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By conventional trayliner (hatcheries) and drag swab assembly (broiler houses) culture methods, the isolation distribution of Salmonella serotypes from five commercial broiler hatcheries (three sample times) and 13 broiler farms (eight sample times) was evaluated. A total of 11 different Salmonella serotypes were isolated from hatcheries, with Salmonella heidelberg (9/30) and Salmonella kentucky (6/30) accounting for 50% of the total isolations. Of 700 chick paperpad trayliners sampled, regardless of lot (breeder flock source) or hatchery, 12% were positive for Salmonella. When 10 individual trayliners were cultured from individual lots (same breeder flock source), Salmonella was detected in 24/57 lots (42%). Multiple serotypes were simultaneously isolated from the same lot on three occasions (6%). Of the 21 lots that were serially sampled, the Salmonella serotype detected was different within lots eight times (38%) on at least one occasion of two or more sampling times. Of the 196 individual broiler houses sampled, 44 were positive for Salmonella (42%). Twelve different serotypes were isolated from broiler houses during this study. The serotypes isolated most frequently were S. heidelberg (34/94) and S. kentucky (22/94). These two serotypes accounted for 59.6% (56/94) of the total broiler house isolations. Of the 38 houses that were serially sampled, two or more serotypes were detected in the same broiler house on 20 occasions (53%). Of the 38 serially sampled houses (four or more times), a consistent Salmonella serotype was detected in five houses (13%). In only 5 of the 38 (13%) serially sampled houses did we fail to detect Salmonella on four or more samplings. No significant difference in Salmonella isolation frequency was observed between poultry houses using new or used litter. These data support previous findings indicating that paratyphoid Salmonella serotypes are prevalent in some broiler hatcheries and houses. Further, the observation of multiple serotypes simultaneously and serially isolated from the same breeder hatchery lots suggests that breeder flocks may be infected with more than one serotype, possibly providing a source for multiple serotype infections in progeny grower flocks.

participate in the study. The surface of the manure pile in one house on each ranch was sampled by drag swabbing. The drag swabs were tested for Salmonella using a most probable number procedure that had a detection level of one to five Salmonella per drag swab. In 12 ranches (32.4%), the drag swabs were negative for Salmonella; the remaining had Salmonella counts in the range of 1 to over 1700 per swab. Twenty-two different serotypes were found. Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella cerro represented the majority of the typed isolates. Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was found on only one ranch. This study found SE to be rare in California egg ranches, which implies that these ranches are not a major source of S. enteritidis.

SUMMARYA hospital outbreak of multiply-resistant Salmonella heidelberg infection, which affected 17 patients and 2 staff, is described. The tangible cost of the outbreak was estimated at £21 151, £17989 (85·1%) of which was borne by the hospital. The cost to the Microbiology Department was £3596 (17·0% of the total). A detailed analysis of the costs and implications for staffing disruption is given and a comparison is made with the costs of preventive activities. Ways of containing expenses in the event of an outbreak and the economic implications for clinical budgeting and privatization of the laboratory service are considered.

On August 3, 1976, ongoing Salmonella surveillance in Colorado first detected an epidemic of Salmonella heidelberg infections that eventually totaled 339 isolates. The majority of the cases occurred between July 23 and August 12 in two widely separated cities: Denver and Pueblo. Epidemiologic investigation successively incriminated 1) recent dining at Mexican-style restaurants (p less than 0.001), 2) eating foods containing cheese in these restaurants (p = 0.029), and 3) consumption of cheddar cheese from a single shipment of a single manufacturer (p less than 0.01). The prompt investigation enabled an embargo of 2087 kg (41%) of the contaminated cheese. S. heidelberg was isolated from seven production lots of the incriminated cheese. Surveillance and the epidemiologic investigation may have resulted in prevention of 25,000 diarrheal illnesses.

