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Demographic growth in Colombian municipalities has notably influenced the quality of housing. This article aims to propose a method to characterize the residential building stock of the municipalities located in the cold and temperate climate, structured in three levels of characterization that yield different results: (i) temporary characterization, (ii) housing characterization, and (iii) characterization of the constructive assemblies. In level i, five time periods marked by historical, social, and normative events are obtained. As a result of levels, i and ii, the building taxonomy is drawn, that can be determined based on several criteria: urban location (neighbourhood or urbanization), residential typology (single-family or multi-family), adjacency (isolated, corner or between party walls), and number of floors (1, 2/3, more than 3). In level iii, constructive assemblies are analyzed, and a catalogue of typical assemblies is drawn up for each of the time periods and typologies. The results of the study serve as a tool for government entities to suggest the level of socioeconomic stratification of the dwellings based on the typology and construction quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a longstanding tradition of studies in Sanskrit compounds, a description that enables comparisons in cross-linguistic perspective has not yet been worked out. The present article follows classificatory criteria introduced by Bisetto & Scalise (2005, 2009) and sketches a typology of compounds in the most archaic variety of Sanskrit, Early Vedic, as transmitted by the RigVeda. Analyzing compounds on the basis of the grammatical relations holding between their constituents provides a classification into coordinate, subordinate, and attributive compounds, with the endocentric/exocentric divide cutting across all classes. In order to identify the position of Early Vedic compounds on the syntax-morphology continuum, the article investigates the degree of cohesiveness at the level of morphology, prosody, syntax, and semantics. With this respect, the RigVeda offers a varied picture where relics of archaic, less cohesive forms occur side-to-side with more productive and word-like ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study I will argue that, while Matthew and Luke's redaction of the Markan Transfiguration present Jesus as the antitype of Moses, Mark's own account does not. Rather, Mark uses typology to narrate Jesus into the stories of Elijah and Moses, both of whom are described in the Jewish scriptures as ascending a mountain to talk with God in narratives in which the Angel of YHWH also features. Distinctive features of Mark's account suggest that Mark wishes to associate Jesus, not with Moses, but with YHWH and his angel, using the scriptural ambiguity between the Angel of YHWH and Israel's God to generate a similar ambiguity around the divine identity of Jesus. Consequently, Mark's Transfiguration presents a "higher" Christology than that of the Transfigurations in the other Synoptic Gospels. In Mark's Transfiguration, Jesus is compared, not to human prophets, but to the anthropomorphic manifestations of Israel's God at Sinai and Horeb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first study to present a nuanced analysis of hostel visitors. Using the bagged clustering approach, a typology of hostel visitors was developed, involving four distinctive types of hostel visitors: (i) Hostel lovers, (ii) Landing point visitors, (iii) Flashpackers look-alikes, and (iv) Classical backpackers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most expressive scores of Soviet everyday life was performed by Soviet writers where the oppression of the regime was matched by the granting of unique privileges. Soviet writers, through their works and their everyday lives, add an important touch to the overall picture of Soviet reality. In the context of permanent surveillance (censorship), the activity of writers in both the creative and the everyday (private) areas was governed, among others, by a so-called Nikiforov Syndrome that allowed the presence of the state and its ideology both in the act of creation and in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research in Comparative Literature is the property of Razi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the European space, there is more and more talk about the differences between the center and the periphery, regional development at different speeds, depressed states of the settlements and other problems with a focus on the condition and functioning of the settlements. Our focus is on rural areas and their particularities of settlement and functioning of the settlements in them. In this direction. We set ourselves the goal of deriving the regularities caused by the historically developed network that rural settlements form in the EU and to propose an up-to-date methodology for the typology of villages. This is possible only by systematizing the facts and establishing the main types of approaches and criteria for typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to understand what reflexivity means and explores which types of reflexivity could be applied within social marketing practice as a critical approach to overcoming failures. