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Resumo Ao pretender promover mudanças sociais por meio da litigância perante instituições estatais, regionais e supranacionais, a prática de litígio estratégico em direitos humanos opera nas fronteiras: direito e política; movimentos sociais e instituições; planos doméstico e internacional; conservação e transformação. O presente artigo busca explorar essas encruzilhadas abordando de maneira crítica os dilemas acerca do litígio estratégico em direitos humanos, suas características, participantes e o contexto em que se insere. Ao refletir sobre se e em que medida o litígio estratégico em direitos humanos pode contribuir para alterar as hierarquias e desigualdades sociais existentes, argumenta que o tema deve ser abordado de forma complexa, crítica e contextualizada e que seus limites devem ser observados e discutidos de forma a evitar que seu processo reforce relações de poder e que produza efeitos colaterais inesperados e conservadores. Abstract By aiming to promote social change through litigation before domestic, regional and international institutions, strategic litigation in human rights operates in the borders: law and politics, social movements and institutions, national and international, conservation and transformation. This article explores these crossroads by critically addressing dilemmas about human rights strategic litigation, its characteristics, participants and the context in which it is embedded. Reflecting on whether and to what extent strategic human rights litigation can contribute to changing existing social hierarchies and inequalities, the article argues that the issue should be addressed in a complex, critical and contextualized way. The limits of strategic human rights litigation should be observed and discussed in order to avoid strengthening power relations and producing unexpected and conservative side effects.

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2019/39337 Resumo: Este artigo discuteo papel do litigio como uma ferramenta de mudanca no campo dos direitos humanos. Ele analisa como as organizacoes que atuam em litigio estrategico de direitos humanos tem apoiado novas maneiras de fortalecer o litigio no âmbito do mosaico de ferramentas de defesa de direitos para a mudanca. Ele aborda as criticas e as novas abordagens, impactos, algumas licoes apreendidas, e os desafios para a implementacao das decisoes. Palavras-chave: litigio estrategico; advocacy; direitos humanos. Abstract: This article discusses the role of litigation as a tool for change in the field of human rights. It looks at how organizations working in strategic human rights litigation have supported new ways to strengthen litigation within the mosaic of advocacy tools for change. It addresses the criticisms and new approaches, impacts, lessons learned, and the challenges for implementing decisions. Keywords: strategic litigation; advocacy; human rights.

This paper discusses the complexity of contemporary struggles for collective health in Colombia, by analysing the efforts of different actors to inscribe abortion as a matter of public health and as a human right. In 2006 the Colombian Constitutional Court (Sentence C 355 of 2006) partially decriminalised abortion in specific circumstances. Such a change in regulation was the result of the strategic coordination of international organisations, researchers and women’s social movements. These groups produced a powerful network of international regulation and epidemiological data about abortion’s mortality and burden of disease in order to move the discussion from the moral field to public health and international law. Despite the significance of the sentence in terms of civil rights, ten years after the regulation there is no clarity about its impact. Conservative sectors within the government have limited the operation of the regulation, through eliciting convoluted rules for hospitals and care providers. On the other hand, data about safe abortions are weak and precarious. Recently groups opposed of abortion have exploited such weakness to undermine the impact of the decriminalisation and to criticise the justification of legalising abortion as a matter of public health. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor and Francis Group.

In the past fifteen years, strategic litigation, as a type of 'public Interest' lawsuits, has had a significant breakthrough and considerable impact in the field of protection of human rights. Its objective is to deploy law as an instrument for effecting wider social changes. By focusing on the specific case at issue, it tends to create a long-term benefit for the society beyond the individual case. Even though they are not a new kind of litigation in terms of the applicable rules of procedure, strategic litigations are specific kind of lawsuits for many reasons. Some of the questions raised by this new type of litigation are how to choose an appropriate party and a case with potential to draw wider public attention, how to estimate whether the case is worth litigating, and how to access the the effects of the final judicial decision. In this paper, the author discusses the potential that litigation as a dispute resolution method has on broader social changes in Serbia, particularly having in mind recent case law and media interest in the outcome of civil proceedings.

