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This study was conducted in East and South Eastern Parts of Turkey. Anoecia haupti Börner 1950, Aphis nonveilleri Petrovi?-Obradovi? & Remaudière 2002, Brachycaudus mordvilkoi Hille Ris Lambers 1931, Chaitophorus hypogaeus Hille Ris Lambers 1947, Dysaphis radicola (Mordvilko 1897), Forda orientalis George 1920, Indiochaitophorus furcatus Verma 1970, Liosomaphis himalayensis Basu 1964, Macrosiphum centranthi Theobald 1915, Macrosiphum symphyti Barjadze & Chakvetadze 2008, Melanaphis bambusae (Fullaway 1917), Myzocallis mediterranea Quednau & Remaudière 1994, Paracletus subnudus Hille Ris Lambers 1954, Pterocomma groenlandicum Hille Ris Lambers 1952 and Sipha uvarovi Mordvilko 1921 were determined as a new entry for Turkish aphidofauna. As there is no detailed study in study area, findings of the presented study can be informative about aphid fauna of Turkey., Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin Doğu ve Güney Doğu bölgesinin bazı bölümlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anoecia haupti Börner 1950, Aphis nonveilleri Petrovi?-Obradovi? & Remaudière 2002, Brachycaudus mordvilkoi Hille Ris Lambers 1931, Chaitophorus hypogaeus Hille Ris Lambers 1947, Dysaphis radicola (Mordvilko 1897), Forda orientalis George 1920, Indiochaitophorus furcatus Verma 1970, Liosomaphis himalayensis Basu 1964, Macrosiphum centranthi Theobald 1915, Macrosiphum symphyti Barjadze & Chakvetadze 2008, Melanaphis bambusae (Fullaway 1917), Myzocallis mediterranea Quednau & Remaudière 1994, Paracletus subnudus Hille Ris Lambers 1954, Pterocomma groenlandicum Hille Ris Lambers 1952 ve Sipha uvarovi Mordvilko 1921 türleri Türkiye afit faunası için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanında detaylı bir çalışma bulunmamasından dolayı, çalışmada sunulan bulgular Türkiye afit faunası için bilgi verici olabilir.

Kazalar veya ihmaller sonucunda ham petrol ve rafinasyon ürünleri ile oluşan deniz veya kara ekosistemindeki kirliliklerin biyomarker verileri ile araştırılması, kaynağa ait izlerin takibi ve buna neden olan kaynağın (petrol tankeri, gemi, tekne vb) ortaya çıkartılması son yıllarda sıkça uygulanan bir yöntemdir. Günümüzde detaylı ve gelişmiş aletsel yöntemlerle gittikçe gelişen bir araştırma türü olmuştur. Biyolojik işaretçiler veya biyomarkerler yaşayan organizmalardan itibaren oluşan kompleks moleküllerdir. Bu bileşenler, birincil organizmalardaki orjinal karbon iskeletlerinin tamamını veya büyük kısmını korumaları nedeniyle önemlidir. Tanımlanan yapısal benzerlik faktörü sızıntı petrol veya rafineri ürünlerinin kaynaklarının belirlenmesi için petrolde bulunan diğer bileşen gruplarına göre daha fazla bilgi verir. Bu nedenle, biyomarkerlerin kimyasal parmak izi, sızıntı petrol ve/veya rafineri ürünlerinin kaynağını belirleme, petrolleri ayırt etme ve karşılaştırma ile petrollerin bozunma sürecini ve aşamasını izleme ve değerlendirme açısından çok çeşitli koşullarda çevresel adli araştırmalara çok önemli bilgileri üretir. Bu makalede biyomarkerlerin kimyasal özellikleri kısaca anlatılarak, biyomarker tanımlama ve değerlendirilmesi, dağılımları, bileşimindeki bozunma etkileri, tanımlayıcı oranlar, petrol ve türevlerine ait sızıntı çalışmalarında biyomarker parmak izlerinin kullanımı ve bu kapsamda dünyada yapılan bazı örnek çalışmalar hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır., The investigation of the pollution of marine or land ecosystem resulting from accidents or negligence of crude oil and refinery products by biomarker data, the trace of the source and the find the suspect source (oil tanker, ship, boat etc.) have been frequently applied for the last years by this method. Recently, it has become a advanced research method by detailed and advanced instrumental methods. Biological markers or biomarkers are complex molecules formed from living organisms. These components are important, because they maintain all or most of original carbon skeleton of the primary organism. This identified structural resemblance factor reveals more information about a spilled oil’s or refinery products’s source than do other compound groups present in crude oil. For this reason, chemical fingerprinting of biomarkers generates information of great importance to environmental forensic investigations in terms of identify the source of spilled oil and/or refinery products, differentiating and correlating oils, and monitoring and evaluation the degradation process and weathering state of oils under a wide diversity of conditions. This article briefly reviews biomarker chemistry and characterization and quantification, distributions, weathering effects on biomarker composition, diagnostic ratios, application of biomarker fingerprinting techniques for spill source investigations.

Purpose: Preeclampsia, specific to human pregnancies, is a serious disorder, which occurs approximately in 6-10% of all pregnancies. It is a complex disorder, in which immune and genetic factors also take part. The aim of the current study was toinvestigate whether there is an association between AGTR2 A1675G and IL4 -590 (C>T) polymorphisms and preeclampsia. Material and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of 131 preeclamptic and 86 normotensive pregnant women. The AGTR2 and IL-4 polymorphisms were genotyped by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: As for AGTR2 gene 1675 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype frequencies but there was a significant difference in terms of allele frequencies. As for IL-4 gene -590 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype and allele frequencies. Conclusions: AGTR2, GG genotype and IL-4, TT genotype were found significantly higher in preeclamptic women than normotensive pregnant women.These genotypes might be a susceptibility risk factor for preeclampsia but these findings need to be tested in a larger sample size. Amaç: Preeklampsi, tüm gebeliklerin yaklaşık %6-10’ unda görülen ve gebe kadınlara özgü ciddi bir hastalıktır. İmmün ve genetik faktörlerin de katkıda bulunduğu kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada amacımız, AGTR2A1675G ve IL4 -590 (C>T) polimorfizmleri ve preeklampsi arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemekti. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yüz otuzbir preeklampsili ve 86 normal gebe kadından alınan periferik kandan, genomic DNA izole edildi. AGTR2 ve IL-4 polimorfizmleri polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu kullanılarak genotiplendirildi. Bulgular: AGTR2 geni 1675 polimorfizminin genotip frekansı açısından önemli bir fark bulunamadı fakat allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunmuştur. IL-4 geni -590 polimorfizmi genotip ve allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunamamıştır. Sonuç: AGTR2, GG genotipi ve IL-4, TT genotipi preeklampsili kadınlarda normal gebe kadınlara oranla önemli derecede yüksek bulundu. Bu genotipe sahip olma, preeklampsi meydana gelmesi açısından bir risk faktörü olabilir ancak bu bulgular daha fazla örnekte test edilmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır.

The pollen which contents of eleven samples of honey from different localities of the province Ardahan, (Northeast Anatolia) are examined. The examples have the pollen grains of 23 different taxa from 13 families. The number 2 have the most abundant pollen content (7890 pollen grains; 20.07 %); the number 4 (6480 pollen grains; 16.51%), and the number 3 (6346 pollen grains; 16.14%). On the other hand, we also observed the taxa richness in honey samples: The number 2 contains pollen grains from 23 different taxa, the number 4 has 22 taxa and the number 5 has 21 taxa. When we examined the plant groups; it emerged that Astragalus spp. (14019 grains), Apiacaee (7050 grains) Brassicaceae (6379 grains)’dir. Astragalus spp, Apiaceae and Brassicaceae pollen grains are seconder, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae pollen grains are minor, pollen grains of the 18 taxa are in trace quantities. All of the samples are multifloral., Ardahan ilinin (Kuzeydoğu Anadolu) değişik lokalitelerinden on bal numunesinin içerdiği polenler incelenmiştir. Örnekler 13 aileden 23 farklı taksonun polen tanelerini içermektedir. En fazla polen içeriği 2 numaralı örnekte saptanmıştır (7890 polen tanesi; %20,07); 4 numaralı örnek (6480 polen tanesi; %16.51) ve 3 numaralı (6346 polen tanesi; %16.14) örnek bunu takip eder. Öte yandan bal numunelerinde takson sayısındaki zenginlik de gözlemlenmiştir: 2 numara 23 farklı takson, 4 numara 22 takson, 5 numara 21 taksondan polen numuneleri içermektedir. Bitki gruplarını incelediğimizde; Astragalus spp. (14019 tane), Apiacaee (7050 tane) Brassicaceae (6379 tane) 'dir. Astragalus spp, Apiaceae ve Brassicaceae polen taneleri sekonder, Fabaceae ve Lamiaceae polen minör seviyededir, 18 taksonun polen taneleri ise eser miktarda bulunur. Tüm numuneler çok-çiçeklidir.