Proteus vulgaris metabolized thiosulfate to H2S. The amount evolved and its sulfur isotope composition identified it solely with sulfane sulfur. In contrast. Salmonella heidelberg sequentially reduced the sulfane sulfur of S2O32− with slight enrichment of the evolved sulfide in 32S and then reduced the sulfonate sulfur of S2O32− with large isotopic selectivities and an inverse isotopic fractionation pattern. The inverse isotope fractionation pattern for the H2S derived from the sulfonate sulfur was almost identical to that observed during the reduction of high concentrations of sulfite by S. heidelberg.

1. Salmonella heidelberg, chilled from 37 to 5°C in glucose-salts broth, grew better on a simple medium (glucose-salts agar) than on a complex medium (Tryptic Soy Agar + 0·5% yeast extract). 2. The organisms recovered the ability to grow on the complex medium after a further 8 h incubation at 5°C. 3. RNA synthesis would appear to be a critical factor in the recovery process.

Salt has been shown effective in preventing growth of salmonellae in foods. Many of the studies reported in the literature have been on the lethal action of high levels of salt as used in curing brines. Little information is available on the interaction of incubation temperature and low levels of salt on the growth of salmonellae. The growth of Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella derby in nutrient broth containing 0 to 8% added NaCl (in 0.5 or 1% increments) has been tested by shake cultures at 8, 12, 22, and 37 C. In addition, S. heidelberg has also been tested in 0 to 9% added NaCl at 39, 41, 43, and 45 C. At 8 C, growth of S. heidelberg took place in 1 and 2% added NaCl; S. typhimurium increased in numbers in 1% added NaCl; and S. derby failed to increase. When incubated at 12 C, the three serotypes were all able to increase in numbers in the range of 0 to 4% NaCl. At 22 C, this range increased from 0 to a maximum of 5 to 8%. When incubated at 37 C, the organisms were able to increase in numbers in up to 7 to 8% NaCl. The salinity of the medium was not found to increase the maximum growth temperature of S. heidelberg as has been reported in the literature for other organisms. Low levels of salt were found to stimulate growth of salmonellae. This stimulation was more pronounced at low temperatures than near the optimum for the organisms. Since salt is used to preserve foods, these data are important in the preservation of perishable foods. Salt concentrations preventing growth of salmonellae at low temperatures may not be sufficient to prevent growth of these pathogens at higher temperatures.

In a long-term experiment, Salmonella heidelberg was found capable of significantly altering the 13C/12C, and 34S/32S abundance ratios during anaerobic SO3= reduction in Trypticase soy broth medium. During the experiment, the 13C/12C ratio of the product CO2 fluctuated by nearly 5%. The 32SO3= species was reduced faster than 34SO3= by a factor which varied from 1.026 near the beginning of the experiment to 1.042 near the end of it. This factor is significantly higher than that realized in the equivalent inorganic reduction.

When Salmonella Heidelberg is grown in 0.1% w/v Na2SeO3and examined microscopically during growth, two morphological changes can be seen. Red intracellular granules are seen in most of the population within 10 to 12 hours, and organisms containing granules elongate without cell division. The intracellular granules produced by S. heidelberg in selenite broth have been identified by X-ray analysis as amorphous red selenium. The intermediate in the conversion of selenite to elemental selenium has been trapped and identified as divalent selenium ion. Growth studies have shown that selenite toxicity is primarily associated with the lag phase of growth, and also that the divalent intermediate is more toxic than the tetravalent precursor.