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is a critical literature review. Findings: The study proposes a typology for a reflexive approach to social marketing practice to overcome failures. The typology is built on self and critical reflexivity, simultaneously allowing social marketers to reflect on external and internal factors that may affect the individual's role and could negatively affect social marketing practice unless otherwise considered. The types of reflexivity discussed are not prescriptive; instead, the authors intend to provoke further discussion on an under-researched but vital area of social marketing. Research limitations/implications: The proposed typology is conceptual; an empirical investigation to gain social marketer's views would further enhance the effectiveness of the applications of the typology. Practical implications: Social marketers could use the proposed typology for future practice. Originality/value: This is the first study that conceptualises various types of reflexivity within social marketing practice to overcome failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the authors review the literature on the nature of the small and medium-sized enterprise concept. The review examines the broad diversity of terms and definitions used to describe these kinds of firms in scholarly and practical settings. They relate this examination to the concept of small business for the purpose of comparison, in order to highlight differences and similarities between the concepts. Design/methodology/approach: Relevant literature including articles from academia and defining documents from practical settings was identified through a scope literature review. Field data were subsequently collected via questionnaires sent to editors and authors of articles related to the theme. The data were content analyzed and the resulting codes consolidated into dimensions in accordance with the Gioia method. Chi-squared tests were applied to categorical data. Findings: The use of the composite category "small and medium" was found to be predominant in the labeling of small businesses in scientific articles, including those in journals that specialize in small businesses, with no justifications presented for this, characterizing a widespread and consensual practice between authors and editors. In the defining documents of practical settings, however, the authors observed greater consistency and precision both in the terms used and in the delimiting values for a small business (self-employed, micro business, small business). In the sample of 27 defining documents mentioned in the articles, 25 specifically defined "small business" and 20 defined "micro business," using indicators such as number of employees and annual turnover. The indicators delimiting values regarding the category of micro business were the same in all the documents analyzed and, regarding the category of small business, many documents used the same delimiting values. Practical implications: Recognizing the "non-large enterprise" myth will provide a more effective posture for editors and authors to avoid using the term "small and medium," resulting in greater precision, understanding and knowledge regarding small businesses. A better definition of a small business by academia can help public policymakers and managers of organizations that support small businesses to tailor their actions better according to the different sizes of companies. This will also lead to social gains, given the importance of small businesses in terms of job creation and countries' economies. Originality/value: The authors identified and described the myth of the "non-large enterprise" among academics, characterized by the dichotomous view of the business universe, composed of "large enterprises" and "non-large enterprises," the latter group being characterized by the widespread use of the term "small and medium." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the time-use activities of pilgrims at their religious destination. The time diary was used to describe the behaviour of pilgrims who came on a pilgrimage to the holy shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad (Iran) in sufficient detail to measure the overall duration and continuous records of activities. According to the findings, pilgrims spend most of their time on necessary and religious activities, respectively. Free time and shopping activities were also among their other activities. Pilgrims were categorised into three clusters: Active Pilgrims, Tourist-Pilgrims, and Non-active or Passive Pilgrims. Active Pilgrims are mostly involved in religious activities, while Tourist-Pilgrims engage more in recreational activities after completing necessary activities. Non-active / Passive Pilgrims mostly spend their time on necessities and personal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to discover the formation, functions, typology, and development process of the Gozar system in the Herat Old City in Afghanistan. Traditional local administrative units, or Gozar, consist of residential areas, facilities, and functions performed by their residents. The paper examines the physical characteristics of the Gozar as well as its social functions. The boundaries of Gozar were plotted, urban types classified, and a typology of Gozar, explained by age, was developed. Even though Gozar's physical situation has dramatically changed, the three main functions, political, social, and environmental, have mostly stayed the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to shed light on patterns of change in incumbent firms and, in doing so, identify different types of approaches to business model reconfiguration (BMR). Drawing on data spanning a 10-year period in the empirical context of mature, low-tech firms in the Swedish wood manufacturing industry, this paper develops a typology of BMR approaches, namely Incremental, Modular, Integrated and Transformational BMR. The paper illustrates the nature of these types and offers several insights into the meaning and significance of each for our understanding of BMR and the design of business models in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biblica & Patristica Thoruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Case marking alignment has been assumed to reflect principles