Purpose: Propofol and dexmedetomidine are most preferred sedative agent for mechanically ventilated ICUs patients. The aim of this study is to compare the early effects of propofol and dexmedetomidine on pulmonary mechanics in these patients. Material and Methods: Between the ages of 18-65 years, requiring sedation, mechanically ventilated 70 patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups and received dexmedetomidine infusion (dexmedetomidine group, Group D) and propofol infusion (propofol group, Group P) for sedation. Ventilation modes, blood gas analysis, pulmonary mechanics (airway resistance, positive end-expiratory pressure, frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, peak airway pressure, compliance, endtidal CO2, SvO2) and ventilator-patient conflict were evaluated and recorded at baseline, 5,15,30,45 and 60 minutes. Results: Demographic data and ventilation modes were similar between the groups. Pulmonary compliance gradually increased during 60 minutes in Group D but this difference was not statistically significant. Other pulmonary mechanics were similar between the groups. Arterial blood gase analysis remained within the normal range in both groups. Ventilator-patient conflict was significantly better in Group P than Group D. The number of patients with respiratory depression was higher in Group P than Group D at 45th and 60th minutes. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine causes minimal respiratory depression altough propofol has better ventilator-patient conflict. Therefore dexmedetomidine may preferred during weaning period in ICUs patients. Further studies with larger simple size are warranted to reveal a significant difference in terms of pulmonary compliance between propofol and dexmedetomidine. Amaç: Propofol ve deksmedetomidin mekanik olarak ventile edilen yoğun bakım hastalarında en sık tercih edilen sedatif ajanlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; propofol ve deksmedetomidinin akciğer mekanikleri üzerine erken etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sedasyon ihtiyacı olan, mekanik olarak ventile edilen, 18-65 yaş arası 70 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. İki gruba ayrılan hastalara sedasyon amacıyla deksmedetomidin grubuna (Grup D) deksmedetomidin infüzyonu, propofol grubuna (Grup P) propofol infüzyonu uygulandı. Uygulanan ventilasyon modları, kan gazı analizi, akciğer mekanik değerleri (havayolu direnci, pozitif soluk sonu basıncı, solunum sıklığı, tidal volüm, dakika volümü, tepe havayolu basıncı, kompliyans, soluk sonu CO2, SvO2 değerleri) ve ventilatör-hasta uyumu başlangıç, 5,15,30,45 ve 60 dakikalarda değerlendirilerek kaydedildi. Bulgular: Demografik veriler ve ventilasyon modları gruplar arasında benzerdi. Akciğer kompliyansı Grup D’de 60 dakika boyunca artmış olmasına rağmen istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi. Diğer akciğer mekanikleri değerleri gruplar arasında benzerdi. Arter kan gazı değerleri her iki grupta da normal aralıkta seyretti. Ventilatör-hasta uyumunun Grup P’de Grup D’ye göre daha iyi olduğu saptandı. Solunum depresyonu olan hasta sayısı Grup P’de Grup D’ye göre 45. ve 60. dakikalarda daha yüksekti. Sonuç: Propofol ile daha iyi ventilatör-hasta uyumu sağlanmasına rağmen, deksmedetomidin daha az solunum depresyonu yapar. Bu nedenle weaning dönemindeki yoğun bakım hastalarında deksmedetomidin tercih sebebi olabilir. Daha geniş örneklem büyüklüğü ile yapılacak çalışmalar propofol ve deksmedetomidinin akciğer mekanikleri üzerine etkilerini netleştirecektir.

It is known that there exists a family of connection 1-forms depending on two parameters on the standard quaternionic Hopf bundle. This family is constructed by using the canonical connection 1-form. In this work, the self duality and the anti-self duality of these connection 1-forms are investigated. Parameters for which the family of connection 1-forms are self dual and anti-self dual are determined., Standart kuaternionik Hopf demeti üzerinde iki parametreye bağlı bağlantı formlarının bir ailesinin varlığı bilinmektedir. Bu bağlantı formların ailesi kanonik konneksiyon 1-formu kullanılarak inşaa edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, bu bağlantı 1-formlarının self dual ve anti-self dualliği araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlantı 1-formların hangi parametreler için self dual ya da anti-self dual olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Purpose: Ramipril is effective in treating inflammatory myocardial injury by reducing cytokines such as TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-8. In this study, we investigated the effect of cytokine gene polymorphisms on inflammatory response which might be reduced by ramipril. Material and Methods: Of 102 patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, 51 were the treatment group which received ramipril and the remaining 51 were the non-treated control group. TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-8 were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), before anesthesia induction (t1), at 20 min following cross clamping (t2), at the end of the operation (t3), and 24 hours after anesthesia (t4). Genotyping was performed with PCR method. Results: While TNF-? increase began with surgery, IL-6 and IL-8 increase began with cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass and continued until the end of the operation. In contrast, only IL-8 remained high in the control group during the postoperative period, while TNF-?, IL-6, and IL-8 began to decrease. The decreases in IL-6 at t3 and in TNF-? at t4 were significant. Conclusion: Ramipril might have a role in preventing inflammatory myocardial injury by reducing cytokine and TnT levels after cardiac arrest., Amaç: Ramipril, inflamatuar miyokardial hasarın tedavisinde TNF-?, IL-6 ve IL-8 gibi sitokin seviyelerini azaltarak etkili olmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, ramipril tedavisinin, koroner arter bypass cerrahisi esnasında oluşan inflamatuar yanıt ve miyokardiyal hasara yönelik etkisi üzerinde, sitokin gen polimorfizmlerinin herhangi bir rolü olup olmadığını araştırdık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza, koroner arter bypass cerrahisi uygulanan hastalardan cerrahi öncesi ramipril alan 51, kontrol grubu olarak ise ramipril almayan 51 olmak üzere toplam 102 hasta dahil edildi. Her iki grupta, anestezi başlamadan hemen önce (t1), kros klemp sonrası 20. dakikada (t2), ameliyatın sonunda (t3) ve anestezinin başlangıcından 24 saat sonra (t4) alınan kan örneklerinden TNF?, IL-6, IL-8 ve TnT serum düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi ile, genotipleme ise PCR-RFLP yöntemleri ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Her iki grupta TNF-? artışı cerrahi ile başlarken, IL-6 ve IL-8 artışı kardiyopulmoner bypass sırasında kardiyak arrestle başlayıp ameliyat sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. Postoperatif dönemde ise sadece IL-8 kontrol grubunda yüksek kalırken; çalışma grubunda TNF-?, IL-6, IL-8 düşüşe geçmektedir. t3 zaman aralığında IL-6, t4 zamanında TNF? değerlerinde anlamlı azalma gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Ramiprilin kardiyak arrest sonrası sitokin ve TnT düzeylerini azaltarak inflamatuar miyokardiyal hasarı önlemede yeri olabilir.

Peyzajların tanımlanması ve sınıflandırılması, peyzaj kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve koruma önceliklerinin saptanması açısından önemlidir. Sınıflandırılan ve kalitesi ortaya konan peyzajların değerlendirilmesinde ve koruma hedeflerinin oluşturulmasında temeli peyzaj ekolojisine dayanan birbirinden farklı yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aşağı Büyük Menderes Havzasında rastgele seçilen üç peyzaj kümesindeki peyzaj çeşitliliğini farklı ölçeklerde ele alarak Alfa çeşitlilik formüllerinden SHE (S=Tür Zenginliği, H=Shannon-Wiener indeksi, E=eşitlik, dengelilik) analizi ile değerlendirmektir. Araştırma alanını kapsayan peyzaj bütünündeki çeşitliliği seçilen örnek alan düzeyinde değerlendirmek için Alfa çeşitlilik formülleri kullanılmıştır. Uygulama sonunda, peyzajın sınıflandırılmasını sağlayan peyzaj karakter analizi yöntemi ile Alfa çeşitlilik indislerinden SHE analizinin birlikte kullanılmasının peyzaj çeşitliliğini yorumlamada etkin sonuç verdiği belirlenmiştir. Identifying and classifying of landscapes are significant in terms of qualifying landscape types and determining priorities for nature conservation. For assessing landscape, various methods in the scope of landscape ecology have been introduced until today. One of them is SHE analysis that tests the relationship between S (species richness), H (information – the Shannon-Wiener diversity index) and E (evenness as measured using the Shannon-Wiener evenness index). This method aims to test the contribution of the concept of species number and equitability in diversity context. We focus on evaluating diversity of three overlapping landscape hubs that are randomly chosen located on the lower catchment of Great Meander River in the Western Anatolia. SHE analysis based on landscape character assessment was employed as an assessment tool in this study to make an integrated and innovative interpretation.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, atipik bir antidepresan olan mianserin’in normoglisemik ve diyabetik sıçanlarda glisemi düzeyi ve metabolik parametreler üzerine olası etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Mianserin’in subakut uygulamasının, streptozotosin (STZ) ile diyabet oluşturulmuş sıçanların kan glukoz seviyeleri üzerine etkileri, “açlık kan glukozu ölçümleri”, “glikozile hemoglobin ölçümleri” ve “oral glukoz tolerans testi” ile değerlendirilmiştir. Yem ve su tüketimi, idrar ve dışkı atılımı gibi metabolik parametrelerin değişimi ise metabolik kafes düzenekleri ile izlenmiştir. Bulgular: Mianserin’in 30 ve 45 mg/kg dozlarda 7 ve 14 gün süre uygulamasının diyabetik sıçanlardaki hiperglisemiyi ve artmış HbA1c düzeylerini azalttığı; söz konusu hiperglisemiye bağlı olarak gelişen polidipsiyi, poliüriyi, polifajiyi ve dışkı atılımındaki artışı anlamlı biçimde düzelttiği belirlenmiştir. Mianserin uygulandığı iki dozda da diyabetik hayvanların vücut ağırlıklarındaki kaybı azaltmıştır. Antihiperglisemik etki açısından mianserin’in 30 mg/kg dozu referans ilaç metformin (1 g/kg) kadar etkili bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Bu çalışma ile atipik bir antidepresan olan mianserin’in metformin ile kıyaslanabilir ölçüde antihiperglisemik etkinlik gösterdiği ortaya konulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, mianserin’in antihiperglisemik etkinliğinin altında yatan farmakolojik mekanizmalar aydınlatılmayı beklemektedir., Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of atypical antidepressant mianserin on glycemia levels and metabolic parameters of normoglycemic and diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Effects of mianserin administration on blood glucose levels in rats were assessed by measuring “fasting blood glucose”, “glycosylated haemoglobin” levels and conducting the “oral glucose tolerance test”. Changes in metabolic parameters such as food and water consumption and urine and faeces excretion were observed using metabolic cages. Results: Administration of mianserin for 7 and 14 days at doses of 30 and 45 mg/kg significantly reduced the hyperglycemia and elevated HbA1c levels; also improved hyperglycemia induced polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and increased faeces amounts. Mianserin, at both of the administrated doses, reduced the weight loss observed in diabetic animals. With regard to the anti-hyperglycaemic effect, mianserin administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg was found to be as effective as the reference drug metformin (dose, 1 g/kg). Conclusion: This study showed that the anti-hyperglycemic effect of mianserin, an atypical antidepressant, was comparable to those of the reference drug metformin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms underlying this anti-hyperglycemic effect of mianserin remain to be elucidated.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the physical features ofstudents who would receive ballet training.Material andMethods: Students who applied for the examinationsof Cukurova University State Conservatory Ballet Main Art Branch in theacademic year 2013–2014 were included in the study. The enrolled students wereevaluated as the experiment group, while the rejected students served as thecontrol group. There were 31 girls in the experiment group and 20 girls in thecontrol group. The physical features of groups were compared by usinganthropometric measurements. Results: Skinfold thickness values were significantly lower in the enrolledstudents. The right and left ranges of motion measurements of the enrolledstudents were significantly more than the controlgroup; implicating that the enrolled students were more flexible than therejected students.Conclusion:The findings of this study may help to define theparameters of the physical features suitable for classical ballet education.These guidelines can be used to improve insufficient data about this subject inprevious literature., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bale eğitimi alacak öğrencilerin fizikselözelliklerinin araştırılmasıdır.Gereç veYöntem: Çalışmaya 2013–2014 eğitim öğretim yılındaÇukurova Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı’nda bale eğitimi için sınavabaşvuran öğrenciler dahil edilmiştir. Sınavda uygun bulunan öğrenciler deneygrubu, uygun bulunmayan öğrenciler ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. 31kız öğrenci deney grubu ve 20 kız öğrenci ise kontrol grubu olarakdeğerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Deri kıvrım kalınlığı ölçümleri bale öğrencilerinde daha düşükbulunmuştur. Ayrıca sağ ve sol eklem hareket genişliği parametrelerinde uygunbulunan öğrencilerin değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuş ve daha esnekoldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.Sonuç: Klasik bale eğitimine uygunlukta kullanılacakfiziksel özellikleri belirleyen parametreler objektif olarakdeğerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın literatürdeki eksiklikleringiderilmesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

