSK XL was applied for synthetic aperture reception. The directional multipath propagation is characterised by means of delays, directions of arrival (DOA) at the BS antenna array and mean powers of the multipath components. The coupled delay-DOA-power information is determined by an adaptation of the 2-D unitary ESPRIT algorithm. It can be used directly to configure fading simulators for multiple antenna reception which reflect real-world small-area radio channel properties in simulations at the link level. Additionally, probability distribution functions for excess delays, DOAs and mean powers are derived from the measurement results. They are useful for consideration of directional propagation effects in investigations of the cellular system behaviour.

The effect of bencyclane (N-(3-(1-benzyl-cycloheptyloxy)-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium-hydrogen-fumarate) on thrombocyte adhesiveness was studied in 89 patients. Platelet adhesiveness was measured by the glass-bead filter method of O'BRIEN (passage of native blood through a glass-bead filter) and by BORCHGREVINK'S method (thrombocyte retention in a defined skin incision.) Bencyclane doses were shown in vitro to produce a distinct drop in platelet adhesiveness, 100 γ bencyclane per millilitre (2.5 × 10−4 moles/1) was effective in reducing adhesiveness at a 50% rate. Furtheron, bencyclane was given by intravenous infusion. A bencyclane infusion of 4 hours duration with 75 mg/h produced a 25% reduction in platelet stickiness according to O'BRIEN's method. At the end of the infusion the drop in adhesiveness determined by BORCHGREVINK's method was 42%. The effect of bencyclane on platelets appeared to be fully reversible. In all cases, normal adhesiveness values were obtained 2 hours after ending the infusion.

67 Patienten mit 68 durch Streptokinasebehandlung eroffneten Arterien wurden bis zu sechs Jahren spater nachuntersucht. In zehn der 68 Falle (=15%) war ein Reverschlus noch wahrend des stationaren Aufenthaltes aufgetreten. Das verbleibende Patientenkollektiv mit definitiv eroffneten Gefasen gliederte sich in drei Gruppen: Patienten, bei denen eine Beurteilung der Gefasverhaltnisse moglich war (A), Patienten, die in der Zwischenzeit verstorben waren (B) und Patienten, bei denen aus technischen Grunden eine Ermittlung des Gefasstatus ausgeschlossen war (C). Folgende Ergebnisse wurden in der Gruppe A ermittelt

Microwave radiometers have, for the first time, detected internal waves in the atmospheric boundary layer and localized their altitude. Varying the intersection height of a narrow (3 deg) antenna beam with that of a wide (22 deg) vertically pointing antenna beam allowed determination of the wave altitudes. The ground-based radiometers were located at San Diego, where, in an experiment in may- June 1975, the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center (NELC) provided 'atmospheric-truth' for comparison to the radiometer data obtained by the Naval Research Laboratory. NELC provided FM-CW radar, acoustic sounder, lidar, microbarograph, radiosonde, and surface meteorological data. Preliminary results showed cases of correspondence between the signals of the passive radiometers and the active FM-CW radar and acoustic sounder systems. Examples included internal wave trains up to an hour in length.

The influence of strain rate and mode of deformation on the substructure of a Fe-Ni-C alloy was estimated by TEM. The softening processes during hot deformation appear as dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. – The dynamic recrystallization is favoured by increased strain rate and one-dimensional state of stress. Der Einflus der Formanderungsgeschwindigkeit und der Umformart auf das Subgefuge einer Fe-Ni-C-Legierung wurde mittels TEM bestimmt. Die wahrend der Warmumformung ablaufenden Entfestigungsprozesse ausern sich als dynamische Erholung und dynamische Rekristallisation. Die Erhohung der Formanderungsgeschwindigkeit und der einachsige Spannungszustand begunstigen die dynamische Rekristallisation.