of optimization: dedicated case marking is limited to arguments more in need of disambiguation, and semantically or pragmatically similar arguments are encoded by the same case forms. This view is based on the synchronic properties of the relevant alignment patterns and the cross-linguistic rarity of other logically possible ones, not diachronic phenomena involved in their emergence or cross-linguistic distribution. This paper explores several developmental processes that recurrently give rise to accusative, ergative, and active case marking alignment cross-linguistically, including reanalysis of argument structure, the development of case forms through grammaticalization or phonological reduction, and the extension of an existing case form to novel contexts. These processes appear to be driven by inherent or contextual properties of particular source constructions, independent of principles of optimization in the use of case marking. The synchronic properties of the resulting alignment patterns cannot be taken as evidence for such principles either, because they are due to inheritance (a case form inherits the distribution of particular source elements or developmental processes, which is unrelated to the assumed optimization principles) or residue (a case form becomes restricted to particular arguments as a new form develops for the other arguments, also independently of these principles). These facts call for a source-oriented approach to case marking alignment and recurrent cross-linguistic patterns in general, one where the focus shifts from the synchronic properties of individual patterns to unraveling the effects of several different diachronic phenomena that give rise to individual patterns and shape their cross-linguistic distribution over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia is the property of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This paper considers the Greek language as a member of the Standard Average European (SAE) linguistic area as defined by Haspelmath (1998, 2001). After a brief presentation of the model, there follows a detailed analysis from this perspective of four selected features in Greek: relative clauses with relative pronouns, the "have"-perfect with a passive participle, participial passives, and negation. The approach applied focuses on specifics that concern standard and non-standard varieties, not only in the language system itself but also in its diachronic development. The results are then measured using Seiler's (2019) classification of SAE features, with an eye to enriching the classification both empirically and theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista AUS is the property of Revista AUS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Mediterranean region is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change (CC) which raises important problems for Mediterranean agriculture. In fact, climate disruption creates some uncertainty in the decision-making of farmers in the management of their farms. This understanding can help researchers to better orient agricultural research on adaptation at the farm level and can help policy makers to develop adaptation policies. The semi-arid region of Baalbeck El Hermel is increasingly threatened by climate change. The agricultural systems constituting the main source of household subsistence in this zone show a significant vulnerability to these disturbances, especially about the limit in water resources. In this research we propose a framework to represent agricultural activities using typologies of farms and production units aggregated at a regional scale. We used empirical data from a local case study of the five most representative farming systems in the Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. Analysis of the results showed several behaviors and several levels of resilience of these farms:1-farms specializing in market gardening or perennial crops are very sensitive to drought conditions and are not resilient in the face of water limit conditions;2-the diversified farm with olive tree dominance is less sensitive and more resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance and feasibility of studying the problem lie in increasing the investment attractiveness of oil and gas enterprises by activating regional services in mineral resource specialization based on the extensive infrastructure being created. The purpose of this study is to establish a typology for infrastructure services catering to oil and gas enterprises by enhancing the service component and implementing digitalization programs in the regions specializing in mineral resources in Russia. The work substantiates the conceptual foundations of an integrated approach to the formation of infrastructure for economic systems of mineral resource specialization and related services in the form of a synthesis of concepts of reproductive, structural-functional, and systemic approaches. An analysis of the current state of the methodology for implementing a typology of infrastructure services for oil and gas enterprises in the Russian Federation and abroad was carried out. The formation of innovative infrastructure facilities was substantiated through economic modelling of the influence of oilfield services and the level of development of the territory's digitalization on the development of infrastructure facilities in oil and gas regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) is an emerging methodology used in health research. The method literature states that the change in a phenomenon through time should be the focus of any QLR study, but in empirical studies, the analysis of changes through time is often poorly described, and the emphasis on time/change in the findings varies greatly. This inconsistency might depend on limitations in the