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Although metformin is a well tolerated anti-hyperglycemic drug it may cause lactic acidosis which has high mortality. In this paper we reported a renal transplant patient with lactic acidosis. Fifty-five year old renal transplant patient was admitted to our hospital with confusion and lactic acidosis. Her confusion improved dramatically after restoring blood glucose, supportive therapy and hemodialysis. Her obstructive ureteral stone was removed with ureteral catheterization. In follow up period her renal function was similar to baseline. In summary rapid diagnosis and also appropriate treatment including hemodialysis can prevent morbidity/ mortality in a patient with metformin associated lactic acidosis. Metformin users, especially renal transplant receivers who have high risk of acute renal failure, should be educated about the discontinuation of the drug when their urine volume decreased., Metformin iyi tolere edilen bir anti-hiperglisemik ilaç olmasına rağmen tedavisi sırasında mortalitesi yüksek laktik asidoza neden olabilir. Burada laktik asidoz ve böbrek yetersizliği gelişen bir böbrek nakil hastası rapor edilmiştir. Ellibeş yaşında böbrek nakil hastası hastanemize şuur bozukluğu, hipoglisemi ve laktik asidoz ile getirildi. Hastada postrenal akut böbrek yetersizliği saptandı. Hipoglisemi ve destek tedavisini takiben hemodiyaliz sonrası hastanın konfüzyonu dramatik olarak düzeldi. Üreteral taşın çıkarılmasından sonra böbrek fonksiyonları önceki değerlerde normal seyretti. Metformine bağlı gelişen laktik asidozda erken tanı ve geciktirilmeden hemodiyaliz dahil destek tedavisi ile morbidite ve mortaliteyi önleyebilir. Ayrıca, akut böbrek yetersizliği gelisme riski yüksek transplant hastaları dahil Metformin kullanan hastaların idrar azalması durumunda metformine ara vermesi konusunda eğitilmesi önemli olabilir.

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In the present study we have formulated a new Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Problem (Max(F)EntP) for fuzzy membership function and proposed sufficient conditions for existence of its solution. Mentioned problem consists of approximation fuzzy membership function by maximizing Maximum Fuzzy Entropy (Max(F)Ent) measure with respect to membership functions with finite number of the fuzzy values subject to constraints generated by given moment functions. The existence of solution of mentioned problem is proved by virtue of convexity property of Max(F)Ent measure, the implicit function theorem and Lagrange multipliers method. Moreover, by using MATLAB programme one application of suggested method on fuzzy data analysis is given., ÖZET Bu çalışmada, tarafımızdan bulanık üyelik fonksiyonu için yeni bir maksimum bulanık entropi problemi (Max(F)EntP) geliştirilmiş ve bu problemin çözümünün varlığı için yeterli koşullar belirlenmiştir. Söz konusu problem sonlu sayıda bulanık değerlere sahip üyelik fonksiyonunu bulanık entropi ölçümünü verilmiş moment fonksiyonları yardımıyla üretilen moment koşulları altında maksimize etmekle yaklaşık olarak elde etme problemidir. Söz konusu problemin çözümünün varlığı Max(F)Ent ölçümünün konvekslik özelliği, kapalı fonksiyon teoremi ve Lagrange çarpanları yardımıyla ispatlanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, bulanık veri analizi üzerine sunulmuş yöntemin bir uygulaması MATLAB programı kullanılarak verilmiştir.

Aim: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked, progressive, lethal neuromuscular disorder affecting 1/3500 live-born males. Mutations occur in the dystrophin gene, which is located at Xp21.2. Partial gene deletions occur in two “hot-spot” regions, and can be responsible for up to 60-65% DMD cases, while 5-10% of the cases are caused from clustered gene duplications. Mutations can be inherited from female carriers (2/3) or be de-novo mutations (1/3). Deletions can be easily detected in affected males via multiplex PCR or MLPA. On the contrary, determining the status of female carriers is difficult. The aim of this study is to optimize the gene-dosage method using quantitative fluorescent PCR. Material and Methods: Fluorescently labeled primers are used for amplification and automated detection of amplicons and are designed in multiplex format. The primers contain eighteen exons located within “hot-spot” regions. A promoter region and STR markers are also included in the test as internal controls and for linkage analysis. This is followed by a PCR automated genetic analyzer for the detection of PCR products. This study includes twenty-four families, each with a previously diagnosed member. Results: Results showed the same correlation as was previously reported in nineteen patients, whereas three patients had an extra exon deletion and one patient had one less exon deletion than previously reported. In nineteen families, the mothers were carriers, and in five families, the mothers were not carriers. Conclusion: As a conclusion for carrier screening in DMD patients, quantitative fluorescent PCR is a fast, reproducible and robust method can be used for detection of deletions.

Aim: In this study, we aimed to find out the positive and negative effects of the pregraduation anatomy education received by academic staff working in the Faculty of Dentistry on their professions both as an educator and as a dentist. Material and Methods: The study was conducted through a questionnaire given to 19 academic staff at Uþak University Faculty of Dentistry. A 5-Likert type scale was used for the reliability of feedback. Results: Of the academic staff who participated in the study, 3 were research assistants, 13 were assistant professors, 1 was associate professor and 2 were professors. 84% of the academic staff who participated in the study stated that they “liked the anatomy course during their undergraduate education” and 95% stated that “the content of anatomy course was useful in professional sense”. 90% of the participants stated that “there should be an anatomy department in dentistry faculties”. Conclusion: We believe that these feedbacks we get from the academic staff participants will contribute to anatomy education given during undergraduate period in dentistry education.

Aim: In elderly individuals, infection control is, essential, especially in the presence of severe bacteria such as oral environment. Prevention of biofilm formation in removable dental prosthesis, which is often used in elderly patients might help infection control. This study aimed to evaluate the time-dependent effect of an enzymatic tablet on six microorganisms cultured in two different denture base resins.Material and Methods: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyamide-resin were used in this study. 480 samples were prepared for each resin, and denture cleanser tablet was tested against C.albicans, S.mutans, S.gordonii, A.actinomycetemcomitans, S.aureus, and E.coli for 3rd, 5th, 10th, 20th, 40th, 80th, 160th, and 200th minutes. Cell viability (CV) was evaluated by MTT. ANOVA was used for statistics. Results: C.albicans exhibited higher CV in polyamide-resin compared to PMMA-resin in all tested durations. S.gordonii and A.actinomycetemcomitans exhibited higher CV in PMMA-resin except for 80th minute-S.gordonii, which had similar values. S.mutans had a higher CV in PMMA-resin than polyamide-resin at 3rd, 5th, 10th, 160th, and 200th minutes, and other values were similar to polyamide-resin. The tested concentration killed more than 75% of microorganisms except for 3rd and 5th minute-C.albicans on resins. S.aureus and E.coli had similar. CV of microorganisms on PMMA-resin was higher than on polyamide-resin. All microorganisms exhibited different adherence on the resins.Conclusions: Tablet cleanser was effective in all microorganisms and durations and over 10-minute durations provided over 76% cell death. Patients with a compromised immune system can safely use restorations composed of polyamide-resin or PMMA-resin with 40 min-treatment of tablet cleanser.Keywords: Bacteria; candida albicans; cell survival; denture bases; denture cleansers.

Aim: Patients with head trauma are routinely, and commonly treated with prophylactic antibiotics, which may also be used for the treatment of infection that may be developed during hospital stay. The relevant antibiotic may, however, some side effects and adverse event. The present study aimed to investigate whether the side effects and adverse events of the prophylactic antibiotics were considered as a complication or medical negligence.Material and Methods: Descriptive statistics were used for the evaluation of the data.Results: No studies were found in the literature. Ceftriaxone, ampicillin-sulbactam, and cefazolin sodium were preferred for antibiotherapy. Meropenem or vancomycin was solely administered to patients when observed active pathogens in culture-antibiogram. Clinicians should be cautioned the potential side effects and adverse events of some drugs frequently used in clinics. Conclusion: Otherwise, they may legally be held liable for medical negligence.Keywords: Adverse effect; head trauma; human rights; malpractice; negligence; rational antibiotic use; right to health; side effect; professional liability.

Aim: To date, the main diagnostic tool for assessing the liver fibrosis stage has been liver biopsy. Despite the advantages in patient prognosis prediction and disease management, the application of liver biopsy is hampered by its limitations. The limitations of liver biopsy have led to a need for the development of a non- invasive scoring system that is simple to use, reliable, and cheap. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of APRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index) and FIB-4 (Fibrosis-4) scores in the prediction of liver fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis B patients.Material and Methods: A retrospective assessment was made of the electronic medical records to identify patients who underwent liver biopsy for evaluation of fibrosis related to CHB (Chronic Hepatitis B). A total of 352 patients were included in the study. Laboratory parameters that were measured within 7 days of the liver biopsy day were considered suitable for the calculation of the formulae. The APRI and FIB-4 scores was calculated. Liver biopsy reports, which were eligible for inclusion in the study, were assessed retrospectively. The fibrosis stage and histological acitvity index were used as previously described by Ishak. Analyses were performed using SPSS 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics 22, SPSS inc., an IBM Co., Somers, NY).Results: APRI was well correlated with fibrosis and HAI score (r=0.280, p0.05; r=0.22, p0.05) respectively. The FIB-4 correlation between fibrosis and HAI was significant (r=0.433, p0.05; r=0.34, p0.05) respectively.Conclusion: Inexpensive, non-invasive, and reliable fibrosis assessement models for CHC should be applied in clinical practice.Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B; liver fibrosis; APRI, FIB-4.