In the scientific article the main problems that hinder properly protect environmental rights in court are considered: the presence of an exhaustive list of grounds for appeal to the courts environmental organizations, that are limited according to international standards. Another problem relates to the legal ignorance of citizens on how to protect environmental rights and their irrational use, abuse of the law in some cases. Prevents the realization of environmental rights the interests of others, improper investigation of the case by the court. Another aspect that prevents qualitative access to justice is ignorance of citizens in the proper formulation of the claim, thus the courts make decisions not in favor of those whose environmental rights violated or denied the opening of the proceedings. It is advisable to enable citizens to apply for legal aid centers providing primary legal aid from the state budget (for lawyers providing explanations, advice, preparation of legal documents), as the environment and citizens' rights - a line of action in which the first all Ukraine state concerned. The issue of environmental protection of human rights, the preservation and restoration of natural resources on the principles of sustainable (environmentally sustainable) Nature should be regarded as one of the priorities and an important precondition for the European integration of Ukraine. Thus, environmental rights, and above all the constitutionally enshrined right to safe living environment and health must defend. After all, the quality and duration of life depend on Ukrainian Ecology, Розглянуто основні проблеми, які перешкоджають належним чином захищати екологічні права громадян у судовому порядку. До них віднесено наявність вичерпного переліку підстав звернення природоохоронними організаціями до суду, що є обмеженням відповідно до міжнародних стандартів. Наступна проблема стосується правової необізнаності громадян щодо способів захисту екологічних прав та їх нераціональне використання, зловживання правом в деяких випадках. Перешкоджають реалізації екологічних прав, в деяких випадках і інтереси інших осіб, а також, неналежне дослідження всіх обставин справи судом., Рассмотрены основные проблемы, которые препятствуют должным образом защищать экологические права граждан в судебном порядке. К ним отнесены наличие исчерпывающего перечня оснований обращения природоохранными организациями в суд, что является ограничением в соответствии с международными стандартами. Следующая проблема касается правовой неосведомленности граждан о способах защиты экологических прав и их нерациональное использование, злоупотребление правом в некоторых случаях. Препятствуют реализации экологических прав, в некоторых случаях, и интересы других лиц, а также, ненадлежащее исследование всех обстоятельств дела судом.

O artigo analisa interações entre os movimentos sociais e as instituições jurídicas com o objetivo de observar efeitos gerados pelo uso do litígio como estratégia de ação coletiva em conflitos ambientais. A partir de dados empíricos e tendo em vista o debate teórico da Legal Mobilization Theory, apresentamos uma caracterização de tipos de efeitos: efeitos que alteram ou incrementam os próprios processos de mobilização social e efeitos sobre as instituições. Argumentamos que a adoção de estratégias judiciais produz implicações importantes sobre processos de mobilização social e de mudança institucional. As análises foram elaboradas a partir dos achados de duas pesquisas que investigaram o uso da Ação Civil Pública em conflitos ambientais. Uma levantou dados de conflitos ambientais em geral no Estado de Espírito Santo e na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e outra levantou dados da Campanha por um Brasil Livre de Transgênicos. This article analyzes the interactions between social movements and juridical institutions in order to observe effects generated by the use of litigation as a strategy for collective action in environmental conflicts. From empirical data and in view of the theoretical debate on Legal Mobilization Theory, we present a characterization of some types of effects: effects that alter or increase the processes of social mobilization itself and effects on the institutions. We argue that the adoption of juridical and judicial strategies produces important implications on processes of social mobilization and institutional change. The analysis was based on the findings of two researches that had investigated the use of public civil action in environmental conflicts. One study collected data from environmental conflicts in general in the state of Espírito Santo and in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and the other from the Campaign for a Transgenic-free Brazil. L’article analyse les interactions entre les mouvements sociaux et des institutions juridiques dans le but d’observer les effets engendrés par l’utilisation d’un litige en tant que stratégie d’action collective dans des conflits environnementaux. À partir de données empiriques et en considérant le débat théorique de la Legal Mobilization Theory, nous présentons une caractérisation des divers effets: ceux qui modifient ou augmentent les propres processus de mobilisation sociale et ceux qui atteignent les institutions. Nous affirmons que l’adoption de stratégies judiciaires produit des conséquences importantes sur les processus de mobilisation sociale et de changement institutionnel. Les analyses ont été compilées à partir des résultats de deux études qui enquêtent l’utilisation d’une action civile publique en cas de conflits environnementaux. L’une a compilé les données de conflits environnementaux en général dans l’état d’Espírito Santo et dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro et l’autre, des données de la campagne “pour un Brésil sans transgéniques”.