existing method literature in terms of describing how QLR studies can present findings. The aim of this study was to develop and describe a typology of alternative approaches for integrating time and/or change in QLR findings. Methods: In this method study, we used an adapted scoping review design. Articles were identified using EBSCOhost. In total, methods and results sections from 299 QLR articles in the field of health research were analyzed with inspiration from content analysis. Results: We constructed a typology of three types and seven subtypes. The types were based on the underlying structural principles of how time/change was presented: Type A) Findings have a low utilization of longitudinal data, Type B) Findings are structured according to chronological time, and Type C) Findings focus on changes through time. These types differed in 1) the way the main focus was on time, change or neither; 2) the level of interpretation in the findings; and 3) how theoretical understandings of time/change were articulated in the articles. Each type encompassed two or three subtypes that represented distinct approaches to the aim and results presentation of QLR findings. Conclusions: This method study is the first to describe a coherent and comprehensive typology of alternative approaches for integrating time/change into QLR findings in health research. By providing examples of various subtypes that can be used for results presentations, it can help researchers make informed decisions suitable to their research intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architecture of summer residences in the Dubrovnik region from the 15th and 16th centuries represents elements of cultural and historical heritage that both enhance the landscape and bear witness to the rich legacy rooted in the native Mediterranean ambience. By learning about the specific spatial characteristics that define Dubrovnik's summer residences, this research aimed to comprehend their urban and architectural essence and determine the possibilities of using the typology of these residences as a tool for planning the balanced development of both the private and societal aspects of the city. This study identified indicators of the spatial parameters of existing historic Dubrovnik summer residences in Gruž and then analyzed them according to types of spatial planning conditions to guide the construction and development of building plots. The research was conducted using a model representation of the spatial indicators of the summer residences. The analysis of the model data revealed the characteristics of the typology of Dubrovnik summer residences, highlighting the urban and architectural features of the plots, houses, and gardens, the use of technological innovations, and the coexistence of privacy and sociality. The recognized specificities led to the conclusion that the typology of Dubrovnik summer residences can serve as an exceptionally valuable spatial planning tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called "existential constructions" are common to several languages around the world, although they can have quite different forms and functions. Among those languages, a specific type of marker that affirms the nonexistence of an element is verified. This phenomenon, called "existential negation", differs from a case of predicate negation, in which a simple negation turns the sentence into a negative one. The present work analyzes existential negation in 21 native languages of Brazil, verifying i) the relationship between the existential negation form of expression (lexical or grammatical) and the form of positive existence marker; ii) the overlap between existence, location and possession. Among other results, it was possible to show that, although formal parallelism between existence and non-existence is not mandatory, the grammatical status of the expression of existential negation form always presupposes the grammatical status of the existential construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore innovations made by local hotels in postCOVID-19 tourism destinations, focusing on innovation typologies, implementation models, and their impact on operational and financial performance. A mixed approach was taken to this study. A qualitative approach was taken to determine the typology of local hotel innovations in Ubud tourism destinations. Data collection in a qualitative approach is carried out through interview activities, with qualitative descriptive analysis in the form of thematic analysis with a deductive approach. While the quantitative approach is carried out to build an innovation model based on customer engagement, employee contribution, the use of technology in creating innovation, and analyzing the influence of innovation on the performance of local hotels in Ubud tourist destinations through survey methods, and data analysis using SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) analysis to analyze structured correlations both relationships between indicators and relationships between variables. The results of this study are expected to provide an in-depth picture of how local hotels in tourism destinations creatively respond to post-COVID-19 challenges through innovation. This finding is expected to provide valuable insights for tourism industry players, governments, and researchers to understand the dynamics of innovation in the face of paradigm shifts in the postpandemic era. The conclusions shows that Product-Process Innovation has the greatest influence on performance, while Organizational Innovation has the lowest effect on hotel performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change education (CCE) brings about existential concerns of students. Teachers in turn are confronted with didactic demands to take into account the existential