Aim: To investigate microalbuminuria in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to determine its relationship with the stages of the disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The reason for the death of these neurons is still unclear; however, studies have demonstrated the potential involvement of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum in contributing to cellular oxidative stress.Material and Methods: Thirty-two PD patients who admitted to Neurology Clinic of Kirikkale University’s Medical Faculty and 30 healthy volunteers whose age and sex-matched were included in the study. Urine creatinine and urine albumin levels were determined in patient and healthy groups. The disease duration and Hoehn and Yahr stages were recorded.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between urine creatinine, microalbumin, and urine creatinine/albumin ratios when PD patient results compared with the healthy volunteers’. There was no significant correlation among urine creatinine, microalbumin, and urine creatinine/albumin ratio between the disease duration and Hoehn and Yahr staging in patients with PD.Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is an indirect finding of oxidative stress in urine. In the current study, microalbuminuria was not detected in PD patients at various stages of the disease. It is an important finding that microalbuminuria, a marker of oxidative stress in the urine in PD, a disease in which oxidative stress plays a significant role in etiopathogenesis, is not found.Keywords: Hoehn and Yahr Scale;microalbumin; oxidative stress; Parkinson’s disease; Urine creatinine.

Aim: This study aimed to reveal the relationship between changes in Claudin-5 expression and the duration of healing in Achillestendon injury.Material and Methods: 18 Achilles tendons of Wistar-Albino rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into 3 groups as 6 ratsin each group, group 1; sham group, group 2; tendon repair group (sacrificed after 3 weeks), group 3; tendon repair group (sacrificedafter 6 weeks). Immunohistochemically, the tendons were stained with Claudin-5 and the degree of staining with light microscopewas rated between 0 and 3. The obtained scores were compared with Kruskal Wallis test and Posthoc analysis.Results: The scores were 0.5 1 (0-1) in group 1.1 1 (1-2) in group 2 and 1.5 1 (1-2) in group 3. A statistically significantdifference was found between the groups (p 0.026). In the posthoc analyzes, there was a significant difference between group 1and 3, but there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 2 and 3.Conclusion: The expression of claudins is regulated by many factors, including hormones, various cytokines, and epithelialmesenchymaltransition-related transcription factors. In this study, the increase in the expression of Claudin-5 was noticed inproportion to the progress of primary wound healing. This relationship may be a part of the repair mechanism. The role of claudinlevels in intercellular passage is crucial for function as it is important for cell signaling. Achilles tendon healing can be attributed toa laboratory parameter such as claudin. This can help to understand the recovery rate and can help early return to work or sport.We believe that as a laboratory parameter Claudin-5 may be useful in the evaluation of tendon healing.

Aim: To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance at distilled water and %5.25 NaOCl of immersed ProTaper Gold (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) file systems.Material and Methods: The ProTaper Gold F2 (25.06v taper) and ProTaper Universal F2 (25.06v taper) file systems were immersed in distilled water andNaOCl for 5 minutes. After immersion process files were rotated at artificial canal with 60O curvature and a 5-mm radius until fracture occurred. Time to fracture and fractured lengths were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically using independent t-tests. Statistical significance was set at P .05. Results: ProTaper Gold files had a significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue than ProTaper Universal files (P .05). When ProTaper Universal immersed in distilled water showed higher resistance to cyclic fatigue than immersed in NaOCl solution (P .05).Conclusion: ProTaper Gold system more resistant than ProTaper Universal system to cyclic failure. The effect of NaOCl were higher on the ProTaper Universal system.Keywords: Corrosion, cyclic fatigue; NaOCl; ProTaper Gold; ProTaper Universal.

Aim: the aim of this study was to describe musculoskeletel disorder (MSD) symptoms in nurses and etiological factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a government hospital in the West of Turkey between March and June 2018. the population was composed of the 608 nurses working in the hospital. All of the population were invited to participate, and the research sample was formed from the 498 nurses who met the research inclusion criteria (participation rate 82%). Data were collected by researchers with technique of face-to-face interviews, using a nurse descriptive form and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. the data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 16.0). Numbers, percentages, means and chi-squared tests were used in data analysis. the level of significance was set at 0.05. Result: the nurses’ mean age was 34.78±8.60 years (min: 18, max: 58) and most of them (75.5%) were females. the results showed that 87.3% of the nurses had reported MSDs symptoms in at least one body region during the past 12 months. the greatest prevalence of MSDs symptoms by body regions were in the lower back (78.5%), the back (74.9%), the knees (63.1%), the neck (61.2%) and the shoulders (59.6%). the study was found that MSDs symptoms were more frequently seen in those aged over 40, those who stated that their health was poor or very poor, those who had been working as nurses for more than 20 years, those with chronic illnesses, those who slept little, and those who worked more than eight hours a day or 40 hours a week (p

Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effective prognostic factors on recurrence and mortality in patients with differential thyroid cancer. Material and Methods: The effects of various parameters of demographic characteristics, the admission symptoms, physical examination, laboratory findings, pathological examination, and surgical method of 184 patients, who underwent surgery due to differential thyroid cancer between January 1986 and December 2009 in 4th General Surgical Clinic of Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, on prognosis were examined. The information of the patients was obtained from automation system of the hospital and Thyroid Cancer Information and Follow-Up Form of 4th General Surgical Clinic of Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital.Results: The sample group consisted of 172 papillary cancer patients and 12 follicular cancer patients. The mean age of the patients was 45.4 years (15-78). There were 159 (86.4%) female patients and 25 (13.6%) male patients. The mean follow-up period of 161 (87.5%) patients, who were followed up regularly, was 73.26 months (1-231). The mean recurrence period was 77.66 months (1-150). Mortality was observed in eight (4.3%) patients during their follow-up period. The mean life expectancy of those who died was 66.87 months (1-150 months).* Single variable analysis revealed that the T stage and pathologic final stage were effective on recurrence. Painful nodules and palpable lymph nodes in the neck and the papillary histological malignant subtype variant, as well as the presence of vascular and adjacent organ invasion, multicentricity, T stage, the lymph nodes, distant metastasis, and the clinical stage during the admission were identified to be effective on mortality.Conclusion: The risk of recurrence is high in DTC patients with high T stage and advanced pathologic stage. The rate of survival of those with multicentric tumors and advanced pathologic stage is low. Therefore, it is important for patients to be followed up closely within a postoperative multidisciplinary context.Keywords: Differential; thyroid; cancer; recurrence; mortality.

Aim: In the present study, our aim is to assess cancer patients receiving treatment in Outpatient Chemotherapy Unit in terms ofdemographic characteristics and life quality and to investigate the use of CAM methods and the factors affecting the use of suchmethods.Material and Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consists of 100 cancer patients treated in Outpatient ChemotherapyUnit. A questionnaire form was used in the study as a data collection tool. The questionnaire form prepared following the approvalof local ethical committee was applied to the patients admitted to oncology unit for outpatient chemotherapy.Results: 56% of patients were males and 44% of them were females. They were aged minimum 40 and maximum 89. 39% of patientshad breast cancer, 22% of them had colorectal cancer, 20% of them had lung cancer, 15% of them had prostate cancer, %2 of them haduterine (endometrium) cancer, and 2% of them had bladder cancer. 23 out of 100 patients in the sample used alternative treatmentmethods. 20 of them preferred herbal therapy while 3 of them used acupuncture. A great majority of patients resorting to alternativetreatment methods were housewives and had lung, breast or colorectal cancer. It was observed that less patients with urogenitalcancer resorted to CAM methods.Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was detected that 23% of cancer patients used one of the CAM methods, the most commonone being the herbal therapy. Physicians and other healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable about the effects and sideeffects of these treatment methods and must warn the cancer patients about their probable complications. Moreover, an interestingresult is that, in Turkey, cancer patients are not informed on their diagnosis by relatives and healthcare professionals.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the alterations in the nasal flora in patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Material and Methods: This prospective study included 30 patients diagnosed with CRSwNP who were resistant to medical treatment and recommended for surgery. The nasal cavity was sampled two times, first preoperatively on the day of operation and postoperatively in the 4th week. Patients were divided into two groups according to their culture results, including normal flora bacteria and potential pathogen production. Results: In the preoperative swab samples, 3 (11.1%) patients had no bacterial growth, 16 (59.3%) patients had a normal flora, and potential pathogens were detected in 8 (29.6%) patients. However, postoperatively, 3 (11.1%) patients had no bacterial growth, 13 (48.1%) patients had a normal flora, and potential pathogens were detected in 11 (40.7%) patients during the postoperative period. No significant difference was found between preoperative and postoperative culture results in terms of the number of patients with normal flora, potential pathogens, and no bacterial growth (p=0.676). The most common microorganism in the normal flora group preoperative and postoperative period was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (77.8%, 51.9%, respectively), and the most common microorganism in the potential pathogen group was Staphylococcus aureus (18.5% and 25.9%, respectively). Comparing preoperative and postoperative culture results according to isolated potential pathogen microorganism types, no statistically significant difference was observed for any microorganism in the potential pathogen group (p>0.05).Conclusion: As a result, no correlation between nasal polyps’ surgery and potential pathogens was detected. Keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; culture; nasal polyps; flora; potential pathogens; bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus; coagulase; transnasal endoscopic surgery; pseodomanas.

The “Walled Obelisk” is a 32.77-meter high, 2x2 meter mean square, rough-cut limestone monument that is becoming thinner to the four-sided hill. This monument is in a very sensitive seismic region of the World-Istanbul and remains intact from the time of its construction (approximately tenth century) to the present despite all seismic activity during that time. The current study extracts and investigates a mathematical model of the monument, which reveals that support of the structure incorporates a “natural seismic isolator” that demonstrates behavior similar to current used lead-core rubber-bearings isolator (LRB). The total height of the “natural seismic isolator” is 3.44 m. and consists of three–steps of rough-cut limestone and a massive marble stone that forms four sliding surfaces bonded with Horasan mortar. The components of the “natural seismic isolator” form four sliding surfaces and appear to function similar to LRB’s combined layers of steel plates and hard rubber. The massive marble stone appears to function like the lead cylinder core of the LRB. The “natural seismic isolator” demonstrates fully plastic behavior and differs from the LRB by maintaining the monument’s upper part in equilibrium during earthquake excitation, which also varies near zero equilibrium. During this study’s comparison of the isolator’s use of the expression, “similar” is frequent used in this meaning, and the comparison uses a fixed base model of the monument that cannot reciprocate during recovery from earthquakes over the 1000-year history. The proposed model of “natural seismic isolation” from historical experience (for this monument, 1000 years), suggests that the easily constructed natural isolator requires no special maintenance, and is suitable for modern structures in seismic regions.

