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The article offers information on the webinar of the 75th Berlin tax discussion "The accompanying control (horizontal monitoring)". Topics include companies concerned also have predictability additional expenditure on human resources and documentation of a tax control system of tax obligations; and permanent adequate picture of internal company processes and their tax consequences.

Ambient air is one of the most essential natural resources. Its quality directly impacts the health of living organisms. Thus it determines the scale of public spending as a consequence of atmospheric pollution. At the same time, due to the properties of this resource, the problem of its protection has a transnational, global dimension. Therefore, states should undertake and constantly intensify activities the goal of which is to meet not only ambient air quality norms, but also those norms which will allow an effective impact on the improvement of its quality. Instruments and institutions falling under various branches of the law, including the tax law, are used for this purpose. A thermal upgrade relief was introduced to the Polish tax system at the beginning of 2019. The basis and principles of its application were defined in the personal income tax act. The paper presents substantiated use of tax instruments in the protection of ambient air, the legal basis and principles of application of the discussed tax preference. The conducted analysis gave rise to the formulation of de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the fiscal and distributional impact of tax expenditures related to public and private contributory pension schemes, affecting both contributions and pension benefits, in all EU Member States using EUROMOD, the EU-wide microsimulation model. Adopting a benchmark system in which pension contributions are exempt and taxes apply when benefits are received (EET system), we find that pension-related tax expenditures can have a sizeable impact on revenue and strong effects on inequality and poverty. Tax expenditures tend to be progressive on two levels: first, among pensioners, by favoring those with lower incomes, mainly as a result of the preferential treatment given to pension incomes; and, second, among people of working age, through a partial or no deduction of pension contributions, draining resources from those at the top of the income distribution. Moreover, embracing a lifetime perspective, tax expenditures tend to redistribute resources in favor of women and low-educated individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the means through which social benefits are delivered—either through a direct government program, or through a tax expenditure program—affects how citizens view social welfare programs and their beneficiaries. Attitudes toward social spending in the United States are strongly conditioned by both racial considerations and perceptions of the deservingness of recipients. We argue that the political cues given by spending conducted through the tax code differ from those given by direct spending in a way that both de-racializes spending attitudes and changes the lens through which citizens evaluate the deservingness of beneficiaries. Through a series of survey experiments, we demonstrate that social benefits delivered through the tax code are less likely to activate racialized thinking than similar or identical benefits delivered directly. This is true, at least in part, because recipients of tax expenditures are perceived as more deserving than recipients of otherwise identical direct spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1960s, when Stanley Surrey introduced the concept of tax expenditures and the federal government began producing tax expenditure budgets, personal tax expenditures in the form of deductions (for nonbusiness interest, charitable donations, state and local taxes, and medical expenses) equaled roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product, and personal tax expenditures in the form of credits were virtually nonexistent. Although Surrey was critical of all tax expenditures, he had particular scorn for tax expenditures in the form of deductions, which he characterized as upside-down subsidies. He explained that converting deduction tax expenditures to credits would make them less objectionable, by eliminating their upside-down character. Over the ensuing half century, Congress has shifted from deductions to credits--gradually for decades, with a dramatic acceleration of the shift in 2017. Today, in sharpest contrast with the Surrey era, major tax expenditures in the form of personal credits equal roughly 1.23% of GDP, while major deduction expenditures have fallen to about 0.61%. This Article describes this fundamental transformation of a significant fraction of the national economy, first from a big picture perspective and then with detailed accounts of the evolution of the major personal tax expenditures. The Article also offers a policy analysis of the transformation, with three major conclusions: (1) Congress has been overly influenced by Surrey's upside-down critique, in that it has wrongly viewed as upside-down subsidies deductions justified on income-defining (ability-to-pay) grounds; (2) in designing personal tax expenditures, Congress has legislated as if a number of design features automatically follow from the choice between deduction and credit, when in fact they do not; and (3) Congress has been right (at least mostly) to ignore Surrey's recommendation that all credits should be taxable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Scientific & Applied Accounting is the property of Associacao Nacional de Programas de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Contabeis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study optimal fiscal policy in a stock‐flow model of the environment within an endogenous growth framework, where some pollutants have a lasting impact on environmental quality which is restored through abatement expenditure, while others dissipate and hence, have a short‐term effect on the environment. All pollutants, however, affect the productivity of a public good negatively. Given that short‐term pollution, although it dissipates, is irreversible in this sense, a government cannot ignore its negative effects since this type of pollution lowers the productivity of all inputs. We find that a larger negative effect of short‐term pollutants as well as a higher congestion effect of private capital leads to corrective fiscal policies with higher optimal income tax and abatement expenditure rates, which have favorable growth consequences. Interestingly, we find that the rate of short‐term pollution does not affect optimal fiscal policy while that of the long‐term pollution does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When confronted with information that ordinary citizens do not care that strongly about efficiency, do economists change their views of optimal public policy? In a randomised experiment on tax preferences conducted among business and economics students in Tanzania, we supplied the treatment group with information that ordinary citizens disagree with implications of efficiency-based optimal tax theory. Tax preferences were then measured using discrete choice experiments. The results show that the treated students modify their position in the direction of public opinion, an effect driven by students with longer exposure to economics. An economics education hence seems to produce professionals who are part democrats and part technocratic paternalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses some issues in tax, including the problems in the current system, the design of those selected areas and some options to improve the system overall. It mentions that in the current system, there are distinctions between fresh food and restaurant and prepared meals. It also mentions the imposition of a goods and services tax on school fees would impact most on those paying private school fees and very little on those attending state or systemic Catholic schools.