challenge climate change elicits. However, conceptual haziness about how to understand 'the existential' in CCE complicates didactic research on the topic, impedes researchers to get a nuanced understanding of 'the existential' in CCE, and, thus, hinders the development of empirically grounded knowledge that can offer guidance for teachers. Therefore, this article presents an empirically informed typology that categorises and illustrates diverse expressions of the existential dimension of CC in concrete educational practice. It employs a methodology inspired by Wittgenstein's user perspective on language, focusing on ordinary and basic traits in our use of language to identify and classify diverse recognisable ways in which the existential is expressed in educational practices. The empirical material comes from case studies of 15 CCE courses in higher education in Belgium. The results distinguish Existential moment, Life quake, Existential dilemma, Existential deliberation, Existential reflection on existential questions, Existential reflection on existential experiences and Existential norm. This typology can be seen as an analytical tool for didactic research on how to recognise and handle expressions of the existential tendency in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1930s Joseph Toulouse Jr., Kirk Bryan, and Bryan McCann published two articles describing the archaeology and geology of seventeen preceramic sites near Grants, New Mexico. George Agogino, Jim Hester, and William Roosa periodically revisited a subset of these sites during the 50s and 60s, publishing three brief articles and collecting additional artifacts. Despite the importance of these sites to the history of preceramic research in Northern New Mexico, no complete inventory or analysis of the projectile point collections has been undertaken to date. In this article, we provide: (1) a brief history of the Grants San Jose collections, (2) an inventory of diagnostic projectile points, (3) an analysis of raw materials represented and geochemical analysis of a sample of volcanic dart points, and (4) a brief discussion of the collections' implications for the pre-ceramic archaeology of the Grants area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk factors for violent behaviour may differ depending on whether this begins before (VBO) or after (VAO) the onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. However, previous studies have been limited by selective samples of forensic patients and crude outcome measures. The sample consisted of 1013 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders recruited from various treatment settings across the Netherlands. Putative risk factors and outcomes were measured with standardised instruments. We used logistic regression models to compare patients with VBO (n = 48), patients with VAO (n = 130) and nonviolent (NV) patients (n = 708) on each risk factor, adjusting for sex and age. Patients with VBO more often lived in a socially disorganised neighbourhood than NV patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.3, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.3–8.0) and patients with VAO (aOR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.1–9.6). Clinical risk factors were more prevalent in patients with VAO than in NV patients, with substance misuse (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0–2.3), impairments in executive functions (aOR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0–2.4), poor impulse control (aOR 2.4, 9 % CI 1.5–3.6), delusions (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1–2.3) and lack of illness insight (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0–2.2) reaching statistical significance. Patients with VBO were also more likely to have poor impulse control than NV patients (aOR 2.6, 95 % CI 1.3–5.1). Strategies to predict and prevent violence in schizophrenia spectrum disorders should distinguish between VBO and VAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a shift in the social scientific study of introduced species. Social scientists have shown that popular interpretations vary beyond the critical, invasive frameworks and include more celebratory or welcoming responses. Yet this research has taken the form of case studies. This has limited comparative inquiry. In response, this article develops a typology of sociocultural responses to introduced species by nonspecialists. The article then discusses major forms of collective meaning-making that go into creating these different cultural types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to produce new and more sustainable technologies, designers have turned to nature in search of inspiration and innovation. Biomimetic design (from the Greek bios, life, mimesis, imitation) is the conscious imitation of biological models to solve today's technical and ecological challenges. Nowadays numerous different approaches exist that take inspiration from nature as a model for design, such as biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics, permaculture, ecological engineering, etc. This variety of practices comes in turn with a wide range of different promises, including sustainability, increased resilience, multi-functionality, and a lower degree of risk. How are we to make sense of this heterogeneous amalgam of existing practices and technologies, and of the numerous promises attached to them? We suggest that a typology of biomimetic approaches would provide a useful hermeneutic framework to understand the different tensions that pull this variegated landscape in different directions. This is achieved through a critical analysis of the literature in different fields of biomimetic design and the philosophy of biomimicry, in order to derive conceptual and normative assumptions concerning