In the preclinic investigation period at the beginning of the drug development process, it is an obligation to subject candidate drugs to genotoxicty investigations. Genotoxicty data of drugs that are developed with these tests are demanded as a part of the security evaluation process by regulatory authorities in various countries. The demand of these laboring and costly data by regulatory authorities of various countries in different standards prevents potential candidate drugs from being marketed, interrupts the drug development process and causes unnecessary utilization of experimental materials in researches. Therefore, nowadays, it is generally accepted that the researches aimed at achieving these data are implemented with standardized approaches in the guidelines of international harmonisation organizations such as ICH (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) and OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). In this review, it is aimed to provide current information about the various genotoxicity tests which are used commonly in the drug development process, in accordance with ICH, OECD guidelines and literature. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file . Ozet Ilac gelistirme surecinin baslangicindaki preklinik arastirma doneminde, aday ilaclarin genotoksisite testlerinden gecirilmesi bir zorunluluktur. Bu testlerle elde edilen genotoksisite verileri, cesitli ulkelerdeki duzenleyici otoriteler tarafindan guvenlilik degerlendirme surecinin bir parcasi olarak istenmektedir. Elde edilmesi oldukca zahmetli ve maliyetli olan bu bilgilerin, farkli ulkelerin duzenleyici otoriteleri tarafindan degisik standartlarda istenmesi, potansiyel ilac adaylarinin pazarlamasini engellemekte, ilac gelistirme surecini kesintiye ugratmakta ve arastirmalarda gereksiz yere deney materyali kullanimina neden olmaktadir. Bu bakimdan, gunumuzde bu bilgileri elde etmeyi amaclayan arastirmalarin, ICH (Insanda Kullanilan Ilaclarin Ruhsatlandirilmasi Icin Teknik Gerekliliklerin Uyumlandirilmasi Uluslararasi Birligi) ve OECD (Ekonomik Kalkinma ve Isbirligi Orgutu) gibi uluslararasi harmonizasyon orgutlerinin kilavuzlarinda standardize edilen yaklasimlarla uygulanmasi genel kabul gormektedir. Bu derlemede, ilac gelistirme surecinde kullanilan genotoksisite testlerine iliskin, ICH, OECD kilavuzlari ve literatur isiginda guncel bilgiler verilmesi amaclanmistir.

Coprime array geometries provide robust performance for direction-of-arrival estimation problem with more sources thansensor elements. In previous works it is shown that K source directions can be resolved using only 2M N -1 sensorelements where K is less than or equal to MN for M and N are integer numbers. In this paper we introduce a new approach toenhance the degrees of freedom (DOF) from MN to 2MN by using the same number of sensor elements. The proposedmethod is based on computing the covariance matrix of the observation data multiple times. Hence more DOF can beobtained. The resulting cross terms corresponding to the coherent sources are modeled as interference in a sparse recoveryalgorithm which is solved effectively by an alternating minimization procedure. The theoretical analysis of the proposedmethod is provided and its superior performance is evaluated through numerical simulations.

ÖZETAmaç: Yapılan çalışmalar hiperglisemi ve diyabetik komplikasyonlar ile oksidatif stres, DNA hasarı ve onarımı arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu işaret etmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı; Türk popülasyonunda XRCC3 geni T241M (rs86153) ve XRCC1 geni A339G (rs25487) polimorfizminin tip 2 diyabete (T2DM) ve diyabetik nefropatiye (DN) yatkınlıkta rolünün araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve yöntem: XRCC3 geni T241M ve XRCC1 geni A339G polimorfizminin genotip ve allel frekanslarının dağılımı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu-restriksiyon fragment uzunluğu (PCR-RFLP) ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışma populasyonu; T2DM grubu 116; DN grubu 50 hasta ve normal glukoz metabolizmasına sahip 72 sağlıklı birey olmak üzere 238 gönüllüden oluşmaktadır. Bulgular: Çoklu değişken analizi sonuçlarına göre; XRCC1 geninin 399 Gln alleli ile T2DM ve DN arasında istatistiksel anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmiştir (sırasıyla p

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Farmasötik Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 300170, İlaçlar ile indüklenen infertilite dahil reproduktif toksik etkiler günümüzde önemli bir sağlık problemi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle ilaçların kadın ve erkek reproduktif sistem üzerine toksik etkilerinin belirlenmesi ve bu etkilerin fertiliteye yansımasının değerlendirilmesi önemli araştırma alanlarından biri olarak kabul görmektedir. Levetirasetam (LEV) da epilepsi tedavisinde her yaş grubunda güvenilir etki profili nedeni ile sıklıkla tercih edilen bir ilaçtır. Reproduktif yaşlarda sıklıkla kullanılan bu ilacın erkek reproduktif sistem üzerine toksik etkilerinin değerlendirildiği herhangi bir çalışma bulunmadığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu tez çalışması kapsamında LEV'in erkek reproduktif sistem üzerine olası toksik etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda levetirasetam 50, 150 ve 300 mg/kg dozlarda oral olarak 70 gün süre ile 12 haftalık erkek sıçanlara uygulanmıştır. Süre sonunda gruplara ait vücut, testis ve epididimis ağırlıkları, bilgisayar destekli sperm analiz sistemi ile sperm konsantrasyonu, motilitesi, morfolojisi ve Comet yöntemi ile sperm DNA hasarı belirlenmiş, testis dokuları histopatolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Olası reproduktif toksisitede hormonal durumun etkisinin belirlenmesi amacı ile plazma testosteron, folikül stimule edici hormon (FSH) ve luteinleştirici hormon (LH) seviyeleri ELISA yöntemi ile, oksidatif stresin etkisinin belirlenmesi amacı ile testis dokusundaki glutatyon (GSH), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (KAT) ve malondialdehit (MDA) seviyeleri ise kolorimetrik yöntemler ile tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre LEV uygulanan gruplarda sperm konsantrasyonu, motilitesi ve normal sperm morfolojisinin doza bağımlı olarak azaldığı belirlenmiştir. 150 ve 300 mg/kg LEV uygulanan gruplarda sperm DNA hatalarının arttığı dikkat çekmiştir. Özellikle 300 mg/kg levetirasetam uygulanan grupta testiküler hasar bulguları izlenmiştir. Plazma FSH, LH ve testosteron seviyeleri 300 mg/kg LEV uygulanan grupta kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak azalmıştır. Testis dokusunda SOD, GSH ve KAT seviyeleri levetirasetam uygulanan gruplarda anlamlı olarak azalmış ve MDA seviyeleri ise 150 ve 300 mg/kg LEV uygulanan gruplarda anlamlı olarak artmıştır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda LEV uygulaması ile sperm kalitesinin azaldığı belirlenmiş ve hormonal seviyedeki değişimlerin ve testis dokusunda var olan oksidatif stresin reproduktif toksik etkiye katkı sağlayabileceği ileri sürülmüştür.

1. ÖZETSitokrom P4502C9 Enziminin Türk Popülasyonundaki Genetik Polimorfizminin AraştırılmasıS.Vildan Akgül Obeidin; Prof. Dr. Semra Şardaş, Farmasötik Toksikoloji AbDAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, klinikte kullanılan ilaçların %20 sinin metabolizmasında görev alan CYP2C9 enziminin Türk popülasyonundaki tek nükleotid polimorfizm frekansını saptamak ve araştırmada çalışılan genotipleme işlemini rutin olarak kullanılmak üzere F. Toksikoloji laboratuvarında kurmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: 118 sağlıklı gönüllüden alınan kan numunelerinden DNA izole edilerek, belirlenen enzimi kodlayan gen bölgeleri RFLP-PCR ile çoğaltılmış ve belirlenen tek nükleotid polimorfizmin saptanması için restriksiyon enzimleriyle kesilip agaroz jel elektroforez ile yürütülen örnekler UV transillümünatörkullanılarakgörüntülenmiştir. Bulgular R 3.2.2. paket programı ile istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular:Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin allel frekansları CYP2C9*1 için 0.894, CYP2C9*2 için 0.09, CYP2C9*3 için 0.017’dir. CYP2C9*2 bölgesi için, Türk popülasyonu ile Uzak doğu popülasyonları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık varken (p0,01). Fakat CYP2C9*3 bölgesi için yapılan istatistiksel analiz sonuçları tam olarak aksi yöndedir.Hardy-weinberg kuralı ile analiz edilen popülasyon içindeki gen frekansları, anlamlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir (p0.01) though results of CYP2C9*3’ statistical analysis are shown opposite. Also gene frequencies in population analyzed by Hardy-weinberg equation, and there is significant difference (p

Aim: This study investigates the total sternum length and the lengths of each part of the sternum using computed tomography (CT) images oriented orthogonally to reveal whether there are any significant gender differences with respect to these values.Material and Methods: Thin-section thorax CT images from 60 subjects (30F, 30M) between 20 and 40 years of age were used, oriented to the orthogonal plane using an image-processing program.The sternal angle (SA), manubrium length (ML), corpus length (CL), xiphoid processlength (XPL), total sternum length (TSL), manubrium-corpus length proportion (sternal index; SI), and the proportion of the three parts separate from the TSL were compared by gender.Results: The values of the ML (M: 5.36 cm, F: 4.76 cm), CL (M: 10.11 cm, F: 8.75 cm), and TSL (M: 19.18 cm, F: 16.28 cm) were longer in males (p0.05) than in females. No statistically significant difference was determined in the ratios of the XPL, SI, and sternum parts to the TSL (p0.05). The mean values of the SA in males and females were 161.4 and 160.51, respectively (p0.05). In an ROC analysis, the most significant measurement for gender determination was found to be the CL, and the linear discriminant analysis yielded a correct determination rate of 86% for males and 93% for females.Conclusions: Although metric measurements of the sternum could provide high accuracy rates in gender determination, to increase reliability, image analyses should be conducted in the orthogonal plane to remove errors that could be caused by the differences in orientation.