The stability of plane, periodic solutions of the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation to infinitesimal, two-dimensional perturbation has been calculated and verified numerically. For standing wave disturbances, instability is found for both odd and even modes; as the period of the unperturbed solution increases, the instability associated with the odd modes remains but that associated with the even mode disappears, which is consistent with the results of Zakharov and Rubenchik [8], Saffman and Yuen [4] and Ablowitz and Segur [1] on the stability of solitons. In addition, we have identified travelling wave instabilities for the even mode perturbations which are absent in the long-wave limit. Extrapolation to the case of an unperturbed solution with infinite period suggests that these instabilities]may also be present for the soliton. In other words, the soliton is unstable to odd, standing-wave perturbations, and very likely also to even, travelling-wave perturbations.

Mediators of the immune system including interferons, tumor necrosis factor find interleukins have excited great interest as pharmacological agents. Although interleukin 1 has long been known to play a pivotal role in immune reactions, only since its molecular structure has been determined has it become clear that it also regulates the growth and activity of many cells, predominantly those involved in inflamiration . Michael Martin and Klaus Resch review the properties of IL-1, it receptor and its possible pharmacological value .

Electrolyte leakage from leaf discs (measured as an index of dehydration tolerance) increased as water potentials of excised leaves declined for field-grown saplings of six woody species. Until late in the growing season (mid-August), leaves of Cornus florida L. exhibited greater leakage than those of other species; however, in August and September leakage in this species was much reduced, indicating apparent hardening in response to mid-season drought. Leaves of Quercus alba L., Q. rubra L. and Q. velutina Lam. generally exhibited less electrolyte leakage than did those of Acer saccharum Marsh, and Juglans nigra L. over the season. Moreover, leaves of Quercus species showed a reduction in electrolyte leakage late in the season similar to (but less accentuated than) that of C. florida. Saplings of A. saccharum and J. nigra showed little and no drought-hardening response, respectively. The responses shown by the studied species suggest that dehydration tolerance plays a role in plant distribution and that environmentally induced shifts in this tolerance are a significant phenomenon in natural plant communities.

Three cell surface molecules participate in Interleukin-1 (IL-1) binding and signal generation, the two distinct types of receptors (type I IL-1R and type II IL-1R) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). Low surface expression hampers the detection of all three components on a protein level in most cell types, thus the highly sensitive RT-PCR was used to analyse the mRNA expression in a panel of 18 murine cell types of different hemopoietic lineages and fibroblasts. The transcription of both types of IL-1 receptors was detected in all cell lines tested. In most cell lines the IL-1RAcP was co-expressed with the IL-1 receptors, and only these lines responded to IL-1. However, in three cell lines no mRNA for the IL-1RAcP could be detected, and these cells did not respond to IL-1. These results suggest that the expression of the IL-1RAcP correlates with IL-1 responsiveness and they point to a pivotal role for the IL-1RAcP in IL-1 signal generation.

A preliminary model has been calculated for the activating interaction of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) accessory protein IL-1RAcP with the ligand/receptor complex IL-1beta/IL-1R(I). First, IL-1RAcP was modeled on the crystal structure of IL-1R(I) bound to IL-1beta. Then, the IL-1RAcP model was docked using specific programs to the crystal structure of the IL-1beta/IL-1R(I) complex. Two types of models were predicted, with comparable probability. Experimental data obtained with the use of IL-1beta peptides and antibodies, and with mutated IL-1beta proteins, support the BACK model, in which IL-1RAcP establishes contacts with the back of IL-1R(I) wrapped around IL-1beta.

Summary Global land systems are increasingly shaped by international trade of agricultural products. An increasing number of studies have quantified the implications of agricultural trade for single different aspects of land system sustainability. Bringing together studies across different sustainability dimensions, this review investigates how global agricultural trade flows have affected land systems and resulting impacts on food and nutrient availability, natural habitat conversion, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem carbon storage. We show that the effects of trade on land systems are highly heterogeneous across regions and commodities, revealing both synergies and trade-offs between improved nutrition and environmental conservation. For instance, we find that while the concentration of cereal production in North America has spared land, the increased demand for tropical products induced by trade has negatively impacted tropical ecosystems. Based on the current state of knowledge, we identify six pathways for how future research can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how agricultural trade can positively contribute to meeting global sustainability goals.

