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344 results on '"Silene vulgaris"'

301. Mercury uptake by Silene vulgaris grown on contaminated spiked soils

Author

Pérez-Sanz, Araceli, Millán, Rocío, Sierra, M. José, Alarcón, Remedios, García, Pilar, Gil-Díaz, Mar, Vazquez, Saúl, and Lobo, M. Carmen

Subjects
*PHYTOREMEDIATION, *SILENE vulgaris, *HEAVY-metal tolerant plants, *PLANT-soil relationships, *MERCURY poisoning, *PLANT cells & tissue analysis
Abstract

Mercury is a highly toxic pollutant with expensive clean up, because of its accumulative and persistent character in the biota. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of Silene vulgaris, facultative metallophyte which have populations on both non-contaminated and metalliferous soils, to uptake Hg from artificially polluted soils. A pot experiment was carried out in a rain shelter for a full growth period. Two soils (C pH = 8.55 O.M. 0.63% and A pH = 7.07 O.M. 0.16%) were used, previously contaminated with Hg as HgCl2 (0.6 and 5.5 mg Hg kg−1 soil). Plants grew healthy and showed good appearance throughout the study without significantly decreasing biomass production. Mercury uptake by plants increased with the mercury concentration found in both soils. Differences were statistically significant between high dosage and untreated soil. The fact that S. vulgaris retains more mercury in root than in shoot and also, the well known effectiveness of these plants in the recovering of contaminated soils makes S. vulgaris a good candidate to phytostabilization technologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2012
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302. Swelling and morphology of calcium pectinate gel beads obtained from Silene vulgaris callus modified pectins.

Author

Günter EA, Popeyko OV, Markov PA, Martinson EA, Litvinets SG, Durnev EA, Popov SV, and Ovodov YS

Subjects
Cells, Cultured, Gels chemistry, Particle Size, Silene cytology, Surface Properties, Pectins chemistry, Silene chemistry
Abstract

The aim of this research is to investigate the swelling properties and morphology of the calcium pectinate gel (CaPG) beads made from pectins of campion callus cultured using various medium nutrients (carbon sources, concentration of sucrose, calcium and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)). Gelled spheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation. The mean diameter, total surface area and volume of the dried beads varied depending on the plant cell culture conditions. The swelling of dried CaPG beads in solutions with pH 2 and pH 4 was demonstrated to occur more slowly (within 4 or 24h) with increasing sucrose and calcium concentrations or in the absence of auxin. All beads swelled less when placed in acidic media (pH 2 and pH 4) and swelled most extensively in NaCl (pH 6). The surface morphology of the CaPG beads was demonstrated to depend on the presence of sugars, calcium and auxin in the plant cell culture medium used. The slow swelling of dried CaPG beads was apparently related to their grooved surfaces. An applied strategy involving changing the composition and concentration of media components altered the swelling behavior of the CaPG beads and enhanced the acid and water resistance of the resultant pectinate hydrogels in physiological environments. In particular, the swelling of Ca 4.5, 2,4-D0, Suc30 and Suc100 CaPG beads occurred more slowly., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2014
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303. Pollination by a Guild of Fluctuating Moth Populations: Option for Unspecialization in Silene Vulgaris

Author

M. W. Pettersson

Subjects
Fructification, Ecology, Pollination, biology, Sphingidae, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Pollinator, Pollen, Botany, Guild, medicine, Noctuidae, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Silene vulgaris
Abstract

The pollinating efficiency of moths was examined during four seasons by counting the number of pollen grains that individual moths deposited on the stigmas of virgin female flowers of Silene vulgaris; Experimental pollination showed that c. 150 pollent grains per flower were required to achieve the average natural full seed-set in the plant population. Although 57% of the flower-visiting moths deposited pollen, only about 10% of the moth visits delivered≥150 pollen grains in one visit to virgin female flowers, indicating that seed-sed usually originated from multiple pollinator visits (...)

Published
1991
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304. Combination toxicology of copper, zinc, and cadmium in binary mixtures: concentration-dependent antagonistic, nonadditive, and synergistic effects on root growth in Silene vulgaris

Author

Sharma, S. S., Schat, H., Vooijs, R., and Van Heerwaarden, L. M.