Aim: Lumbar spine surgeries can be performed under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of spinal and general anesthesia on intraoperative bleeding in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery.Material and Methods: Fifty patients scheduled to undergo elective single-level lumbar discectomy under spinal or general anesthesia were studied. The amount of blood loss was calculated by subtracting the wash solutions from the amount in the aspirator reservoir and evaluating bleeding in the gauze used throughout the operation. The time between the first incision and the final suture was evaluated as the surgical time.Patients’demographic data, duration of surgery, amount of fluid given intraoperatively, intraoperative hemodynamic data, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative/postoperative ephedrine requirements , postoperative nausea and vomiting and the duration of stay in PACU were evaluated.Results: In group S, intraoperative blood loss was 203.00108.73 ml, while in group G it was 198.00106.40. There were no statistically difference between the groups (p0.884). Inthe duration of surgery, amount of fluid given intraoperatively, intraoperative ephedrine requirements was compared, there wereno difference between the groups too (p0.085, p0.056 and 0.448, respectively).Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that general and spinal anesthesia did not affect major parameters such as intraoperative bleeding in patients undergoing.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate whether there is a possible relationship between the preoperative and early postoperative period neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and post-dural-puncture headache in patients undergoing cesarean section.Material and Methods: Two hundred twenty pregnant women scheduled to undergo elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, were studied. Patiens demografic data and blood count parameters were noted. Blood was sampled from a peripheral vein for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio ve platelet/lymphocyte ratio. The time points for sampling blood were as follows: Preoperative; 1 day before and postoperative; within 6-12 hours after cesarean section. The patients were questioned for possible occurrence of spinal anesthesia induced headache on the first and seventh postoperative days. Post-dural puncture headache was evaluated according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) diagnostic criteria.Results: A total of 220 patients were enrolled in the study and 217 patients completed the investigation. Post-dural puncture headache was detected in 78 patients and the incidence was 35.9%. The measurements of laboratory parameters were statistically similar between two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Our study results showed no relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and post-dural-puncture headache in the preoperative and also, early postoperative period in patients who undergoing cesarean section.Keywords: Post-Dural-Puncture Headache; Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio; Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio; Cesarean Section.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of fragmented QRS (fQRS) wave to detect non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (Non-STEMI).Material and Methods: The study included patients who were diagnosed with Non-STEMI in emergency department and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in the cardiology clinic. Coronary artery circulation is anatomically divided as the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) (V1-V5), the left Circumflex (LCx) (I, aVL and V5,V6) and the right coronary artery (RCA) (II, III and aVF).Results: Our study included 191 patients. Significant fQRS was detected in 139 (%73) patients and ST/T was detected in 79 (%41) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, of fQRS in the inferior leads to predict RCA lesionwas 76%, 46%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, of ST/T in the inferior leads to “predict RCA lesion was 12%, 93%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity of fQRS in the lateral leads to predict LCx lesion were 44% and 83%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity of ST/T in the lateral leads to predict LCx lesion were 34%, 74%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity of fQRS in the anterior leads to predict left LAD lesion were 34% and 82%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity of ST/T in the anterior leads to predict LAD lesion were 38%, and 81%, respectively.Conclusion: We have compared to fQRS and ST/T on ECG; fQRS has higher sensitivity than ST/T to predict culprit coronary artery lesion. Therefore, evaluation of fQRS in addition to ST/T on ECG may be more valuable in pre-diagnosis of Non-STEMI.

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between stability criteria and complications in traumatic hip dislocations associatedwith posterior acetabular wall fracture.Material and Methods: The study retrospectively investigated 18 patients treated for posterior acetabulum fracture dislocation in the orthopedics and traumatology clinicfrom 2014-2017. All patients had wall defect, acetabular fracture index and coronal posterior acetabular arc angle (PAAA)assessed. Fracture types were determined according to Letournel’s definitions.Results: Preoperative radiological tests found the mean width of intact hip wall was 33.8 mm (range 31-39 mm), mean wall length in fracture hips was 13.7 mm (range 5-21 mm), and mean wall defect was measured as 59.1% (range 37.5-86%). When intact hips were assessed mean coronal PAAA was 54.2 degrees (range 41-65). For fractured hips, coronal PAAA was 18.2 degrees mean (range 6-29). Acetabular fracture index (AFI) was determined as mean 40.8 (range 14-62.5). Regarding complications in the postoperative period, one patient had avascular necrosis of the femoral head and 9 patients had osteoarthritis.Conclusion: Though Defect percentage, AFI and coronal PAAA values are important proven markers for stability, in our study there was no correlation identified with complications.

Aim: Frailty can be defined as reduced resistance capacity against the environmental stresses due to a cumulative decline in the physiological reserves of the subject. Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) can be used to measure frailty. We aimed to calculate the prevalence of frailty in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and analyze some general features of those patients.Material and Methods: The study was conducted in general ICUs of a state hospital. Patients who were admitted between January 2016 and March 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, “Clinical Frailty Scale” (CFS) score, clinical data and other patient results were recorded. Subsequently, patients were divided into two groups as frail (CFS5) and non-frail (CFS5) and then statistically compared.Results: A total of 1139 patients were included in the study. The frailty rate of patients aged 50 years and over was 54.7%. The median age of the frail group was significantly higher (78 vs 69 year; p0,0001). APACHE II, mechanical ventilation rate, and length of ICU stay were significantly higher in the frail group (25 vs 22; p0,0001 ve 69,8% vs 52%; p0,0001 ve 14 vs 11days; p0,007, respectively). Intensive care costs were also significantly higher in the frail group (1540 vs 1242 US Dollar; p0,019). The total mortality rate was 39.9%; in frail group. This rate was significantly higher than non-frail group (48,6% vs 29,3%; p0,0001). Frailty (CFS5) were shown to be an independent risk factor for mortality (p0.014, OR 1.464, 95% CI 1.081-1.982)Conclusion: We recommend the routine use of CFS, which is especially useful in predicting frailty and mortality in intensive care unit.

ÖZETÇİNKO OKSİT NANOPARÇACIKLARININ (ZnO-NP) İNSAN DERMAL FİBROBLAST HÜCRELERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN PROTEOMİKS YAKLAŞIMLA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİÇinko oksit nanoparçacıkları (ZnO-NP) günlük hayatta kozmetik ve güneş kremlerinde ayrıca giysi, boya, elektronik, gıda paketleme, biyotıp ve sensörlerde en çok kullanılan nano boyutlardaki parçacıklardandır. Yüzey alanı/hacim oranı, gelişmiş sağlamlık, elektrik ve manyetik özellikleri ve biyolojik aktiviteleri gibi nanoparçacıklara özgü özelliklerinden dolayı yığın (bulk) formlarına göre farklılık gösterirler. Nanoparçacıkların karakteristik özellikleri ve geniş uygulama alanlarının olmasından dolayı, çevre ve insan üzerinde etkileri bulunmakla birlikte, kısa ve uzun vadede toksikolojik etki yaratabilirler. Nanoparçacıklar tarafından ortaya çıkarılan toksisite mekanizmalarını aydınlatmak ve hücresel yolaklar arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmak için detaylı mekanistik toksikoloji çalışmalarına gerek vardır. Bu tez kapsamında, parçacıklara verilen hücresel cevabın belirlenmesi amacıyla nano boyutlardaki ZnO’nun insan dermal fibroblast hücrelerindeki etkisi proteomiks yaklaşımla değerlendirilmiştir. Proteom profili öncesi ZnO nanoparçacıklarının transmisyon elektron mikroskobu (TEM) ile parçacık boyut dağılımı ve morfolojisi, ZetaSizer ile zeta potansiyeli ve hidrodinamik boyutu ve örnek saflığı, kristal boyutu ve şeklinin belirlenmesi amacıyla da X-ışını difraktometresi (XRD) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulama dozu ve parçacıkların sitotoksik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, Tripan mavisi dışlama testi, MTT, LDH ve ROS analizleri yapılmıştır. Proteomik profilleme için 15 µg/ml nano-ZnO, 24 saat uygulanmış ve ardından proteomik profil LC-MS/MS ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen proteom bilgisi çeşitli biyoinformatik araçlar kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Karakterizasyon sonuçlarına göre ZnO nanoparçacıkları yaklaşık olarak 60-70 nm boyutlarında ve genel olarak tane şeklindedirler. Ortalama olarak 105 nm hidrodinamik boyuta ve pozitif zeta potansiyeline sahiptirler. XRD sonuçlarına göre örnek saf çinko oksit olup hekzagonal wurtzite kristal yapısına sahiptir. Sitotoksisite çalışmaları 10 µg/ml konsantrasyondan sonra hücre canlılığının düşmeye başladığını ve 50 ve 100 µg/ml nano-ZnO konsantrasyonun da ise hücre ölümünün çok yüksek seviyeye ulaştığını göstermektedir. Proteomiks sonuçlarına göre oksidatif stresten dolayı Nrf-2/ARE yolağının tamamen aktive olarak antioksidan/detoksifikatif proteinlerin üretildiği, ısı şoku proteinlerinin (HSP70/40 and 90), mRNA katabolizması ve ubikuitinasyon/proteazomal parçalanma yolaklarının aktivasyonu ile katlanmamış protein tepkisinin ortaya çıktığı, DNA tamiri, pro-inflamasyon, glikoliz ve pro-apoptotik yolaklarda görev alan proteinlerin ifadelerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Buna karşı, hücre canlılığı, çoğalması ve anti-apoptotik rolleri olan proteinlerin ifadesi ise azalmıştır.Tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, ZnO nanoparçacıklarına karşı hücresel hasarın giderilmesi ve oksidatif stresten korunma amacıyla dermal fibroblast hücreleri temel olarak antioksidan savunma mekanizmasını, endoplazmik retikulum stres tepkisini ve DNA tamir mekanizmalarını devreye sokarak cevap vermişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın çıktıları nanoparçacıkların yan etkilerinin giderilmesi ve onların daha biyouyumlu hale getirilmeleri hususunda yapılacak olan ileriki çalışmalara kaynak sağlayacaktır. ABSTRACTINVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ZINC OXİDE NANOPARTICLES (ZnO-NP) ON HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLAST CELLS BY PROTEOMICS APPROACHZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are one of the mostly used nanoscale particles in daily life cosmetics and sun screens, also in clothing, paints, electronics, food packaging, biomedicine and sensors. Unique properties of nanoparticles such as large surface area /volume ratio, enhanced hardness, electro and magnetic properties and biological activity make them different from their bulk forms. Due to their characteristics and widespread applications of nanoparticles, have effects on environment and humans and can have considerable short and long term toxicological effects. Elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity caused by nanoparticles and to reveal the relationship between cellular pathways requires detailed mechanistic toxicology studies. In this thesis, effects of nano scale ZnO on human dermal fibroblast cells was studied by proteomics approach to identify cellular response to particles. Before proteom profiling, ZnO nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) to state particle size distribution and morphology, by ZetaSizer to reveal zeta potential and hydrodynamic particle size and analyzed by X- ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize sample purity, crystalline size and structure. To assess application dose and cytotoxic feature of particles, Trypan blue exclusion test, MTT, LDH and ROS assays were carried out. For proteomic profiling, 15 µg/ml nano-ZnO for 24 hours were applied and then proteomic profile was determined by LC-MS/MS. Results of proteom were analyzed by different kinds of bioinformatics tools According to the characterization results, ZnO nanoparticles were about 60-70 nm size and had mostly grain shape. They had a positive zeta potential with average 105 nm hydrodynamic sizes. XRD result revealed the sample was pure zinc oxide and had hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. Cytotoxic studies showed decrease in cell viability by 10 µg/ml and cell death become more severe at higher doses which were 50 and 100 µg/ml nano-ZnO concentrations. Proteomics profiling revealed that due to oxidative stress, production of antioxidant/detoxification proteins by completely activation of Nrf-2/ARE pathway, unfolded protein response by activation of heat shock proteins (HSP70/40 and 90), mRNA catabolic process and ubiquitination/proteasomal degradation pathways, up-regulation of proteins in DNA repair, pro-inflammatory process, glycolysis and pro-apoptotic process. Besides this, proteins responsible from cell proliferation, survival and anti-apoptotic process were found to be down-regulated. When all results are evaluated, dermal fibroblasts response to ZnO nanoparticles by activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and DNA repair mechanisms to protect from oxidative stress and recover cellular damage. These outcomes of this work will help to further studies for elimination of side effects of nanoparticles and makes them more biocompatible.