the meaning and value of the imitation of nature. These two dimensions are then intersected to derive an analytical grid composed of six different biomimetic types, which enable the classification of existing and possible biomimetic approaches, practices, and technologies according to their specific conceptual assumptions and guiding norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is dedicated to a bi-verbal construction built around the verb musieć 'must' and another finite verb, e.g., musiał poszedł 'he must have left.' By testing this construction for the various properties associated with the cross-linguistic prototype of a serial verb construction, the author concludes the following: the construction with musieć 'must' complies with the serial-verb-construction prototype to a high extent, thus constituting its nearly canonical instantiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is often an object of study in economics and management. However, the social and behavioral aspects of innovation acceptance are as important as the economics of product development. A significant portion of the literature considers innovation as a change in the way social actions are conducted, entailing a wide range of social, economic, behavioral, and institutional changes. Various approaches have given rise to the need for a typology. Sundbo (1998) divided innovation into three groups depending on the aspects of the phenomenon: theory of entrepreneurship, technological and social aspects, and strategic aspects. Adopting Sundbo's conceptual framework, this study supplemented and developed it based on recent literature that appeared after 1998. Moreover, this study added new directions at the second level of decomposition and the relationships between different aspects of innovation. In particular, this study analyzed phenomena such as open innovation, agile innovation, and "helix" models. Thus, this study developed a novel typology of innovation that expands the theoretical knowledge in this field. Based on these findings, this study proposed promising areas for future innovation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural landscape is a social natural process under which people actively participate in thinking, feeling, and acting. On this basis, their connection with a certain part of the environment in turn affects people's perception of the world and the products of their actions. Trails is a representative and complex practice of integrating nature into society and transforming it into a mixed entity. However, the dynamic and diverse relationships of cultural landscapes represented by this interactive process have not been well interpreted in landscape research. The research first discusses the conceptualization and value theory of cultural landscape, and develops the methodology of cultural landscape interaction process research combining typology and Network theory. Taking the trails spontaneously formed around the Zhengqi Pavilion of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing as an example, this paper discusses the interaction process of trails as a cultural landscape. Based on the analysis results, we obtained the dynamic characteristics of cultural landscapes by treating trails as a network, while obtaining the value expression created by typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to form a typology of metropolitan spatial structure. In order to achieve this goal, we reviewed the studies carried out in this field through a systematic review. The statistical population of this study consists of English-based scientific articles published in prestigious scientific journals from 1980 to 2019, which were obtained through a search in scientific information databases and by using keywords related to the metropolitan spatial structure. After searching for related studies and based on the relationship between the title, keywords, content, and citation, 175 articles were selected and carefully examined. The results show that the metropolitan spatial structures can be categorized into 4 main patterns of "convergent, divergent, homogenous, and heterogeneous" according to centripetal–centrifugal and concentrated–deconcentrated forces. In accordance with these patterns, 23 subpatterns were identified. This article provides a new typology for a deeper understanding of the metropolitan spatial structure and opens a new window for theorizing and presenting a useful guide for policy-makers and spatial planners in the debate of spatial patterns knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was carried out on 356 breeders in the Department of the Menoua Region of West Cameroon to characterize guinea pig breeding systems, using descriptive analysis, factorial analysis of multiple correspondences (AFCM), and upward hierarchical classification (CAH). Three types of guinea pig breeders have been identified, discriminated according to the size of the herd and the professional character of the breeding. Most of the housing systems were of the traditional type, free-ranging on the ground. Feed generally was based on fodders and food residues, and hygiene conditions were considered as good. The main difficulties faced by the farmers were mortalities resulting from diseases and predation. Guinea pig breeding was considered a source of income for households. Sales were year-round, at age-related prices. Development of guinea pig breeding in Cameroon would require better-addressing breeding techniques and the creation of economic interest groups to strengthen food security allowed by this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Land use management builds on past perceptions of the landscape. This paper argues for taking the production of scientific knowledge into account, and that landscape ecology will benefit from attention