Subjects
*HEAVY metals, *PLANTS, *POLLUTION
Abstract

Using Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke as a test plant, the combination toxicology of Cu. Cd, and Zn was studied. Plants were exposed to single metals and binary metal mixtures in a factorial design. Root elongation after 3 d of exposure was used as a toxicity endpoint. The responses to mixtures were classified using nonaddition, response addition, and, where possible, concentration addition as reference models. In all the metal combinations tested, the nature of the joint effect appeared to be strongly concentration-dependent. The responses wereapproximately nonadditive (Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd) or antagonistic (Zn/Cd) with respect to root growth inhibition as long as the concentrations of both components of the mixture were kept within the slightly toxic range. As soon its one of the mixture components exceeded a critical level of toxicity, synergism was the predominant joint effect, even when the concentration of the other component was nontoxic under single-metal exposure. Further increases of the metal concentrations eventually decreased the degree of synergism, possibly as a result of increasing antagonisms at the level of metal uptake. The strongly synergistic effects of root-internal metals in the more concentrated mixtures seemed to be due to sensitizing secondary effects other than saturation of common cellular detoxification mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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307. The genetic basis of gender in Silene vulgaris

Author

Rivka Dulberger and A Horovitz

Subjects
Genetics, Hermaphrodite, Sterility, Cytoplasmic male sterility, Locus (genetics), Heterozygote advantage, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Phenotype, Gene, Genetics (clinical), Silene vulgaris
Abstract

Inheritance of gender was studied in tetraploid Silene vulgaris in Israel. Three main phenotypes, hermaphrodite, H, female, F, and intermediate HF, were recognized. With the support of data from crosses within and between the phenotypes it is postulated that basic gender is controlled at a single tetrasomic locus AA/aa. Quadruplex and triplex AAAA and AAAa individuals exhibit phenotype H, simplex and nulliplex aaaa and Aaaa individuals phenotype F, and AaAa individuals phenotype HF. Predominantly hermaphrodite or predominantly female subgroups of the HF phenotype are liable to be confused with true H or F types, so that misclassifications may blurr the underlying genetic pattern. In the HF phenotype, in which A is assumed to be incompletely dominant over a, expression of male sterility is confined to single flowers or single anthers in a pattern with the appearance of randomness. The question is asked whether the mosaic pattern of sex expression in heterozygotes may reflect vegetative segregation of dissimilar cytoplasmic male sterility factors which are controlled by nuclear restorer genes.

Published
1983
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309. Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes, Part 31*). On the Anther Smuts of Silene vuigaris (Moench) Garcke

Author

G. Deml and Franz Oberwinkler

Subjects
Silene, biology, Physiology, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Spore, Heterobasidiomycetes, Basidiospore formation, Botany, Genetics, Microbotryum, Agronomy and Crop Science, Teliospore, Silene vulgaris, Dikaryon
Abstract

Microbotryum silenes-inflatae (DC) G. Deml & Oberw. and Microbotryum violaceoirregulare (Brandenburger & Schwinn) G. Deml & Oberw., both parasitic in the anthers of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, are compared by their morphology, karyology, and some cultural characteristics. The infection of their hosts is similar in both species, but causes different sizes of the flowers and different color of the spore mass. The teliospore initials of that smuts are produced in dikaryotic sporogenous hyphae. During gelatinization of the hyphal coat, surface ornamentations on the teliospores are formed. Mature teliospores are monokaryotic, and presumably diploid, reticulate in Microbotryum silenes-inflatae and echinulate in M. violaceo-irregulare. Teliospores of both species germinate without a resting periode. Germination results in a commonly three-celled promycelium, which in M. silenes-inflatae separates from the producing teliospore, while in M. violaceo-irregulare it remains on the teliospore during basidiospore formation. The basidiospores are monokaryotic and propagate by budding. Monokaryotic strains were isolated and characterized by standard yeast identification tests and by some enzymatic activities on solid media. While no differences in the enzymatic activities can be found, the species differ in their utilization of carbon sources.