Since 2004 the city of Medellín has been presenting a series of urban changes that respond to the model of social urbanism. One of these works of urban development is the Metropolitan Green Belt, whose main purpose is to control the urban expansion of the city, proposed in the name of public interest and executed by the Administration of Aníbal Gaviria (2012-2015), under Commitments of equity and improvement of the quality of life of citizens from social inclusion. This project has generated tensions with the population of Commune 8, which he says will benefit, because of the relocations necessary to materialize it and for the minimal participation that the community has had in the territory intervention plan, The Green Belt. The methodology used is the case study, which through the systematization of experiences is presented as the possibility to reflect on issues such as: the role of legal clinics with a social approach in the training of lawyers, city models and the Social costs involved in development projects, tensions between human rights and urban development. In that sense, it is hoped to address these issues, from a human rights perspective. The most important conclusions invite us to think of systematic, integral and interdisciplinary actions from the social and human sciences that respond effectively to the needs of the people. In addition to considering the legal clinic as a valuable training possibility for strategic litigation. A partir del año 2004 la ciudad de Medellín ha venido presentando una serie de cambios urbanísticos que responden al modelo de urbanismo social. Una de estas obras de desarrollo urbano es el Cinturón Verde Metropolitano, el cual tiene como principal fin el control de la expansión urbana de la ciudad, propuesto en nombre del interés público y ejecutado desde la Administración de Aníbal Gaviria (2012-2015), bajo compromisos de equidad y mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos a partir de la inclusión social. Dicho proyecto ha generado tensiones con la población de la Comuna 8, que dice beneficiará, a causa de las reubicaciones necesarias para materializarlo y por la mínima participación que la comunidad ha tenido en el plan de intervención del territorio, El Cinturón Verde. La metodología empleada es el estudio de caso, el cual a través de la sistematización de experiencias se presenta como la posibilidad de reflexionar sobre cuestiones como: el papel de las clínicas jurídicas con enfoque social en la formación de los abogados, modelos de ciudad y el costo social que implican los proyectos de desarrollo, las tensiones entre derechos humanos y desarrollo urbano. En ese sentido, se espera abordar estas cuestiones, desde un enfoque en derechos humanos. Las conclusiones más importantes invitan a pensar en acciones sistemáticas, integrales e interdisciplinarias desde las ciencias sociales y humanas que responden eficazmente a las necesidades de las personas. Además de considerar la clínica jurídica como una valiosa posibilidad de formación para el litigio estratégico.

International audience; This article argues that the analysis of legal mobilization needs to give more attention to the state and its relationship with social movements in order to examine how the state either sustains social movements’ demands or is a field of contention for those demands. Focusing on how disability bureaucrats and activists mobilize antidiscrimination law in Sweden, this article shows that two main factors shape legal mobilization within the bureaucracy and alter the state's ability to become a legal mobilization actor: (1) the institutional relationships between social movement organizations and government agencies and (2) the profiles and careers of bureaucrats and activists. It concludes by suggesting several lines for further research on law and social movements in nonpluralist countries.

This research has the aim to exam the Brazilian Writ of Injunction (MI nº 4.733) in the perspective of democratic constitucionalism. In this sense, it will be analyzed its relation with the social movements, as well as the concept of strategic litigation and its possible impacts on society. Then, the article will investigate the constitutional arguments that indicates the unfeasibility of this judicial review, likewise the possibility of this writ of injunction as a strategic litigation for up coming political deliberation in Federal Congress about the subject and its effects on Brazilian society., A pesquisa tem por objeto o exame do MI 4.733 dentro do cenário da proposta teórica do constitucionalismo democrático. Para tanto, será analisada a relação deste com os movimentos sociais; esclarecendo-se a definição, características e possíveis impactos de um litígio estratégico. Em seguida, o trabalho percorrerá o desenvolvimento dos fundamentos constitucionais de inviabilidade da integração legislativa alcunhada na citada ação, além de verificar se ainda assim há potencial para algum tipo de impacto. Finaliza-se o estudo com a inclusão do referido mandamus na categoria de litígio estratégico, bem como o apontamento dos efeitos decorrentes da sentença judicial nesse contexto.