Tax expenditures (TEs) are preferential tax treatments granted to specific individuals or categories of households, with the aim of achieving social and economic goals. They are widely used by EU Member States. However, their fiscal and equity impacts are not always clear and their effectiveness and efficiency as a policy instrument need to be carefully evaluated, especially in the present context of constrained public finances. This article quantifies the fiscal and equity effects of social TEs related to housing, education and health in 28 European countries making use of EUROMOD, the EU-wide microsimulation model. We find a variety of effects, in terms of sign and magnitude, across Member States, and within these, among types of households. Overall, our findings suggest that the impact of TE on tax revenues and on income inequalities can be sizable. The redistributive impact of removing TEs can go in both directions, either on the progressive or regressive side, depending on the country and the TE considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on taxpayer's ability for paying and indirect goals of taxation. Topics include distant from the characteristics of generality and equality standing out in modern tax systems inducing the development of the concept of "tax privilege;" and public decision makers bearing in mind the social and economic status of all taxpayers throughout the decision making process.

Copyright of Internal Security is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, we emphasize the issues of collecting environmental taxes and spending for environmental protection at the EU 28 plus countries as a benchmark and Serbia. We find no correlation between environmental taxes in EU and expenses incurred for the environment, while at the same time there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between the two variables in Serbia. The observed period covers 2009-2017. This means that government taxes and budget are the main sources of financing green projects in Serbia, therefore, showing lower environmental awareness of companies and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We create a 50 state Tax and Expenditure Limits (TEL) severity index by government type. Counties and municipalities differ in their revenue structure and economic functions. TELs constrict counties' ability to raise revenue. Municipalities broaden revenue sources and debt in response to TEL severity. State aid needs to increase for counties to offset TEL's restrictive effect. State-imposed local Tax and Expenditure Limits (TELS) are restricting revenue raising ability of local governments across the U.S. We create a 50-state index to measure the severity of TELS by type of tax limitation (rate limit, tax ceilings, etc.) for each type of local government: county, municipality and school district. We find in states with more restrictive TELs, counties are more restricted, while cities reduce their property tax dependence and shift to alternative revenue sources and incur more debt. State aid does not make up the difference. TELs increase stress for all local governments but are most severe for counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive taxation is an effective redistributive tool in times of growing inequality. However, like all public policies, an increase in tax progressivity is unlikely if it lacks popular demand. Has the financial crisis affected the demand for progressive taxation? Building on research that has identified fairness beliefs as the main factor pushing for taxes on the rich, I argue that the Great Recession and states' reactions to it have caused a general shift in tax policy preferences. As a consequence, demand for tax progressivity is higher in crisis countries. Multilevel analyses using survey data for 32 countries show support for my argument. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the politics of redistribution in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the tax progressivity decision of a rent-maximising government under the circumstances that voters' perceptions of the tax price of public goods are biased by cognitive anomalies (i.e. fiscal illusion) and that the electorate opts for re-appointing or for dismissing the incumbent according to a retrospective voting logic. Given electoral and constitutional constraints, we show that the design of the tax system can be sensibly affected by fiscal illusion within the population of voters. Specifically, we find that (i) the tax system is more (less) progressive when taxes and public expenditures are perceived less (more), and (ii) an increase in the median voter's income may positively or negatively affect tax progressivity depending on the nature (pessimistic or optimistic) of fiscal illusion. The impact of fiscal illusion on tax progressivity has been validated by econometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of tax planning tools proved the feasibility of using the criteria: the essence of the tax burden on the enterprise and the stage of the tax planning process. The first criterion relates to the value of transaction costs, such as "price of obedience to law" and "price of independence". This led to the study of the integrated assessment of the tax load. The article proves that the taxes reduction in the amount of transaction costs does not lead to a decrease in all transaction costs, and therefore proposed the technology of developing non-periodic plans with the calculation of indicators of control and regulation of individual types of taxes. Analytical models were used to plan the tax expenditures: a model for calculating the extreme value in the presence of one main goal and meeting the set limits, and a model for calculating the extreme value in the presence of several goals and meeting the set limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigate state-level economic incentive policies in the United States using the Panel Database on Incentives and Taxes for economic development (PDIT). Although interest in evaluating the efficacy of tax and incentive programs is growing, data limitations are formidable: Tax policies and expenditures are difficult to track and administrators are not equipped to gather the data needed for rigorous evaluation. The PDIT covers 45 industries in 32 U.S. states, including the main cities in the 30 largest metropolitan areas. The PDIT simulates the value of an incentive in terms