to the historical legacy of typologization and land cover representations. Objectives: Showing the importance of how the material, physical landscape reality and various kinds of representation interact in attempts to designate areas worthy of nature protection. Method: Using archival material, the paper uses the concept of translation from sociology of knowledge to analyze the negotiations on the typology of a salt meadow in a nature protection case in 1980s Denmark. Results: The research shows how typologization functions as translation from site to general representations whereby it fixates the place in a certain condition that underpins later use and management. Through this, the paper shows the power of categorization and mapping in land use management. Conclusion: The paper calls for a greater attention to the historical roots and complexities of typologies in landscape and nature management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museums with historical art collections present the history of their art in different ways. This article distinguishes five typologies, based on the methods used by history teachers and the educational model of George E. Hein ([1998]. Learning in the Museum. London: Routledge). The past-oriented presentation concentrates on the history of the artworks and opts for a didactic, explanatory educational model. The present-oriented presentation uses old artworks to illuminate present-day issues. A variant is the ideological presentation, which aims not only to explain art like the present-oriented strategy but also to propagate a particular ideology. These politics of display use behaviorist stimulus-response methods. Postmodern presentations concentrate on the history of the artworks' reception over time, and emphasize the difference between the art objects from the past and the objects' history. Their favorite educational form is constructivism. This is also the case for the metamodern presentation, which makes inter-historical connections between old and new art works possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the diversity of groundwater resource quality in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (France) using the national Sise-Eaux database. Three matrices were extracted, which included a hollow matrix (approximately 120,000 observations and 21 variables) and two complete matrices (8078 observations with 13 variables each and 150 observations with 20 variables each, respectively). The mapping of these parameters, the chemical profiles of the water, and the characteristics of the variograms make it possible to estimate the importance of the temporal variance compared with the spatial variance. This distinction led to a typology separating 4 groups of chemical parameters and 2 groups of bacteriological parameters, highlighting the information redundancies linking several parameters. A PCA was used to considerably reduce the size of the hyperspace of the data. The study of the factorial axes combined with their distribution over the study area made it possible to discriminate and identify certain mechanisms for acquiring the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater, the importance of lithology, the components of faecal contamination, and the role of environmental conditions. A typology of the parameters by hierarchical clustering on the major part of the information makes it possible to reduce the information to that carried by a few representative parameters. This work is a new step in understanding the diversity of groundwater resources in general, with a view to more targeted monitoring based on this diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic detection of implicitly offensive language is a challenge for NLP, as such language is subtle, contextual, and plausibly deniable, but it is becoming increasingly important with the wider use of large language models to generate human-quality texts. This study argues that current difficulties in detecting implicit offence are exacerbated by multiple factors: (a) inadequate definitions of implicit and explicit offense; (b) an insufficient typology of implicit offence; and (c) a dearth of detailed analysis of implicitly offensive linguistic data. In this study, based on a qualitative analysis of an implicitly offensive dataset, a new typology of implicitly offensive language is proposed along with a detailed, example-led account of the new typology, an operational definition of implicitly offensive language, and a thorough analysis of the role of figurative language and humour in each type. Our analyses identify three main issues with previous datasets and typologies used in NLP approaches: (a) conflating content and form in the annotation; (b) treating figurativeness, particularly metaphor, as the main device of implicitness, while ignoring its equally important role in the explicit offence; and (c) an over-focus on form-specific datasets (e.g. focusing only on offensive comparisons), which fails to reflect the full complexity of offensive language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a classification of violent agents according to the manner in which they relate to their own goals. By interpreting Jean-Paul Sartre's discussion of violence in Notebooks for an Ethics, I show that violent agents may be classified into four categories that I call "defenders of the given order," "instruments of a higher power," "mineralized subjects" and, finally, "unchained subjects." I also show how each of these four categories of violent subjects represents a particular manner of, in Sartre's words, "refusing time" or, in other terms, of refusing to change or to adjust to the situation one finds oneself in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant amount of property crime is committed by young people. In this