Bactérias do gênero Salmonella fazem parte da flora normal das aves e sua ocorrência em produtos avícolas varia com o manejo na criação e tecnologia de abate, representando riscos para o consumidor final e dificuldades nas exportações. A S. Heidelberg parece ser mais invasiva e causar doenças com maior gravidade que outros sorovares paratíficos. Este trabalho teve por objetivos pesquisar Salmonella em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de frangos e relatar o isolamento de S. Heidelberg em um abatedouro sob inspeção federal. S. Heidelberg foi isolada em frangos logo após a depenagem e na água do chiller indicando que, embora não tenha sido realizado o isolamento em outros pontos amostrados, a bactéria estava presente no ambiente e poderia contaminar carcaças prontas para consumo, com reflexos na saúde pública. O isolamento de S. Heidelberg reforça esta preocupação uma vez que este sorovar tem se destacado como causador de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are part of the normal flora of poultry, and its occurrence in poultry products varies with the production management methods and slaughter technology, representing risks to the consumer and difficulties in exports. S. Heidelberg appears to be more invasive and to cause more severe disease than other non-typhoidal serovars. The objective of the present study was to search for Salmonella at different points of the slaughterhouse and to report on the isolation of S. Heidelberg in a slaughterhouse under federal inspection. S. Heidelberg was isolated in poultry soon after feathering-out and in the chiller water, indicating that, although it was not isolated at another sampled points, the bacteria was present in the environment and could contaminate carcasses ready for consumption, with an impact on public health. This concern is underscored by the fact that S. Heidelberg is a proven causative agent of foodborne infections.

Salmonella detection is a key point in food safety testing, because of the frequent association of this pathogen with food poisoning in humans. The standard bacteriological tests currently used for Salmonella-detection are time-consuming; therefore, there is a need to develop alternative methods to accelerate the detection. In order to accelerate Salmonella diagnosis, we used the immunomagnetic separation assay associated with bacteriophage P22 for the rapid detection of the following Salmonella serovars in chicken rinses of drumsticks, artificially contaminated with 5, 10, and 100 CFU/25mL of bacteria: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The efficiency of the technique, represented by the time required for detection of positive and negative samples, was compared with that of the standard diagnostic tests used for this pathogen, the bacteriological assay and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test. This study confirmed the ability of the bacteriophage-associated immunomagnetic separation assay to identify 99.6% of Salmonella-positive samples of the three serovars tested. In contrast, the bacteriological assay and PCR-based test detected 95.1% and 98.5% of the Salmonella-positive samples respectively. RESUMO: A detecção de Salmonella é um ponto crucial para a segurança alimentar, devido a frequente associação deste patógeno com infecções alimentares em humanos. O método padrão para detecção de Salmonella é o bacteriológico, mas o tempo requerido para o processamento das amostras e o diagnóstico final é longo, por isso existe a necessidade de desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos que visem acelerar esta etapa. Para isto utilizamos a separação imunomagnética associada ao bacteriófago P22 como técnica de detecção rápida para os seguintes sorovares de Salmonella: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) e Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), os quais foram inoculados artificialmente em lavados de sobre-coxas de frango nas seguintes concentrações: 5, 10 e 100 UFC/25mL. A eficiência da técnica, representada pelo tempo requerido para detecção de amostras positivas ou negativas, foi comparado com os testes rotineiramente utilizados para detecção de Salmonella, o exame bacteriológico e a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Este estudo confirmou a capacidade do teste de separação imunomagnética associado a bacteriófago, o qual identificou 99,6% das amostras positivas para Salmonella, dos três sorovares testados. Já o bacteriológico e PCR identificaram respectivamente 95,1% e 98,5% das amostras positivas.

Broiler carcasses, each inoculated with 30 cells of marker Salmonella heidelberg , were prechilled and chilled together with uninoculated carcasses in a simulated commercial chilling system. When either 10 or 25 ppm of PHMB [poly(hexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride)] was added to the prechill water, cross-contamination (uninoculated carcasses showing contamination with marker Salmonella after chilling) was prevented, and no viable Salmonella were found on the inoculated carcasses. When carcasses, each inoculated with 60,000 cells of marker Salmonella , were similarly chilled, and 10 ppm of PHMB was added to the prechill water, cross-contamination was not prevented, and viable Salmonella were found on the inoculated carcasses. With 60,000 cells, and 25 ppm PHMB, cross-contamination was prevented, but viable Salmonella remained on the inoculated carcasses.