Adli bilimlerde olay yerinden toplanan biyolojik bulgular, suçu aydınlatma ve suçluyu tespit et- mede büyük öneme sahiptir. Biyolojik bulguları incelemede en önemli yöntem DNA analizi- dir. Olay yerinden alınan biyolo- jik bulgular ve şüpheli şahıstan alınan biyolojik numuneler DNA analiziyle kıyaslanır. Ayrıca akra- balık testi de bu yöntemle yapıl- maktadır. Biyolojik örneklerden analiz; DNA izolasyonu, PCR ve elektroforez işlemleriyle gerçek- leştirilir. DNA molekülünün tümü protein üretiminden sorumlu de- ğildir. Protein kodlayan kısım tüm genomun %3’ü kadardır. Protein kodlamayan kısım ise tekrarlar- dan oluşmaktadır. Yapısal olma- yan DNA bölgelerinde, özellikle farklı uzunluklarda nükleotid di- zilerinin değişik sayıda ard arda tekrarlanmasıyla oluşan diziler satellit olarak adlandırılır. Bun- ların en kısa olanına mikrosatellit (STR=Short Tandem Repeat) adı verilir. Bu diziler yüksek oranda polimorfizm gösterir. Adli uy- gulamalarda uzun süre sadece otozomal STR’ler kullanılmış ve bu incelemelerin yeterli olma- ması nedeniyle Y-STR ve mito- kondriyal DNA da incelemelere dahil edilmiştir. Son zamanlarda kullanım alanına girmekte olan X-STR analizleri daha karma- şık akrabalık olaylarının çözüm- lenmesine imkan vermektedir. Çocuğun kız olması koşuluyla; özellikle babanın bulunamadığı durumlarda babaanne-kız torun arasında X-STR analizleri ile ba- balık davaları çözümlenebilir. Ayrıca, akraba iki erkeğin baba adayı olduğu durumlarda ve iki kız çocuğunun, aynı babadan olup olmadığının araştırılması gibi du- rumlarda X-STR’ler kullanılabilir. Aynı zamanda, ensest vakalarda ve abortus materyalinin incelen- mesinde çok güçlü bir yöntemdir In forensic sciences, biologi- cal findings gathered from crime scene is quite important to illu- minate the crime as well as de- termining the criminal. The most important examination method of biological evidence is DNA analy- sis. Biological evidence collected from the crime scene and biologi- cal samples taken from suspicious persons are compared with DNA analysis. In addition, kinship tests are also done with this method. Analysis in biological samples is carried out by DNA isolation, PCR and electrophoresis. All of the DNA molecule is not responsible for protein production. Protein- coding part, is about 3% of the en- tire genome. Non protein-coding part consists of duplication. In non-structural DNA regions, se- quences which are especially pro- duced by the repetition of different numbers of nucleotide sequences in different lengths and which are called as satellites. The shortest one of these is called as micros- atellite (STR = Short Tandem Re- peat). These sequences show poly- morphism in high rates. In forensic applications, only autosomal STR had been used for long time. Since this examination is not sufficient, Y-STR and mitochondrial DNA ex- aminations have been included. X-STR analysis that is recently used, provides solutions to much more complicated kinship cases. Provided that child is a girl; pater- nity cases in which particularly the father cannot be reached may be resolved with X-STR analysis be- tween paternal grandmother and granddaughter. In addition, X-STR can be used in such investigation cases where there are two relative father candidate as well as exami- nation whether or not two girl chil- dreen have the same father. Also, it’s a very strong method in incest cases and investigation of abortion material.

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Akrilamit kozmetik, kâğıt ve tekstil sanayisinden, atık su arıtımı laboratuvar gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca çok yüksek sıcaklıklarda (>200 °C) bazı gıdalarda da oluşmaktadır. Akrilamidin deney hayvanları üzerinde nörotoksik, kanserojenik ve genotoksik etkileri bulunmuştur. Bu sebepten insan ve hayvan sağlığı için ciddi bir risk teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada sıçanlarda akrilamidin testise verdiği hasara karşı Lsisteinin etkisini belirlemeyi amaçladık. Çalışmamızda 240-320 g ağırlığında olan, 11-12 haftalık, 28 adet erkek Sprague-Dawley türü sıçanlar kullanıldı. Sıçanlar kontrol (i.p. serum fizyolojik), akrilamit (40 mg/kg i.p.), L-sistein (150 mg/kg i.p.) ve akrilamit + L-sistein olarak 4 eşit gruba ayrıldı. 10 gün boyunca devam eden deney süresinde hayvanların vücut ağırlıkları kaydedildi. Sıçanlar onbirinci gün anestezi altında sakrifiye edildiler. Kan örnekleri total testosteron düzeyleri ölçülmek üzere toplandı, testisler zaman kaybı olmaksızın çıkarıldı ve ağırlıkları ölçüldü. Bouin solüsyonunda tespit edilmiş testislere mikroskobik inceleme ve morfometrik ölçümler yapıldı. Hayvanların deney öncesi ve deney sonrası vücut ve testis ağırlıkları karşılaştırıldı. Deney sonunda akrilamit ve L-sistein + akrilamit verilen gruplarda hem vücut, hem de testis ağırlıklarında istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir ağırlık azalması izlendi. Ancak, testis ağırlık indeksinde anlamlı bir değişim belirlenmedi. Histolojik incelemelerde, seminifer tübüllerde akrilamit grubunda birçok dev hücre gözlenirken, L-sistein + akrilamit grubununda birkaç tane dev hücre saptandı. Akrilamit ve L-sistein + akrilamit gruplarında seminifer tübül çaplarında istatistiksel bir azalma bulundu. Serum total testosteron miktarlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmasa da akrilamit ve L-sistein + akrilamit verilen gruplarda testosteron düzeyinde bir düşüş gözlendi. Sonuç olarak L-sistein akrilamit kaynaklı toksisiteye karşı seminifer tübül çapı, vücut ağırlığı ve testis ağırlığını tam olarak koruyamamaktadır. Ayrıca testosteron düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Ancak L-sistein histolojik incelemelerde seminifer tübüllerdeki dev hücre sayısını azaltmıştır. Acrylamide is used in many fields from cosmetics, paper and textile industries to wastewater treatment and laboratories. It is also formed in certain foods when heated them to high degree, especially greater than 200 °C. It has been reported that acrylamide has neurotoxic, carcinogenic and genotoxic effects on laboratory animals. Therefore, acrylamide poses a significant risk for both human and animal health. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of L-cysteine against acrylamide-induced testis damage in rats. Our experimental study was conducted on 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 11-12 weeks and weighing 240-320 g. They were randomly allotted into four equal groups as control group (i.p. only physiologic saline solution), acrylamide group (40 mg/kg i.p), L-cysteine group (150 mg/kg i.p.), acrylamide + L-cysteine group. During 10 days long experiment, body weights of animals were recorded. The rats were sacrificed under anesthesia on eleventh day of experiment. Blood samples were collected to analyze total testosteron levels, testes were excised immediately and testis weights were measured. The testes fixed in bouin solution were examined morphologically and microscopically. Testis and body weights are compared among the groups. At the end of the experiment, statistically significant weight decrease was found both in testis weights and body weights of the rats in groups treated with acrylamide and acrylamide+L-cysteine. Nevertheless, no statistically significant was found in testes index. In histological examinations, whereas many giant cells were observed in groups treated with acrylamide, a few giant cells were observed in groups treated with acrylamide + L-cysteine in seminiferous tubules. In acrylamide and acrylamide +L-cysteine groups, there were significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules. Even though not finding statistically significant change, we observed a decrease on total testosteron level in both acrylamide and acrylamide +L-cysteine groups. In conclusion, L-cysteine could not fully protect rats against acrylamide-induced toxicity with respect to total body weight, testis weight and seminiferous tubule diameter. In addition, no statistically significant change was observed in the of testosteron levels. However, Lcysteine decreased frequency of giant cells in seminiferous epithelium in histological examinations.

The scope of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using rivets in the adhesive joints in order to combine plastic-based composite materials which are often used in today's engineering structures, to the joint strength. For this purpose, double lap joints are prepared in 3 different types of configuration included adhesive, pinned and both adhesive and pinned and also prepared in 3 different overlap lengths as 30, 45 and 60 mm. Stress-strain diagrams were derived by exposing the joints obtained, to the axial tensile test and then the most appropriate joint type was determined by comparing each of the results obtained. The evaluation of the results pointed out that the hybrid joints where adhesive and rivet are used together can carry much more load than the joints where the only adhesive was used or the joints which are combined with a rivet in terms of joint strength.