IL-1 receptor heterogeneity in murine lymphocytes was investigated by cross-linking to [125I]IL-1α and competition with IL-1 receptor antagonist, and the molecular identity of the IL-1 receptors was identified with PCR using primers specific for type I and type II IL-1 receptors. The thymoma cell line EI4 6.1 exhibits exclusively the 80 kDa receptors which proved to be the type I receptor according to PCR analysis. In the pre-B cell line 70Z/3, predominantly a 60 kDa type II receptor but also a trace of type I receptor can be identified by PCR. The Th2 cell line D10N expresses both types of IL-1 receptors in equivalent amounts according to cross-linking experiments and PCR. The proliferative response of D10N cells to IL-1 is inhibited by IL-1 ra which according to cross-linking affects the binding to the type I receptor only. It is concluded that coexpression of both types of IL-1 receptors might be a characteristic of murine Th2 cells and that their growth-dependence on IL-1 is mediated by the type I receptor.

Since 1973 we have increasingly performed Dupuytren's contracture as an outpatient procedure. The results are the same as after hopital care. No prolongation of the out of work time.

Low molecular weight (LMW) heparin has been proven effectively and safely at low doses with one injection per day in the postoperative medicine. This hasnot been confirmed so far in general medical patients requiring prophylaxis of thromboembolism. We report here of the results of a double blinded prospective randomized trial with normal and LMW heparin.Two hundred patients were included into the study after having given informed consent. They received 3 × 5.000 units sodium pig intestinal mucosa heparin (MW12.000) or 1 × 1.500 aPTT units (MW 3.800, Sandoz AG, Niimberg, FRG) for 10 days. The development of thromboses was screened by clinical investigation, impedance plethysmography and Doppler sonography of the femoral vein at days 1,3,5,7 and 10. The incidence of haemorrhage was assessed by clinical examination, hemoglobin and hematuria at the same time intervals and factor Xa inhibition, aPTT, thrombin inhibition, antithrombin III and thrombocyte count were measured.The following incidences occuredin the heparin / LMW heparin treated groups: clinically evident thrombosis 4 / 3 (phlebography being indicated only in 1 patient of the LMW heparin group and documenting freshthrombosis), pulmonary embolism 0 / 0, local allergy1 / 0, fatal bleeding complication 2 / 0, mortality 2 / 3 (mortality was not due to thromboembolism or treatment related complications in the LMW heparin group, one patient being antopsied). Local hematomas were 3 times more frequent in the heparin group (p It is concluded that one daily injection of low doses of LMW heparin is as effective as normal heparin in preventing thromboembolism in hospitalized patients in general medicine.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a protein produced mainly by activated mononuclear phagocytes which mediates the accessory cell requirement in the activation cascade of T-lymphocytes. The purification and molecular cloning of at least two different genes for IL-1 made larger amounts of the molecule available and thus it became apparent that the IL-1s have a multitude of functions besides the central role in the immune system, which can be summarized in their regulatory function in the inflammatory response (for a review see (1)). Despite this pivotal role of IL-1 in regulating the metabolism and controlling the growth of a variety of target cells, very few data are available concerning the ways of signal transduction involved.

Computations based on the full water-wave equations reveal that there are two distinct types of instabilities for gravity waves of finite amplitude on deep water. One is predominantly two dimensional and is related to all the known results for special cases. The other is predominantly three dimensional and becomes dominant when the wave steepness is sufficiently large.

A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureter compression is reported. Clinical picture and course were determined by the presence of an additional tumor (astrospongoblastoma) of the pons. Extraretroperitoneal tissue changes found at post mortem examination were shown histologically to be foreign tissues of the same type deposited in the retroperitoneal space (disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma). Possible connections between the disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma, the pontine tumor and an albinism also present and multiple nevocytic nevi of the skin are discussed.