In social movements, litigation is used to bring collective actions against transnational corporations. The effects of this strategy are discussed in the current paper. The main objective is to present a typology that advances research on this subject, as literature is scarce. A social scientific approach is adopted. Data is derived from the observations of a set of empirical studies concerning the use of legal strategies in environmental conflicts in Brazil over the last two decades. El presente artículo problematiza los efectos del uso que movimientos sociales hacen del litigio como una estrategia en acciones colectivas en contra de grandes empresas transnacionales. El objetivo central es presentar una tipología que permita avanzar en las investigaciones acerca del tema teniendo en vista que este tema es poco investigado. El abordaje es fundamentalmente teórico, en el área de las ciencias sociales, pero derivado de observaciones relativas a un conjunto de investigaciones empíricas sobre el uso de estrategias judiciales en conflictos ambientales en Brasil, en las dos últimas décadas. O presente artigo problematiza os efeitos do uso que movimentos sociais fazem do litígio enquanto uma estratégia em processos de ação coletiva contra grandes empresas transnacionais. O objetivo central é apresentar uma tipologia que permita avançar nas investigações sobre o tema tendo em vista que este é pouco pesquisado. A abordagem é fundamentalmente teórica, inscrita no campo das ciências sociais, mas derivada de observações relativas a um conjunto de pesquisas empíricas sobre o uso de estratégias judiciais em conflitos ambientais no Brasil, nas últimas duas décadas.

Civil society groups are embracing a recent victory in the High Court of Kenya as a reminder of the important role that strategic litigation can play in the enforcement and promotion of refugee rights.

Este artículo tiene por objeto revisar cómo los elementos de educación legal clínica, cuyos orígenes se remontan a otros países, han permitido la estructuración en Colombia de espacios para la formación práctico-académica de los estudiantes de Derecho y al mismo tiempo, han brindado las herramientas necesarias para atender las necesidades legales de comunidades menos favorecidas en entornos sociales que constituyen la realidad del abogado del mañana. A partir de la experiencia de la clínica jurídica de la Universidad del Rosario, la cual remonta sus orígenes al año 1999, se evidenciará cómo los elementos del modelo clínico permiten a los estudiantes conocer su realidad, explorar sus conocimientos y ayudar a los demás, formándolos con una conciencia socialmente responsable de su profesión y enseñándoles, a partir de métodos diversos a los tradicionales, a poner en marcha los conocimientos adquiridos en su carrera. La revisión de los modelos clínicos permitirá evaluar sus ventajas, propósitos y aportes como herramienta pedagógica para contribuir así a su consolidación en Colombia, no solo a partir del fortalecimiento de las clínicas existentes, sino desde la consolidación de nuevos espacios académicos de formación práctica. This article aims to review how the elements of clinical legal education, whose origins can be traced back to other countries, have allowed the structuring in Colombia of spaces for practical and academic training of law students, and at the same time, have provided the necessary tools to meet the legal needs of disadvantaged communities in social environments that constitute the reality of the future lawyer. Based on the experience of the legal clinic of the Rosario University, which traces its origins to the year 1999, it will show how the elements of the clinical model allow students to know their reality, explore their knowledge and to help others, training them with a social responsible conscience of their profession and teaching them, from various traditional methods, to implement the knowledge acquired in their professional career. The review of clinical models will allow to assess its advantages, purposes and contributions as a pedagogic tool to contribute in this way to its consolidation in Colombia, not only from the strengthening of existing clinics, but also from the consolidation of new academic spaces of practical training. L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner comment les éléments de l'enseignement clinique du droit, dont les origines se remontent aux autres pays, ont permis la création de différents espaces en Colombie pour la formation pratique- académique des étudiants en droit. De même, ces éléments ont fourni les outils nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins juridiques des communautés défavorisées, qui constituent la réalité des avocats de demain. A partir de l'expérience de la clinique juridique de l'Université du Rosario existant depuis 1999, il est possible d'apercevoir comment les modèles cliniques permettent aux étudiants de connaítre la réalité, d'explorer leurs connaissances et de les mettre au service des autres. Ces étudiants ont une formation socialement responsable de leur profession et une apprentissage des méthodes diverses des traditionnels qui les permet de mettre en oeuvre les connaissances acquises pendant leurs études. La révision du modèle clinique permettra d'évaluer ses avantages, propos et ses apports comme un outil pédagogique pour contribuer à sa consolidation en Colombie, non seulement avec le renforcement des centres existants, mais également avec la consolidation des nouveaux espaces académiques de formation pratique. Este artigo tem por objetivo examinar como os elementos de educação legal clínica, cuja origem está em outros países, têm permitido a estruturação na Colômbia de espaços para a formação prático-acadêmica dos estudantes de direito e, da mesma forma, têm proporcionado as ferramentas necessárias para atender as necessidades legais de comunidades menos favorecidas em ambientes sociais que constituem a realidade do advogado do amanhã. A partir da experiência da clínica jurídica da Universidad del Rosario, a qual tem seu origem no ano 1999, se evidenciará como os elementos do modelo clínico permitem aos estudantes conhecer sua realidade, explorar seus conhecimentos e ajudar aos outros, formando-os com uma consciência socialmente responsável de sua profissão e ensinando-os, a partir de métodos diferentes aos tradicionais, a implementar os conhecimentos adquiridos em sua formação universitária. A revisão dos modelos clínicos permitirá avaliar suas vantagens, propósitos e contribuições como ferramenta pedagógica, para contribuir assim a sua consolidação na Colômbia, a partir do fortalecimento das clínicas existentes, e desde a consolidação de novos espaços acadêmicos de formação prática.