of value added of a hypothetical firm in a particular industry, state, and year from 1990 to 2015. The authors identify and exploit large, discrete changes in incentive policies (e.g., regime changes). Applying the difference-in-differences method, they investigate potential causal links between regime changes and medium-run economic outcomes, including employment, establishment counts, wages, and poverty rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-based electronic waste (e-waste) collection is an effective way to achieve both profitability for collectors and convenience for consumers. However, its introduction faces significant challenges in China. Few studies have systematically identified and analyzed the barriers to an Internet-based e-waste collection system in China. This study proposes a research framework that considers stakeholder theory to identify the barriers faced by Internet-based e-waste collection systems. A grey-based Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method is applied for the analysis of the major barriers. The findings show that a lack of tax preference is a key barrier, which should be carefully considered both in the short- and long term. Additionally, low consumer participation intention is the strongest barrier. This study not only contributes to the literature on Internet-based e-waste collection systems but also provides valuable insights for decision-makers toward improving the performance of Internet-based e-waste collection practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax preferences are at the forefront of R&D incentive measures. The article examines the nature and extent of the spread of different R&D tax preferences among OECD and EU countries. The advantages and disadvantages of different tax preferences are discussed. The latest changes in the application of tax relief in various countries are examined. There is a trend of increasing the availability and size of tax incentives for R&D in the OECD area and beyond. At the same time, it is pointed out that excessively frequent changes in tax incentives for R&D can lead to some degree of fiscal uncertainty, the effects of which can have a negative influence on R&D and innovation. Recommendations are given and the need to introduce tax incentives for R&D in Bulgaria is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its big theoretical and practical importance in Bulgaria there are no comprehensive analysis of the state and evolution of digitalisation in agriculture and rural areas. The goal of this study is to analyse the state and development of digitalization in the country and in agrarian sphere in Bulgaria, revile major trends in that area, compare the situation with other EU countries, identify main problems, and make recommendation for improving policies in the next programing period. Analysis has found out that in recent years there is considerable improvement of the access of Bulgarian households to internet as well as a significant increase in the persons using internet for relations with public institutions and trading goods and services. Nevertheless, Bulgaria is quite behind from other EU members in regards to introduction of digital technologies in the economy and society taking one of the last places in EU in terms of Integral Index for Introduction of Digital Technologies in the Economy and Society – DESI. There is a great variation on the extent of digitalisation in different subsectors of agriculture, farms of different juridical type and size, and different regions of the country. Most agricultural holdings are not aware with the content of digital agriculture as 14% apply modern digital technologies. Major obstacles for introduction of digital technologies are qualification of employees, amount of required investment, unclear economic benefits, and data security. Main areas where state administration actions are required are: support of measures for supplementary training of labour, tax preferences in planning of actions and digitalisation of activity, stimulation of young specialists, introduction of internationally recognized processes of standardisation and certification, adaptation of legislation in the area of data protection, and securing reliable and high speed networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early reviews of the academic literature on the economic effects of state and local taxes and expenditures suggested that not enough was known upon which to base policy. The reviews called for better data and improvements in empirical methodology. This paper reviews studies conducted since the early literature reviews to assess our current state of knowledge. The conclusion of the study is that we know more now. But our knowledge is unlikely to ever be sufficient to provide universal policy guidance. Rather, we suggest that more research is needed on specific state and local policies for specific circumstances, consistent with the general principles that guide place‐based policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important strand in the economic literature focuses on how to provide the right incentives for households to recycle their waste. A growing number of studies, inspired by psychology, seek to explain waste sorting and pro-environmental behavior, and highlight the importance of social approval and the peer effect. The present theoretical work explores these issues. We propose a model that considers heterogeneous households that choose to recycle, based on three main household characteristics: their environmental preferences, the opportunity costs of their tax expenditures, and their reputations. The model is original in depicting the interactions among households, which enable them to form beliefs about social recycling norms, allowing them to assess their reputation. These interactions are explored through Agent-based simulations. We highlight how individual recycling decisions depend on these interactions and how the effectiveness of public policies related to recycling are affected by a crowding-out effect. The model simulations consider three complementary policies: provision of incentives to recycle through taxation; provision of information on the importance of selective sorting; and an 'individualized' approach that takes the form of a 'nudge' using social comparison. Interestingly, the results regarding these policies emerging from households interactions at the aggregate