Summary Exposure of Salmonella heidelberg to temperatures between 0°C and 5°C resulted in injury, as evidenced by a progressive loss of ability to form colonies on desoxycholate agar (DA) compared with tryptic soy agar. Recovery of the ability to grow on DA occurred on incubation at 15°, 25° and 35°C. Recovery was affected by the nature of the storage menstruum and by certain metabolic inhibitors.

Irradiated and nonirradiated cottage cheese-based potato chip dips were inoculated with low (101 cells/ml) and high numbers (106 cells/ml) of Salmonella heidelberg. At room temperature, both samples supported growth of Salmonella, but highest counts were found in the nonirradiated samples. Salmonella inoculated at low levels reached 106 cells/ml after 18 h but little change occurred with the high inoculum after 2.5 h. Growth of Salmonella was detected by both the conventional plate count and by a modified radiometric technique. Radiometric detection times were 2.5 and 18 h for samples inoculated with high and low numbers of Salmonella respectively, which corresponded to 106 cells/ml at the time of detection.

Freezing and thawing of Salmonella anatum cells induced increased sensitivity to selective agents in the plating medium. Selective plating media containing the bile salt sodium desoxycholate were most inhibitory. Injury was demonstrated in 11 Salmonella serotypes. The percent injury ranged from 20% (Salmonella heidelberg) to about 60% (Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella infantis, and Salmonella cubana). The percent death ranged from 10% (Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella infantis) to 27% (Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella oranienburg). The data indicated that 2,4-dinitrophenol prevented repair of injury in all serotypes that exhibited at least 25% injury. This suggested the importance of energy synthesis in the repair process.

A patient is described in whom diarrhea and fever due to Salmonella heidelberg was followed by a series of episodes of cholangitis due to the same organism. Cholecystectomy and prolonged courses of antibiotics failed to eradicate the infection, and the presence of multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts (Caroli's syndrome) was eventually discovered by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.

Groups of chickens were vaccinated intravenously with live cultures of Escherichia coli K12 possessing transfer factors F, I, A2 or no transfer factor (Tra-minus) and their immunity challenged by injecting them intravenously with an F-plus strain of Salmonella heidelberg or an F-plus or I-plus strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Compared with the Tra-minus strain, vaccination with the F-plus, but not the I-plus or A2-plus, K12 strain significantly reduced the mortality rate caused by the F-plus salmonella strains; vaccination with the I-plus or A2-plus, but not the F-plus, K12 strain significantly reduced the mortality rate caused by the I-plus salmonella strain.

A milk-borne outbreak of Salm. heidelberg infection due to unpasteurized milk from tuberculin-tested cows is described. There were 77 cases and 46 symptomless excreters of the organism. There were no deaths. The infection was traced to a cow with a symptomless salmonella mastitis and the origin of the organism was thought to be contaminated animal feeding stuffs.We are indebted to Dr Joan Taylor, Colindale, for the identification of the salmonella serotypes; to Dr H. R. Cayton, Bristol, for assistance in the examination of animal feeding stuffs; to Dr E. N. Davey, Gloucester, for permission to include his results of milk examinations; and to the following public health inspectors who assisted in the field investigation—Mr A. Furniss, Mr G. Baillie and Mr M. V. Smith, Cirencester Urban District; Mr H. Wheeler and Mr R. Hayward, Cirencester Rural District; Mr P. Hayter, Bristol; and Mr D. S. Smith, Trowbridge.

A system is described for phage of Salmonella heidelberg . The system was developed using a number of bacteriophages that were isolated from sewage.

Two hundred and forty broiler carcass halves were each inoculated with either 14 or 180 cells of Salmonella typhimurium . Each carcass half was then placed in a plastic bag, blast-frozen (-40 C) for 6 h, and stored at -23 C. After 1, 7 and 30 days of frozen storage, 80 of these samples were removed and allowed to thaw; then each carcass-half was shaken in its bag with 150 ml of added sterile water. Lactose broth was used to preenrich 40 of these rinse-fluid samples and selenite cystine broth was used for direct enrichment of the remaining 40 samples. S. typhimurium was successfully recovered from all 240 samples. Other serotypes successfully recovered by direct enrichment on similarly frozen carcass-halves stored for 30 days were Salmonella california , Salmonella derby , Salmonella heidelberg , Salmonella montevideo , Salmonella newport and Salmonella senftenberg . These data suggest that a preenrichment medium such as lactose broth may not be necessary for detection of salmonella on frozen broiler carcasses.