Amaç: Çukurova Üniversitesi Balcalı Hastanesi’nde son 13 yıldaki 25-hidroksi D vitamin istemine artan talebi ve hastanemize başvuran bölge halkında erişkinlerde 25-hidroksi D vitamin düzeylerini, varsa eksikliğini ve yaygınlığını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda, Çukurova Üniversitesi Balcalı Hastanesi bilgi işlem sistemi üzerinde elektronik olarak kayıtlı laboratuvar verileri kullanılarak 2003-2015 tarihleri arasındaki, hem poliklinik hem yatan hastalardan, tüm yaş grupları alınarak, 25-hidroksi D vitamin istem sayıları ve bireylerin; tanı, yaş, cinsiyet, istem tarihi, numune kabul tarihi, onay tarihi, plazma 25-hidroksi D vitamin düzeyleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Hastanemizde, son 13 yıllık 25-hidroksi D vitamin istem sayısı 77569 idi. 2003-2013 yılları arasında 25-hidroksi D vitamin istem sayıları karşılaştırıldığında % 6785 oranında bir artış görüldü. Çalışma grubumuzda cinsiyete göre, plazma ortalama 25-hidroksi D vitamin düzeyleri değerlendirildiğinde, erkeklerin ortalama düzeyleri (52,95 ± 0,92 nmol/L) kadınlara (48,42 ± 0,54 nmol/L) göre yüksek bulundu (p

1 Department of Mathematics, )DFXOW\RI6FLHQFHDQG$UW?Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey 2 Department of Mathematics, )DFXOW\RI6FLHQFH?Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey ABSTRACT An analysis of the distributed moving load along the surface of a coated half space is presented. The formulation of the problem depends on the hyperbolic-elliptic asymptotic model developed earlier by the authors. The integral solution of the longitudinal and transverse displacements along the surface for the sub and super-Rayleigh cases are obtained by using the uniform stationary phase method. Numerical comparisons of the exact and asymptotic solutions of the longitudinal displacement are illustrated for the certain cross-sections of the profile., Kaplamalı elastik bir yarı uzayın yüzeyi boyunca dağılımlı hareketli yükün bir analizi sunulmuştur. Problemin formülasyonu yazarlar tarafından önceden geliştirilmiş hiperbolik-eliptik modele dayanmaktadır. Sub ve süper Rayleigh durumları için yüzey boyunca boyuna ve enine yer değiştirmelerin integral çözümleri düzgün durağan faz metodu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Boyuna yer değiştirmenin tam ve asimptotik çözümlerinin nümerik karşılaştırmaları profilin belirli kesitleri için grafikler ile gösterilmiştir.

Toxoplasmic encephalitisis an opportunistic infection, which develops as a result of reactivation ofthe latent tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii in patients with reduced CD4+ Tlymphocytes. Amongst patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome, toxoplasmic encephalitis is one of the leading causes of theintracerebral involvement. In this report, we present a toxoplasmicencephalitis case, who has admitted with neurological symptoms and fever. Thepatient was identified human immunodeficiency virus positive while he was underinvestigation for cerebral mass lesion, The patient has fully recovered byantiprotozoal and antiretroviral therapy., Toksoplazma ensefalitiCD4+ T lenfosit sayısı azalmış olan hastalarda, Toxoplasma gondii’nin latenthalde bulunan doku kistlerinin reaktivasyonu ile ortaya çıkan fırsatçı birenfeksiyondur. Toksoplazma ensefaliti, insan immün yetmezlik virüsü enfeksiyonuve kazanılmış immün yetmezlik sendromu olan hastalarda, santral sinir sistemitutulumunun başta gelen nedenlerindendir. Bu yazıda , ateş ve nörolojikbulgularla başvuran, radyolojik incelemeler sonucunda saptanan serebralkitlenin etiyolojisi araştırılırken immün yetmezlik virüsü enfeksiyonu tanısıkonan ve antiretroviral ve antiprotozoal tedavi ile tam iyileşme sağlanan birtoksoplazma ensefaliti olgusu sunulmuştur.

Amaç:. Bu çalışmada, psikiyatri servisinde yatarak tedavi gören obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanılı hastaların sosyodemografik ve klinik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi; hastalık başlangıç yaşının, tedaviye başvurana kadar geçen sürenin ve özkıyım girişiminin sosyodemografik ve klinik değişkenlerle ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 2006-2015 yılları arasında yatarak tedavi gören obsesif kompulsif bozukluk hastalarının dosyaları değerlendirilmiş; sosyodemografik ve klinik değişkenler belirlenmiş; cinsiyete, ailede ruhsal hastalık ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk varlığına göre değişkenler arasındaki farklar araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 41 kadın, 30 erkek 71 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalığın ortalama başlangıç yaşı 25±10.04; ilk tedavi yaşı 27.75±9.19; hastalık belirtilerinin başlamasından ilk tedaviye kadar geçen süre 32.82±48.06 ay olarak belirlendi. Kadınlarda ilk tedavi yaşının ve başlangıç ile ilk tedavi arasındaki sürenin fazla; ailede obsesif kompulsif bozukluk öyküsü olan hastalarda tedavisiz geçen sürenin anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk sonlanım açısından ciddi risk faktörleri olan bir kronik bozukluktur. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the inpatients admitted in a university psychiatry clinic with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in ten years period. Material and Methods: Patients who had been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder according to DSM IV TR and hospitalized in Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Balcalı Hospital Department of Psychiatry between 2006 and 2015 were included. Data were obtained from hospital records of patients. Sociodemographic and clinical data form was completed by scanning previous patient files. Patients were grouped according to the gender, age of onset and the family history of psychiatric disorders and these groups were compared. Results: Forty one of the patients were female (57.7%) and 30 of them were male (42.3%). Mean age of patients was 25±10,04 years; first treatment age was 27.75±9.19 and mean duration of untreated illness was 32.82±48.06 months. There was a significant difference in patients, when first treatment age and mean duration of untreated illness were examined by gender. In patients with family history of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the mean duration of untreated illness was higher. Conclusion: Obsessive compulsive disorder is a chronic disorder with significant risk factors for prognosis.

Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema is a rare rheumatological disorder that presents with symmetrical hand and/or foot edema resembling rheumatoid arthritis. It is generally seen in male patients in older age, but atypical cases in different age groups have been documented. Although no clear mechanism has been described, certain genetic and environmental factors have been suggested for etiopathogenesis. Medical treatment is mainly focused on glucocorticoid therapy. This article aims to discuss the Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome and to review the current literature. Tekrarlayıcı seronegatif pitting ödemli simetrik sinovit sendromu, romatoid artriti andıran simetrik el ve/veya ayak ödemi ile prezente olan nadir görülen bir hastalıktır. Genellikle ileri yaş erkek hastalarda görülür fakat farklı yaş gruplarında görülen atipik vakalar da bulunmaktadır. Net bir mekanizma tanımlanmamış olmasına rağmen, etiyopatogenezde belli genetik ve çevresel faktörler öne sürülmektedir. Tedavi, esasen glukokortikoid tedavisi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu derlemede Tekrarlayıcı seronegatif pitting ödemli simetrik sinovit sendromunun tartışılması ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada normal overrezervine sahip infertil hastalarda rekombinant FSH kullanılarak kontrollüoveryan stimülasyon yapılan IVF-ICSI-ET sikluslarında, GnRH agonist uzunprotokol ile fleksible multidoz GnRH antagonist protokolü karşılaştırmayıamaçlanmıştır.. Gereç ve Yöntem:Çalışmamızda, kontrollü over stimülasyonu için rekombinant FSH kullanılmış vesonrasında IVF-ICSI-ET uygulanmış 1765 hastanın dosyaları retrospektif olaraktaranarak kullanıldı. Belirlenen kriterlere uyan 121 GnRH agonist uzun protokolve 53 fleksible multidoz GnRH antagonist protokol uygulanan hasta olmak üzere,toplamda 174 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. İki grup arasındaki stimülasyonsürelerinin, FSH dozlarının, elde edilen oosit sayısı, fertilizasyonoranlarının, implantasyon oranlarının, hCG pozitiflik oranlarının, klinikgebelik oranlarının ve eve giden bebek oranlarının karşılaştırılması yapıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınanhastalardan GnRH antagonist protokolde kullanılan ortalama toplam stimülasyonsüresi 8.57 ± 1.26 gün iken, GnRH agonist grupta 9.47 ± 1.56 gün olarakbulundu. HCG pozitiflik oranları GnRH antagonist grupta %35.8 iken, GnRHagonist grupta %34.7 bulunmuştur. Eve giden bebek oranları GnRH antagonistprotokolde %28.25 iken, GnRH agonist long protokolde %27.3 bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Fleksiblemultidoz GnRH antagonist protokolünde, stimülasyon süresi daha kısa ve FSH dozudaha azdır. Bununla beraber, GnRH agonist uzun protokol ile benzer başarıoranlarına sahip olduğu söylenebilir., Purpose: The aim of thisstudy was to compare GnRH agonist long protocol and flexible multidose GnRHantagonist protocol for infertile patients with normal ovarian reserve inIVF-ICSI-ET cycles, on which controlled ovarian stimulation was carried out byusing recombinant FSH.Material and Methods: Medical files belonging to 1765 patients who were subjected tocontrolled ovarian stimulation by using recombinant FSH and afterwards toIVF-ICSI-ET were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 174 patients, 121 withGnRH agonist long protocol and 53 with flexible multidose GnRH antagonistprotocol were included in the study. Stimulation periods, total doses of usedFSH, obtained oocyte counts, fertilization rates, implantation rates, averagevalues of hCG positive rates, clinic pregnancy and discharged newborn rateswere compared between the two groups.Results: Average oftotal stimulation time for GnRH antagonist protocol group was found to be8.57±1.26 days, while it was 9.47±1.56 for the GnRG agonist group. HCG positiverates were 35.8% and 34.7% for the GnRH antagonist group and GnRH agonist grouprespectively. Rates of newborns discharged to home was 28.25% for GnRHantagonist protocol and 27.3% in th other.Conclusion: Flexiblemultidose GnRH antagonist protocol provided shorter stimulation period andrequired less average total FSH dose when compared with the GnRH agonist longprotocol. Besides flexible multidose GnRH antagonist protocol can be said toprovide similar effectiveness with the GnRH agonist long protocol.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, subkronik ve kronik inhalasyona maruz bırakılan sıçanlarda Pb nanopartikül maruziyetinin nükleer faktör-kappaB ligand (OPG / RANKL) sisteminin mezoyapı ve osteoprotegerin / reseptör aktivatörünü etkileyip etkilemediğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kırk sekiz sıçan tesadüfen sekiz gruba ayrıldı. Bir grup, açıklanmamış bir gruptur. Üç grup Pb nanopartiküllere maruz bırakılmışken 6.25; 12.5; veya 28 gün boyunca günde bir saat 25 mg / m3 uygulandı. Diğer üç grup, nanopartikül Pb'ye maruz bırakıldı; dozlar 6.25 12.5; ve 6 ay süreyle günde bir saat 25 mg / m3 tü. Bulgular: Subkronik ve kronik Pb nanopartikülleri trabeküler mezoyapıyı değiştirdi. Subkronik maruziyetin birinci ve ikinci dozu kontrol gruplarına kıyasla OPG düzeylerini önemli ölçüde arttırdığını bulduk (P 0.05). Subkronik maruziyette, OPG / RANKL oranı üçüncü dozla kontroller kıyaslandığında anlamlı olarak arttı (P