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Exerting motivation towards employees in any workplace plays a vital role in securing organizational goals. Various motivational factors were apprised in business literature and came through knowledge. Among them, work environment, job security, job inspiration and happiness at work are critical when dealing with employees’ job satisfaction. To test the retrospective statement in a structural equation modeling, Pakistan's telecommunication sector aimedat 515 respondents answered. These respondents were given closed-ended questionnaires and emerged in longitudinal information (data) with a six-month lag time. Commonly, most of the time researchers are apprehended with biased problems when dealing with longitudinal data, but luckily, a six months gap is enough to avoid such biased mistakes. Toevaluate the validity and reliability of the respect constructs is nevertheless the partial least square (PLS-SEM). Toward the amazement of a reader, the performed work provides a direct relationship of the work environment, job security and job inspiration with happiness at work. In the same fashion, an indirect relationship is observed with employees’ job satisfaction when dealing with the same analysis. To avoid further complications, the study directly provides a solid path for executives to recognize and appreciate the pleasant work environment, job security, and job intensity to maintain a successful business. It is the sole discretion to implement such policies by business experts, directors, and entrepreneurs in their respective organizations to maintain and achieve their goals for both short and long-term purposes., {"references":["Abdullah, Abdul Ghani Kanesan, Ling, Ying-Leh, & Ping, Chen Siew. (2017). Workplace Happiness, Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment. 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Malaria is responsible for more than one million deaths every year, mainly children under the age of five years living in sub-Saharan Africa. At least one billion people harbor one or several of the three main soil-transmitted helminths, namely Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms and Trichuris trichiura, and about 207 million people are infected with schistosomes. An estimated 70,000 people die each year from amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Giardiasis, caused by Giardia duodenalis, is responsible for 2.8 million annual infections. Poor rural and urban communities in developing countries bear the highest burden of the above-mentioned diseases. Their causes are multifactorial including lack of access to clean water, improved sanitation and health services, as well as inadequate treatment, protection and prevention. The highest rates of urbanization currently occur in the less developed regions of Africa and Asia, and it is predicted that the majority of the population will be living in small and medium urban centers in the near future. The maintenance of traditional livelihoods, including agriculture, is a typical feature in urban settings across Africa, especially in small towns where population densities and land pressure are lower than in big cities. Urban agriculture contributes to food security and livelihood opportunities for poor urban dwellers. However, the adaptation of disease vectors and intermediate hosts to urban ecosystems has been observed, which might further enhance the negative effects associated with persistent rural lifestyles. For example, the creation of malaria vector breeding sites and contact with contaminated water and soil in areas of irrigated agriculture may increase the transmission of vector-borne, water-related and soil-transmitted parasitic diseases. This PhD focused on the interface of agriculture and human health in two different urban settings of Côte d’Ivoire. The overarching goal was to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of irrigated urban agriculture on the transmission of malaria, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and intestinal protozoan infections. The research entailed a considerable amount of fieldwork, carried out between April 2004 and July 2005. In a first step, six zones of irrigated agricultural land use were identified both in Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d’Ivoire (3.3 million inhabitants), and in the mediumsized town of Man (115,000 inhabitants) in the western part of the country. Next, two standardized mosquito breeding site assessments were conducted in these agricultural zones in the rainy season (September 2004) and in the dry season (February 2005). In each urban setting, a minimum of 120 farming households and additionally 30 non-farming households were randomly selected. Geographic coordinates of houses and the main agricultural plots were recorded. Name, age and sex of all household members were registered. In October 2004, interviews on agricultural land use, farming practices and water storage were conducted with the heads of the farming households. In a cross-sectional survey done in May/June 2005, questionnaires were administered to all households to assess the socioeconomic status, sanitary facilities and common water contact patterns. From each study participant, a finger prick blood sample and a stool sample were collected. Thick and thin blood films were stained with Giemsa and examined for Plasmodium spp. under a light microscopy. The stool samples were prepared based on the Kato-Katz technique and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni, A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura were recorded separately. Cysts or trophozoites of intestinal protozoa, including Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar and G. duodenalis were identified using an ether-formalin concentration method. Risk factors were identified by fitting multivariate non-random and random effects Bayesian regression models integrating spatial correlation of infection. Agricultural land use in Abidjan was characterized by market gardens on lagoon shores and high-yield vegetable production. The vegetable production areas in Abidjan developed as a consequence of land access difficulties in unexploited public and private areas near poor settlements, mainly at lagoon shores. In Man, farming was family- and subsistence-based. Predominant agricultural activities were traditional irrigated rice farming and vegetable production in lowlands and along the Kô River. The typical