In this paper, I examine a central assumption of the neo-functionalist theory of European integration empirically: that interest groups use the preliminary reference system strategically in order to pursue their policy interests and to push European integration further. Focusing on EU environmental policy, I first analyse all preliminary references in this field and show that the pattern found cannot be explained by current theories. I then report the findings of expert interviews on the use of the preliminary reference system carried out with French, German and Dutch environmental organisations that have litigated before national courts to enforce the Natura 2000 Directives. I show that there is no evidence that environmental organisations use the preliminary reference system in a way suggested by neo-functionalist theory.

Publicado em português, espanhol e inglês. Título em espanhol: La función del litigio interamericano en la promoción de la justicia social. -- Título em inglês: The virtue of following: the role of inter-american litigation in campaigns for social justice. Submitted by Jacqueline Guimaraes (jacqueline.guimaraes@stj.jus.br) on 2008-08-12T20:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O_papel_da_litigância_para_a_justiça_social_no_sistema_interamericano.pdf: 153679 bytes, checksum: 6052d6e38ed5cfb5d8f4a75af4979694 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by in totum(intotum@stj.jus.br) on 2008-08-13T18:56:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 O_papel_da_litigância_para_a_justiça_social_no_sistema_interamericano.pdf: 153679 bytes, checksum: 6052d6e38ed5cfb5d8f4a75af4979694 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2008-08-13T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O_papel_da_litigância_para_a_justiça_social_no_sistema_interamericano.pdf: 153679 bytes, checksum: 6052d6e38ed5cfb5d8f4a75af4979694 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06 Made available in DSpace on 2008-11-20T20:37:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 287 bytes, checksum: 41c9a16c76b9d78dac0817160aab2dc5 (MD5) O_papel_da_litigância_para_a_justiça_social_no_sistema_interamericano.pdf: 153679 bytes, checksum: 6052d6e38ed5cfb5d8f4a75af4979694 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06 Defende que os esforços para expandir a justiciabilidade dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais (ESC), perante tribunais supranacionais, possivelmente não venha a ser sempre a melhor forma para aumentar concretamente o respeito a esses direitos. Assevera que, no Sistema Interamericano, os advogados de direitos humanos serão mais capazes de promover a justiça social e os direitos ESC quando usarem a litigância supranacional como uma ferramenta subsidiária, destinada a apoiar esforços de mobilização já promovidos por movimentos sociais internos. Esse papel coadjuvante pode com freqüência implicar, como uma medida estratégica, a litigância de casos relacionados a direitos ESC dentro da estrutura própria das violações a direitos civis e políticos.

Strategic litigation to protect individuals at risk can usefully support higher-level protection initiatives.