Young turkey poults were experimentally infected with Salmonella heidelberg to evaluate the standard tube agglutination test (TAT) and direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), and to correlate results of these procedures with the spread pattern of the organisms in the feces using conventional culture procedures for the detection and isolation of S heidelberg from cloacal swabs. The DFAT test detected fecal excretors considerably longer than bacterial isolation and gave better results. The cultural method was not the most reliable and sensitive method, especially when compared with the DFAT. All control birds remained negative bacteriologically serologically, and with the DFAT during the observation period.

Domestic fowl may constitute a major reservoir of Salmonella among animals (4). Between 1934 and 1963 more than two-thirds of the approximately 20,000 Salmonella cultures isolated from animals were from domestic fowl (5). For the past several years Salmonella heidelberg in this country has been ranked as second in incidence of various Salmonella isolated from animals (nonhuman), and one of the top four in incidence from human beings. S. heidelberg was first recovered from man by Habs, in 1933 (9), and was reported in ducks by Kauffman in 1953 (10). It was first reported in England in 1951 (6), and in Canada in 1952 (3). Several times, this serotype has surpassed S. typhimurium as the number one cause of human Salmonella infections in Canada. It is believed that the increase in human infection due to S. heidelberg was associated with the presence of the organism in foodstuffs containing egg products. The first report of S. heidelberg from animals in the United States was in 1954 (14). In 1964, 483 isolations of S. heidelberg were reported in this country from nonhuman sources. Over 90% of these came from fowl, eggs, and egg products (15). The organism has also been recovered from many domestic animals, monkeys, and turtles.

When a live broth culture of Salmonella heidelberg was given orally to turkeys, both 19S gamma-1-macroglobulins and 7S gamma2-immunoglobulins were synthesized. The 7S antibody was not affected by 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) treatment. Fractionation of the turkey serum on DEAE cellulose column and assaying the antibody activity by indirect hemmagglutination (IHA) test showed that 19S antibodies were produced longer in turkeys than were 7S, and were susceptible to 2ME. Heat-killed suspensions of S. heidelberg injected intravenously produced 19S antibodies, and no 2ME-resistant titers were detected by the IHA test even during early infection, because no flagellar antigens were present. The IHA test detected both 7S and 19S antibodies, the 19S class being detected over long periods while tube agglutination remained negative.

Background Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) are major causes of foodborne salmonellosis, accounting for a fifth of all annual salmonellosis cases in the United States. Rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required for routine surveillance and to track specific strains during outbreaks. We used Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and a recently developed molecular subtyping approach termed CRISPR-MVLST that exploits the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) to subtype clinical S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg isolates. Results We analyzed a broad set of 175 S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium isolates collected over a five-year period. We identified 21 Heidelberg Sequence Types (HSTs) and 37 Typhimurium STs (TSTs) that were represented by 27 and 45 PFGE pulsotypes, respectively, and determined the discriminatory power of each method. Conclusions For S. Heidelberg, our data shows that combined typing by both CRISPR-MVLST and PFGE provided a discriminatory power of 0.9213. Importantly, CRISPR-MVLST was able to separate common PFGE patterns such as JF6X01.0022 into distinct STs, thus providing significantly greater discriminatory power. Conversely, we show that subtyping by either CRISPR-MVLST or PFGE independently provides a sufficient discriminatory power (0.9345 and 0.9456, respectively) for S. Typhimurium. Additionally, using isolates from two S. Typhimurium outbreaks, we demonstrate that CRISPR-MVLST provides excellent epidemiologic concordance.