Published
1983
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310. Gender polymorphism in flowers of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae)

Author

Auguste Horovitz and Rivka Dulberger

Subjects
Silene, biology, Stamen, food and beverages, Caryophyllaceae, Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, Calyx, Hermaphrodite, Pollen, Botany, medicine, Ovule, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Silene vulgaris
Abstract

Silene vulgaris occurs in Israel as a stolonifcrous tetraploid which forms mostly sexually polymorphic populations. Fully hermaphrodite and fully male-sterile plants are linked by a range of intermediate forms which are gynomonoecious and bear hermaphrodite, male-sterile, and partially male-sterile flowers. Male-sterile flowers differ from hermaphrodite ones by having a narrower calyx, a shorter corolla, a thicker style, and a considerably larger stigmatic area with longer papillae which are more markedly bulbous basally. In individual anthers of hermaphrodite flowers, diameters of stained pollen grains showed a continuous variation from 36 to 80 μm with a modal value of 56. About 30% of pollen was found to be non-stainable. Reduction in male fertility occurs at different levels, from small or inviable pollen grains through abortion of single anthers, abortion of entire androecia, and through different degrees of gynomonoecy to totally male-sterile individuals. The proportion of stainable pollen to ovules in hermaphrodite flowers alone was found to be less than 100. From the data presented, less than a third of all ovules produced in the different kinds of flower develop into seeds. This may reflect an inadequacy of pollen, which the local population of S. vulgaris can tolerate because of its stoloniferous habit.

Published
1984
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314. Studies in heterobasidiomycetes, part 22

Author

Günther Deml and Franz Oberwinkler

Subjects
biology, Ustilago, Caryophyllaceae, biology.organism_classification, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodotorulic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Heterobasidiomycetes, chemistry, Smut, Botany, Saponaria, Saponaria officinalis, Silene vulgaris
Abstract

Summary The production of siderophores in 42 isolates of smut fungi parasitizing members of the Caryophyllaceae has been investigated. The parasites originated from 12 species of host plants which are classified in 6 genera of this family. Rhodotorulic acid was isolated from the low-iron culture supernatants of 23 isolates of Ustilago major, U. violacea , and U. violacea var. stellariae . Only U. violaceo-irregularis from Silene vulgaris and U. violacea from Saponaria pumilio and Saponaria officinalis (6 of 7 isolates) failed to produce hydroxamic acids. The results of siderophore formation by the anther smuts of Caryophyllacea are discussed in connection with the current knowledge of the occurrence of hydroxamic acids in Heterobasidiomycetes.

Published
1982
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315. IDENTICAL MAJOR GENE LOCI FOR HEAVY METAL TOLERANCES THAT HAVE INDEPENDENTLY EVOLVED IN DIFFERENT LOCAL POPULATIONS AND SUBSPECIES OF SILENE VULGARIS.

Author

Schat H, Vooijs R, and Kuiper E

Abstract

Heavy metal tolerant Silene vulgaris plants, originating from different metalliferous sites in Germany and one in Ireland, were crossed to each other and to nontolerant plants from a nonmetalliferous site in The Netherlands. Analysis of the crosses suggested that there were two distinct major gene loci for zinc tolerance among a total of five tolerant populations. The tolerance loci for zinc, copper, and cadmium in the Irish plants were shown to be identical with those in the German populations. It is argued that the occurrence of common major genes for tolerance among different geographically isolated populations must have resulted from independent parallel evolution in local nontolerant ancestral populations. Each of the tolerances studied seems to be controlled by only a few specific major genes., (© 1996 The Society for the Study of Evolution.)

Published
1996
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316. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Kováčová, Viera, Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, and Kováčová, Viera

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

317. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Kováčová, Viera, Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, and Kováčová, Viera

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

318. Effect of Silene vulgaris and Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil Microbial Diversity in Long-Term Contaminated Soil

Abstract

© 2017, The Author(s). In this study, we analysed the impact of heavy metals and plant rhizodeposition on the structure of indigenous microbial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soil that had been exposed to heavy metals for more than 150 years. Samples of the rhizosphere of Silene vulgaris and non-rhizosphere soils 250 and 450 m from the source of emission that had different metal concentrations were collected for analyses. The results showed that soils were collected 250 m from the smelter had a higher number of Cd-resistant CFU compared with the samples that were collected from 450 m, but no significant differences were observed in the number of total and oligotrophic CFU or the equivalent cell numbers between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils that were taken 250 and 450 m from the emitter. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles, as well as a cluster analysis that was generated on the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, showed that the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere soils depended more on the plant than on the distance and metal concentrations. The sequencing of the 16S rDNA fragments that were excised from the DGGE gel revealed representatives of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the analysed soil with a predominance of the first three groups. The obtained results demonstrated that the presence of S. vulgaris did not affect the number of CFUs, except for those of Cd-resistant bacteria. However, the presence of S. vulgaris altered the soil bacterial community structure, regardless of the sampling site, which supported the thesis that plants have a higher impact on soil microbial community than metal contamination.

319. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Vyskot,, Boris, and Doškař, Jiří

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

320. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Vyskot,, Boris, and Doškař, Jiří

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

321. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Vyskot,, Boris, and Doškař, Jiří

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

322. IZOLACE TRANSGENNÍCH ROSTLIN NICOTIANA TABACUM A SILENE VULGARIS

Author

Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, Kováčová, Viera, Vyskot,, Boris, Doškař, Jiří, and Kováčová, Viera

Abstract

Táto práca sa zaoberá transformáciou Silene vulgaris, ktorú sprostredkováva Agrobacterium tumefaciens a A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris slúži ako modelová rastlina pre štúdium gynodioecických druhuv. Gynodioecia je evolučný medzistupeň medzi bisexualitou (hermafroditné druhy) a dvojdomosťou (dioecické druhy). Gynodioecické rastliny nesú na niektorých jedincoch bisexuálne kvety, zatiaľ čo iné jedince majú len samičie kvety. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyvinúť techniku schopnú integrácie cudzieho génu do tejto rastliny, aby bolo možné študovať hlavne evolúciu pohlavnosti u rastlín. Použitím A. rhizogenes boli úspešne pripravené kultúry typu hairy roots, ktoré ale neposkytovali spontánne (transgénne) regeneranty. Podarilo sa experimentálne navrhnúť postup regenerácie S. vulgaris z listových fragmentov, ale tento prvý výsledok nepotvrdil, že agrobaktériom infikované rastliny vzniklé regeneráciou z kalusov ponesú transgénny reportérový systém. Ako pozitívna kontrola boli používané rastliny Nicotiana tabacum., This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

324. Arsenic, cobalt and nickel tolerances in two populations of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke from Ontario, Canada.

Author

Paliouris G and Hutchinson TC

Abstract

A population of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke collected from mine tailings near the town of Cobalt, Ontario was compared in its metal tolerance with a population collected at an uncontaminated site (Baymouth, Ontario). Seedlings of the Cobalt population were tolerant to elevated levels of arsenic, cobalt and nickel, both compared with the Baymouth population and with other literature reports for this species. However, the tolerance indices in the Cobalt plants for these toxic elements did not correlate well with their concentration in water extractions in the mine soils. Indices of arsenic tolerance, based on the inhibition of root growth in 12 d experiments, showed a similar response to that in a 28 d experiment for both populations. The latter however, appeared to be a more accurate indicator of As tolerance in S. vulgaris, because the longer-term tolerance indices had lower standard deviations and higher probabilities for tolerance than the short-term tolerance indices. Reduced uptake of As occurred in the roots of tolerant individuals compared with non-tolerant individuals at a low As treatment. At a higher arsenic exposure, however, arsenic entered the roots of tolerant individuals. A partial exclusion or reduced translocation of arsenic to the shoots then appeared to operate in the shoots of tolerant individuals, i.e. arsenic levels were higher in shoots of non-tolerant plants. At the highest arsenic exposure, where the individuals from the Cobalt population were no longer tolerant, this exclusion pattern broke down. From a preliminary selection experiment, some arsenic tolerant individuals occurred in the Baymouth population. This suggests that under circumstances of arsenic contamination this population also has the potential to develop a tolerance to high arsenic exposure.