level cannot be fully predicted from "isolated" individual recycling decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of tax incentives on the investment attractiveness of bonds for retail investors is assessed in the article. The paper presents a comparative empirical analysis of investment attractiveness of Russian bonds and bank deposits for domestic retail investors. We identify investment preferences of retail investors in Russia, analyze investment characteristics of deposits in Russian banks and a variety of bonds available for retail investors. Given the tax benefits of the recently introduced Individual Investment Account, we show that the real yield of investment in government bonds is over eight times higher than the yield of bank deposits. Despite higher risks of investing in bonds, we conclude that government bonds taking into account the tax benefits of the Individual Investment Account could be a realistic alternative to bank deposits for Russian retail investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economy & Forecasting / Ekonomìka ì Prognozuvannâ is the property of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Food taxes and subsidies are one intervention to address poor diets. Price elasticity (PE) matrices are commonly used to model the change in food purchasing. Usually a PE matrix is generated in one setting then applied to another setting with differing starting consumptions and prices of foods. This violates econometric assumptions resulting in likely mis-estimation of total food consumption. In this paper we demonstrate this problem, canvass possible options for rescaling all consumption after applying a PE matrix, and illustrate the use of a total food expenditure elasticity (TFEe; the expenditure elasticity for all food combined given the policy-induced change in the total price of food). We use case studies of: NZ$2 per 100g saturated fat (SAFA) tax, NZ$0.4 per 100g sugar tax, and a 20% fruit and vegetable (F&V) subsidy. Methods: We estimated changes in food purchasing using a NZ PE matrix applied conventionally, and then with TFEe adjustment. Impacts were quantified for pre- to post-policy changes in total food expenditure and health adjusted life years (HALYs) for the total NZ population alive in 2011 over the rest of their lifetime using a multistate lifetable model. Results: Two NZ studies gave TFEe's of 0.68 and 0.83, with international estimates ranging from 0.46 to 0.90 (except a UK outlier of 0.04). Without TFEe adjustment, total food expenditure decreased with the tax policies and increased with the F&V subsidy–implausible directions of shift given economic theory and the external TFEe estimates. After TFEe adjustment, HALY gains reduced by a third to a half for the two taxes and reversed from an apparent health loss to a health gain for the F&V subsidy. With TFEe adjustment, HALY gains (in 1000's) were: 1,805 (95% uncertainty interval 1,337 to 2,340) for the SAFA tax; 1,671 (1,220 to 2,269) for the sugar tax; and 953 (453 to 1,308) for the F&V subsidy. Conclusions: If PE matrices are applied in settings beyond where they were derived, additional scaling is likely required. We suggest that the TFEe is a useful scalar, but we also encourage other researchers to examine this issue and propose alternative options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts / Sayistay Dergisi is the property of Turkish Court of Accounts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This month's column reviews a tax oddity at the state level: the inconsistency of how foreign taxes are treated on individual state income tax returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assert that the tax expense is a powerful context in which to study earnings management, because it is one of the last accounts closed prior to earnings announcements. Although many pre-tax accruals must be posted in the year-end general ledger, managers estimate and negotiate tax expense with their auditors immediately prior to earnings announcements. We hypothesize that changes from third- to fourth-quarter effective tax rates (ETRs) are negatively related to whether and how much a firm's earnings absent tax expense management miss analysts' consensus forecast, a proxy for target earnings. We measure earnings absent tax expense management as actual pre-tax earnings adjusted for the annual ETR reported at the third quarter. We provide robust evidence that firms lower their projected ETRs when they miss the consensus forecast, which is consistent with firms decreasing their tax expense if non-tax sources of earnings management are insufficient to achieve targets. We also find that firms that exceed earnings targets increase their ETR, but this effect is less significant. By studying the tax expense in total, rather than narrow components of deferred tax expense, our results provide general evidence that reported taxes are used to manage earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net migration has fluctuated: on balance it has yielded a small positive growth rate for the EU as a whole (prior to the 2020 disruption by Covid), but "irregular" immigration at the southern and eastern borders has presented politically intractable problems. Today, not a single EU Member State or any other European country has enough children to sustain the population level, despite the fact that European citizens still want to have more than two children on average. I Negative natural increase and radical population aging, a demographic situation widely in prospect today, is an evident potential threat to a country's long-term future. [Extracted from the article]

Although a growing number of studies suggest that providing poor families with income supplements of as little as $1,000 per year will improve children’s well-being, many poor children miss important sources of income support provided through the tax system because their parents either do not work or do not file taxes. Accessing assistance through means-tested programs is also challenging. We propose replacing the complicated array of benefits provided through the tax system with a universal child benefit of $2,000 per child that would be available regardless of parents’ work status. Our reform would ensure that all children receive enough assistance to make a difference and it would be simpler and more equitable than the current array of child benefits that are provided through the tax code.