novel qualitative study, 50 young people were interviewed to obtain an insight into their motivations to burgle. Decisions were based on peer pressure, opportunity and perceived need. Bennett and Wright's typologies of adult burglars were applied to young burglars. Young burglars were more prone than adults in Bennett and Wright's study to commit opportunistic burglaries, but were deterred by similar target characteristics. The social and psychological factors are strong motivators for youth burglary and should guide the development of intervention and deterrence strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In geographical terms, historic cities possess an inertia in regard to the modification of urban function. This explains why buildings may change over time, but the location of the functions remains. For over a thousand years, the city of Valencia has concentrated the commercial activity of its historic centre around the building of the Lonja de la Seda, its surrounding buildings, and its adjacent spaces, streets and squares. Recent constructions coexist with centuries-old buildings, witnesses to the transformations of this urban enclave, which has retained its commercial function. Although the Lonja de la Seda was declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 1996, its surroundings, despite being of interest and closely linked to the protected building, were not. This article analyses the history and evolution of the built fabric and urban spaces of this complex, which represents the nerve centre for commerce in the city of Valencia. This text presents research based on studies carried out directly on the buildings in this context by the authors, as well as indirect examinations of documentation from the archives and the existing bibliography. The aim of this study is to showcase how combining material and documentary studies can lead to a broader definition of the tangible and intangible values of cultural heritage. This, in turn, could lead to the comprehensive enhancement of the historic city, where historic residential fabric and notable buildings are merely manifestations of the process for the construction of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Understanding habitat suitability for feral animals across a landscape is important for conservation planning because the spatial and temporal availability of water provides critical limits to native biodiversity and the processes that threaten it. Previous attempts to support management actions on feral pig populations through predictions of population abundance, distribution and seasonal resource constraints have been confounded by a lack of knowledge, classification and mapping of waterholes – which are critical to their survival. Aims. In this paper, we aimed to apply a waterhole classification scheme for feral pig management to address gaps in our understanding of water and food availability through space and time, at scales relevant to feral animal movement and resource use. Methods. We utilise an attribute-based waterhole classification scheme for ecosystem-based management by defining a waterhole typology of feral pig habitat suitability and applying it spatially. Key results. Five attributes (water permanence, predictability of inundation, oceanic influence, dominant vegetation and shading) reflect many of the critical requirements for feral pig habitat in northern Australia. The attributes directly relate to the environmental constraints that exert population and behavioural pressure on feral pigs. These attributes were applied spatially in a specific hierarchy to group waterholes into 21 types. Conclusions. A waterhole typology that characterises within the context of theirsuitability for feral pig populations is foundational for systematic adaptive management and monitoring programs that aim to reduce the impact of threatening processes on freshwater ecosystems. Implications. Refining the mapping of important feral pig habitat variables (water and food) will greatly improve modelling approaches that aim to support data-driven management approaches, such as connectivity analysis and estimating population dynamics to inform culling programs. Here we demonstrate a significant increase in overlap with known feral pig distributions using a much smaller mapped effective management area when compared with previous best available spatial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration encourages rural diversification and innovation, supporting the creation of non-agricultural jobs and strengthening local economies. This scientific paper explores the typology of rural areas in Serbia and compares them to rural areas in the European Union. Methodologically, the research leverages multivariate statistical analysis, precisely factor and cluster analysis. The primary objective is to understand these regions' diversity and commonalities comprehensively. The core focus of this study revolves around the significance of these findings within the context of Serbia's European integration process. The analysis includes 12 variables that create a model of rurality, i.e., the four dimensions of rurality: level of economic development, structural characteristics of agriculture, demographic structure, and spatial characteristics. Based on the model of rurality, a rural typology is created at the regional level, which records nine statistically significant groups of rural regions in the EU, including Serbia. Cluster 2 includes most of the analyzed territory of Serbia (about 70%), and this group is the most rural, given the negative characteristics of this type of rural area. These results are devastating, and the creators of Serbia's rural policy must consider the multidimensional nature of rural areas when defining future strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]