demographic and socio-economic profile of a vegetable producer in Abidjan is that he is an immigrant from Burkina Faso, illiterate and lacking a professional agricultural training. Malaria and intestinal parasitic infections were most prevalent among the final study cohort of 370 farmers and family members from 121 farming households. We found overall prevalences of T. trichiura, P. falciparum and hookworm of 42.6%, 24.3% and 17.3%, respectively. The parasites were heterogeneously distributed between the six market garden zones. Prior health issues were suppressed by the farmers with the daily livelihood struggle and reported symptoms due to intestinal parasitic infections were of less importance when compared to malaria. In-depth focus group discussions revealed that the working environment was discerned as unhealthy, and waste dumps and human defecation grounds were perceived as main health risks. Farmer communities and their network are indicative for the degree of social coherence and stability in a vegetable production area because these zones are characterized by highly dynamic land use patterns. In the town of Man, Anopheles larvae were present in 50.7% and 42.4% of 369 and 589 examined potential mosquito breeding sites in the rainy and in the dry season, respectively. The most productive habitats were man-made, i.e. agricultural trenches, irrigation wells, and flooded and recently transplanted rice plots. The overall prevalence of P. falciparum infections in the final study cohort of 574 individuals from 112 farming households was 32.1%. Risk factors for P. falciparum in children

Almost half of the world’s population are at risk of malaria infection, and the disease kills more than one million people each year, mainly children under the age of five years living in sub-Saharan Africa. More than one-quarter of the world’s population are affected by schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis and approximately 300 million people suffer from associated morbidity. Recent estimates suggest that each year schistosomiasis alone causes more than 200,000 deaths due to kidney dysfunction and haematemesis in sub- Saharan Africa. Amoebiasis, a disease caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, kills 40,000-100,000 people each year. An estimated 200 million people are currently infected with Giardia duodenalis, another intestinal protozoan infection, which can cause severe disease especially in children. The above-mentioned diseases are particularly prevalent in developing countries, especially in the poorest segments of rural communities. Underlying risk factors are lack of access to clean water and improved sanitation, inadequate hygiene behaviour, and lack of access to sound preventive measures and effective treatment. Because several of these parasitic infections are often prevalent in the same regions, it follows that people can harbour multiple parasite species infections concurrently. Individuals with multiple parasite infections are at an elevated risk of morbidity, hence the appraisal of the extent of this phenomenon and the underlying risk factors of single and multiple infections is important for the design and implementation of control strategies. The overarching goal of this thesis was to enhance our understanding of demographic, ecological, environmental and socio-economic factors that influence disease distribution in space in the region of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire. This knowledge base will facilitate the creation of risk maps and predictions of parasitic infections. For this purpose two different studies, namely (i) a community-based study in a single village with participants of all age groups and (ii) a regional school-based study with more than 4,000 schoolchildren, were carried out. The community-based survey was conducted in May-June 2002 in the village of Zouatta II. There, we first conducted a demographic survey among 561 individuals of 75 randomly selected households. Name, age and sex of household members were recorded, as well as the geographical coordinates of their houses. Then, we carried out a rigorous parasitological survey. From each study participant, stool samples were collected on three consecutive days. On the third day, finger prick blood samples were collected from each participant and thin and thick blood films were prepared. Stool and blood samples were analysed with standardized quality-controlled, methods for diagnosis of parasitic infections. The stool samples were processed with the Kato-Katz technique for the identification of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth eggs (hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). The formalin concentration method was employed for the identification of intestinal protozoa cysts or trophozoites, including E. histolytica/E. dispar and G. duodenalis. Thin and thick blood films were stained with Giemsa and analysed by light microscopy for Plasmodium infections. In parallel, a questionnaire survey for the appraisal of perceived morbidity indicators was carried out among the same household members. In the regional school-based study, demographic data, i.e. age and sex of all schoolchildren attending grades 3-5, were obtained from official class lists in the school year of 2001/2002. First, a cross-sectional parasitological survey was carried out among more than 4,000 schoolchildren from 57 rural schools. From each child single stool and blood samples were collected and processed according to the same standardized, quality-controlled, methods mentioned above. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey was carried out for appraisal of selfreported morbidity indicators and schoolchildren’s socio-economic status. Questionnaires included 17 morbidity indicators and 12 household assets. Finally, a comprehensive geographical information system for the region of Man, including environmental data obtained from satellite imagery and digitised maps, was established. The results of the community-based parasitological survey confirmed that several parasitic diseases were common among rural dwellers of western Côte d’Ivoire, with all age groups concerned. The prevalences of P. falciparum, hookworm, E. histolytica/E. dispar and S. mansoni were 76.4%, 45.0%, 42.2% and 39.8%, respectively, and polyparasitism was very common. In fact, more than three-quarters of the population harboured three or more parasites concurrently. Several parasitic infections showed associations with age and sex. Furthermore, multivariate models revealed significant associations between several parasites and morbidity indicators. The administration of a single oral dose of praziquantel at 40 mg/kg against S. mansoni infections was efficacious, since 60.9% of the S. mansoni-positive study participants were cured. The egg reduction rate was 61.4%. Cure rates were strongly associated to the infection intensity pre-treatment, age of study participants, as well as the sampling effort. The school-based parasitological survey revealed that several parasites were common among schoolchildren. Laboratory examinations showed that the pathogens P. falciparum, S. mansoni, hookworm, G. duodenalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar were found in 64.0%, 38.7%, 30.5%, 17.4% and 11.0% of the schoolchildren, respectively. Strikingly, approximately 90% of the children were suffering from a polyparasitic infection and four out of five children harboured at least three parasite infections concurrently. Associations of different parasites with schoolchildren’s age and sex were found. The questionnaire survey revealed that in general, children did not perceive themselves as being healthy, as they responded to suffer, on average, from 5-6 different morbidity indicators concurrently. At present, only 10.4% of the schoolchildren reported to sleep under a bednet. While 22.4% of the least poor reported to have the opportunity to sleep under a bednet, none of the poorest schoolchildren gave a positive answer. Relationships to socio-economic status were further identified with parasitic infections and self-reported morbidity, as well as physical access to formal health care delivery services. In the case of S. mansoni infections, Bayesian geostatistical models revealed that age, sex, socio-economic status, rainfall and elevation were explaining part of the geographical distribution of this parasite in the region of Man. Boys, schoolchildren aged 11-16 years, and poorer children were more likely to be infected with S. mansoni than their respective counterparts. Further, schoolchildren living at elevations above 400 m were at an increased risk of having an S. mansoni infection. Interestingly, results showed that demographic factors and socio-economic status had stronger influence on the model fit than environmental factors. The results call for concerted efforts to reach the most disadvantaged segments of populations in this rural part of Côte d’Ivoire. This should include improved access to preventive and curative medicine, clean water and improved sanitation, coupled with sound hygiene behaviour education. The findings of the present investigations contribute to the planning of integrated control strategies of several human parasitoses and in particular to schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and malaria control by providing risk maps that can guide decision makers in the region of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire.

Human schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in the tropics and subtropics. The disease currently is endemic in 76 countries and territories and continues to be a major public health concern, especially in the developing world. It is estimated that 650 million people are at risk of infection. Among the 200 million people actually infected, 120 million are symptomatic and 20 million suffer severe disease. Although morbidity control – in line with recommendations put forth by the World Health Organization – has been carried out in China for more than 20 years, it is estimated that 90 million people still live in areas where they are at risk of infection, and 820,000 people are infected with the parasite, i.e. Schistosoma japonicum. The estimated area of intermediate host snail habitats comprise 3,436 km2, concentrated in the 5 lake regions along the Yangtze River that include the provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan. The marshlands of the Poyang Lake region represent some of the strongholds for the transmission of S. japonicum. In these settings, for example, the percentages of acute cases and intermediate host snail habitats represent 79.5% and 96.4%, respectively. With the World Bank Loan Project (WBLP) to control schistosomiasis in China, the overall prevalence of S. japonicum was significantly reduced, but in highly endemic areas the re-infection rates are high. In the first part of the present thesis, I summarize the 50-year history of China’s experience and expertise in schistosomiasis control. Particular emphasis is placed on morbidity control and achievements made by the WBLP carried out between 1992 and 2001. Reviewing this body of literature reveals that morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China has been successful, and hence this strategy will continue to form the backbone of protecting people’s health. However, total expenditures have been considerable, and with the termination of the WBLP there is concern that schistosomiasis might re-emerge. In the second part of this thesis, I describe the successful development of a novel compound model to identify the habitats of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of S. japonicum, and hence the identification of high-risk areas of disease transmission. There are three findings that warrant particular notion. First, visual land use classification on multi-temporal Landsat images was performed for preliminary prediction of O. hupensis habitats. Second, extraction of the normalized difference vegetation index and the tasseled cap transformation greenness index were used for improved snail habitat prediction. Third, buffer zones with distances of 600 and 1,200 m were made around the predicted snail habitats to differentiate between high (>15%), moderate (3-15%) and low risk of S. japonicum infection prevalence (< 3%). Preliminary validation of the compound model against ground-based snail surveys in the Poyang Lake region revealed that the model had an excellent predictive ability. The model therefore holds promise for rapid and inexpensive identification of high-risk areas, and can guide subsequent control interventions, such as whether mass or selective chemotherapy should be employed. The model can also be used for diseases surveillance in general and the monitoring of ecological transformations on the transmission dynamics of S. japonicum, for example in the Three Gorges Dam area.

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