Este artículo tiene por objeto revisar cómo los elementos de educación legal clínica, cuyos orígenes se remontan a otros países, han permitido la estructuración en Colombia de espacios para la formación práctico-académica de los estudiantes de Derecho y al mismo tiempo, han brindado las herramientas necesarias para atender las necesidades legales de comunidades menos favorecidas en entornos sociales que constituyen la realidad del abogado del mañana. A partir de la experiencia de la clínica jurídica de la Universidad del Rosario, la cual remonta sus orígenes al año 1999, se evidenciará cómo los elementos del modelo clínico permiten a los estudiantes conocer su realidad, explorar sus conocimientos y ayudar a los demás, formándolos con una conciencia socialmente responsable de su profesión y enseñándoles, a partir de métodos diversos a los tradicionales, a poner en marcha los conocimientos adquiridos en su carrera. La revisión de los modelos clínicos permitirá evaluar sus ventajas, propósitos y aportes como herramienta pedagógica para contribuir así a su consolidación en Colombia, no solo a partir del fortalecimiento de las clínicas existentes, sino desde la consolidación de nuevos espacios académicos de formación práctica. This article aims to review how the elements of clinical legal education, whose origins can be traced back to other countries, have allowed the structuring in Colombia of spaces for practical and academic training of law students, and at the same time, have provided the necessary tools to meet the legal needs of disadvantaged communities in social environments that constitute the reality of the future lawyer. Based on the experience of the legal clinic of the Rosario University, which traces its origins to the year 1999, it will show how the elements of the clinical model allow students to know their reality, explore their knowledge and to help others, training them with a social responsible conscience of their profession and teaching them, from various traditional methods, to implement the knowledge acquired in their professional career. The review of clinical models will allow to assess its advantages, purposes and contributions as a pedagogic tool to contribute in this way to its consolidation in Colombia, not only from the strengthening of existing clinics, but also from the consolidation of new academic spaces of practical training.

The Canadian reference power provides provincial and federal governments with the ability to seek an advisory opinion from an appellate court on virtually any matter, including the policies of other governments. Because of the great latitude in which governments can wield the reference power, many governments have done so strategically. While the federal reference power was initially created to allow the federal government to oversee the provinces, provincial governments have deployed their own reference power to effectively challenge and resist the actions of the federal government and as a result, have essentially co-opted the original purpose of the reference power. Relying on a systematic analysis of provincially initiated reference cases, including the recent disputes over the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (carbon tax) references, this study demonstrates how the reference power can be a political and strategic tool for subnational governments in a manner that is distinct from the federal government. References can provide provincial governments a means to protect and articulate provincial interests, to voice opposition to the actions of other governments and in some instances, to encourage or reinvigorate negotiation with federal partners. However, this article also demonstrates the limits of the reference power and the use of litigation as a political tool. The reference cases examined here demonstrate that litigation alone cannot force cooperative outcomes., Au Canada, le pouvoir de renvoi confère au gouvernement fédéral et aux gouvernements des provinces la possibilité de se tourner vers une cour d’appel pour obtenir un avis consultatif sur n’importe quelle question ou presque, y compris sur les politiques d’autres gouvernements. En raison de la grande latitude dont disposent les gouvernements pour exercer leur pouvoir de renvoi, nombreux sont ceux qui l’ont fait de manière stratégique. Bien que le pouvoir de renvoi ait d’abord été créé pour permettre au gouvernement fédéral de superviser les provinces, ces dernières ont invoqué leur propre pouvoir de renvoi pour contester les mesures du gouvernement fédéral et y résister de façon efficace. Elles ont donc, essentiellement, détourné l’objectif initial du pouvoir de renvoi. La présente étude se fonde sur une analyse systématique des dossiers de renvoi lancés par les provinces, y compris les litiges récents portant sur la Loi sur la tarification de la pollution causée par les gaz à effet de serre (taxe sur le carbone) pour démontrer que le pouvoir de renvoi peut être un outil politique et stratégique aux mains des administrations infranationales, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour le gouvernement fédéral. Les renvois représentent, pour les gouvernements des provinces, une façon de protéger et d’énoncer clairement leurs intérêts, de manifester leur opposition quant aux mesures prises par d’autres gouvernements et, dans certains cas, de renforcer les négociations avec leurs partenaires fédéraux. Le présent article démontre aussi les limites du pouvoir de renvoi et de son utilisation à des fins politiques. Les dossiers de renvoi étudiés permettent de constater que le recours aux tribunaux ne peut, à lui seul, forcer la collaboration.