Published
1991
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328. Scale dependence of sex ratio in wild plant populations: implications for social selection

Subjects
Context-dependence, gynodioecy, multilevel selection, population structure, 15. Life on land, local mate competition, Silene vulgaris
Abstract

Social context refers to the composition of an individual’s social interactants, including potential mates. In spatially structured populations, social context can vary among individuals within populations, generating the opportunity for social selection to drive differences in fitness functions among individuals at a fine spatial scale. In sexually polymorphic plants, the local sex ratio varies at a fine scale and thus has the potential to generate this opportunity. We measured the spatial distribution of two wild populations of the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris and show that there is fine-scale heterogeneity in the local distribution of the sexes within these populations. We demonstrate that the largest variance in sex ratio is among nearest neighbors. This variance is greatly reduced as the spatial scale of social interactions increases. These patterns suggest the sex of neighbors has the potential to generate fine-scale differences in selection differentials among individuals. One of the most important determinants of social interactions in plants is the behavior of pollinators. These results suggest that the potential for selection arising from sex ratio will be greatest when pollen is shared among nearest neighbors. Future studies incorporating the movement of pollinators may reveal whether and how this fine-scale variance in sex ratio affects the fitness of individuals in these populations.

329. Effects of aqueous smoke and nitrate treatments on germination of 12 eastern Mediterranean Basin plants

Author

Köksal Küçükakyüz, Kenan Akbaş, Şükrü Serter Çatav, Çağatay Tavşanoğlu, MÜ, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Çatav, Şükrü Serter, Küçükakyüz, Köksal, and Akbaş, Kenan

Subjects
Sarcopoterium, biology, Onopordum, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Nitrate Treatments, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, chemistry, Germination, Botany, Muscari, Alyssum, Rumex, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Silene vulgaris
Abstract

WOS: 000352506800013 Determining the relative role of various cues on seed germination in Mediterranean plants is important to understanding their response to variable conditions. We studied germination responses of 12 eastern Mediterranean Basin species (Alyssum caricum, A. minus, Carthamus dentatus, Daucus broteri, D. carota, Hypericum aviculariifolium, Muscari comosum, Onopordum caricum, Rumex crispus, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Silene vulgaris, Smyrnium rotundifolium) to different smoke and nitrate concentrations in laboratory. Smoke treatments resulted in significant increase in germination of D. carota, O. caricum, and S. spinosum, but had a negative effect on germination of Hypericum aviculariifolium. Of the 12 studied species, five showed significant improvement in germination after at least one of the nitrate treatments compared with the control. In total, smoke and nitrate treatments significantly increased the germination percentage in six of the 12 studied species. All the species that have smoke and/or nitrate-stimulated germination were propagule-persisters (P+), able to recruit after fire. The results reveal that both smoke and nitrate improve germination of Mediterranean species. Our results also suggest the presence of species specific germination response to smoke and nitrate in Mediterranean plants. Hacettepe University Scientific Research UnitHacettepe University [012.D06.601.0013] The seeds were collected in the field with the permission of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Republic of Turkey (no: 1379, date: 09.03.2012). The experiments were conducted in the laboratories of Department of Biology, Mugla University, Turkey. The fieldwork of this study was supported by Hacettepe University Scientific Research Unit (project no. 012.D06.601.0013).

339. Cadmium tolerance and co-tolerance in Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke [=S. cucubalus (L.) Wib.].

Author

Verkleij JAC and Prast JE

Abstract

This paper is the first to report cadmium tolerance in a dicotyledonous species, Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke. The response to cadmium of five populations originating from one uncontaminated and various heavy-metal contaminated sites was examined under standardized conditions for three weeks. The tolerance index (TI), based on the mean relative growth rate (R), was determined. Populations originating from cadmium-contaminated sites showed a distinct tolerance to cadmium. A population from a site enriched only with copper also exhibited a marked co-tolerance to cadmium. A clear difference in biomass production between the sensitive and tolerant populations was attained at 1 μM cadmium. An optimum biomass production in tolerant populations at a metal concentration higher than in the control, as demonstrated for zinc and copper, could not be established for cadmium. The pattern of cadmium uptake and translocation differed between tolerant and sensitive populations. All tolerant populations accumulated cadmium in the roots and showed some degree of restricted transport to the shoots. The effect of cadmium on the elemental distribution in roots and shoots was population-independent for some elements (copper, zinc, potassium) and population-specific for others (phosphorus, magnesium and sodium). The phenomenon of co-tolerance to cadmium is discussed in relation to possible tolerance mechanisms, especially with regard to metal-binding compounds (metallothioneins, phytochelatins).

Published
1989
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