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Cancer is one of the world health problems. Free radical could damage cells and lead to cancer. Antioxidant compound could be found in some vegetable such as phenols and flavonoids. Flavonoids and phenol significantly decrease micronucleus formation on mitotic chromosomes. This present study aim to explore the inhibitory effect of Bombay onion extracts (BOE) on mitotic chromosomes induced by cyclophosphamide. Twenty-five mice (body weight 20–35 g) were divided into 5 groups, with 5 mice in each group. Normal control group (NCG) were given CMC 5 mg/mice/7 days. Mutagen control group (MCG) that is previously given as NCG, 4 hours later were given cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50.0 mg/kg bw intraperitoneally. Three treatment groups, group 1 (TG-1), TG-2, and TG-3, were given BOE with doses of 100; 200; and 400 mg/kg bw for 7 days, respectively. After 7 days, all three groups were treated similarly with MCG. Thirty hours later, all groups were put to death and femur bone marrows were analyzed to count the number of micronucleus. The results showed that the number of micronucleus in every 200 polychromatic erythrocyte cells at mitotic chromosomes for NCG is 29.8 ± 2.387, MCG with a value of 120.8 ± 5,718, TG-1 showed 94.8 ± 7.049, TG-2 is 68.8 ± 3.421, and TG-3 which is 30.8 ± 0.837. TG-3 showed a similar result with NCG (p> 0.05). Keywords : mitotic chromosomes, Bombay Onion Extracts, femur bone marrow, micronucleus

Seven peptide amphiphiles were successfully synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis method. Peptide amphiphiles were characterized using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study showed that peptide amphiphiles having glycine, valine, or proline as linker, self-assembled into 100-200 nm nanofibers structure. According to our research, both peptide amphiphile with positive and negative charges bear similar self-assembly properties. Peptide amphiphile also showed its capability as low molecular weight gelator (LMWG). Peptide amphiphiles bearing C-16 and C-12 as alkyl showed better hydrogelation properties than C-8 alkyl. Five out of seven peptide amphiphiles have minimum gelation concentration (MGC) lower than 1% (w/v).

An Application of heterogenous catalysis reaction for synthesis of synthetic vanillin (3-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzaldehyde) from eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) of clove oil. It has been already known, that heterogeneous catalysts have more advantages compared to homogeneous catalysts. This research tried to utilize heterogeneous catalysts for an alternative reaction on synthesis of vanillin from eugenol of clove stem oil. This synthesis needs two steps reactions, isomerization reaction of eugenol to produce isoeugenol and oxidation reaction of isoeugenol to produce vanillin. Two types catalysts were used: (1) solid superbase, which was used on eugenol isomerization, and (2) phase transfer catalyst [18]-crown ether-6, which was used on oxidation of isoeugenol. Solid superbase catalyst was prepared using γ- and η-alumina, treated with sodium hydroxide and sodium metal. Alumina was extracted from kaolin from Belitung island by acid process, and the yield of aluminas were 9.0% γ-Al2O3 and 10.28% η-Al2O3. Heterogeneous catalysis study on eugenol isomerization showed that the reaction could proceed at low temperature. The eugenol isomerization reaction conditions were : temperature 10ºC, reaction time 9 hours, clove stem oil 25 mmol, and solid catalyst superbase γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na 2 g. The result of products conversion were 64.42% trans-isoeugenol and 6.11% cis-isoeugenol. This study included the comparison activities study of three solid superbase catalysts : γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na, η-Al2O3/NaOH/Na, and γ-Al2O3 (E.Merck)/NaOH/Na, which showed that γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na had better activity than those two latter solid superbase catalysts. Study on isoeugenol oxidation reaction using KMnO4 as an oxidazing agent and phase transfer catalyst [18]-crown ether-6, gave the indication that vanillin was produced mixed with other compounds. The yield of vanillin in acid medium (pH 2) was 0.021%, in neutral medium (pH 7) was 0.028% and in basic medium (pH 9) was 0.015%.

Reimer-Tiemann reaction belongs to the group of the electrophylic substitution reaction (SE), and principally, this reaction consists of three steps reactions, namely: 1. formation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform by action of base (i.e. KOH), 2. reaction of dichlorocarbene as electrophyl to the benzene (or general aromatic) nucleus, 3. hydrolysis of the formed dichloromethyl benzene to the derivative of benzaldehyde. In this work has been carried out the modification of Reimer-Tiemann reaction with the goal to synthesize vanillin from guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) as well as to compare with the conventional Reimer-Tiemann reaction. By the way, the modification of Reimer-Tiemann by using phase transfer catalyst and ethanol as co-solvent can obviously enhance the yield of vanillin up to 51.2% compared with the yield of conventional Reimer-Tiemann to synthesize of vanillin (up to 24.4%).

It has been carried out the modification of Sandmeyer modification reaction by in-situ generated formaldehyde. The in-situ generated formaldehyde has been performed via heterogeneous phase reaction between 6.40 mL (0.10 mol) CH2Cl2 as organic phase with 40 mL 6.0 N KOH-alcoholic solution as aqueous phase and 2.56 g tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as phase transfer catalyst (PTC) by 40o C for 4 hours. Furthermore, 5.9 mL (0.05 mol) guaiacol 1 is dropwised to add to the reaction mixture. After the addition of guaiacol 1 finished, then reaction is allowed to run for 1 hour, so that the white crystal of vanillil alcohol 10 can be produced in 25.3%. Followed by oxidation of vanillil alcohol 10 with mixture of K2Cr2O7/conc. H2SO4 solution as oxidator, and 18-crown ether-6 as phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in heterogeneous phase at the room temperature for 5 hours, can be afforded vanillin 4 in 6.2% (calculated from starting material 1).

Semi-synthesis of vanillin from eugenol can be divided into two step reactions namely, isomerization of eugenol intoisoeugenol, and cleavage oxidation of isomerization product into expected reaction product (vanillin). In this work isomerization of eugenol or eugenyl acetate into isoeugenol or isoeugenyl acetate has been done via the following reactions: (1) Sigmatropic hydrogen (1,3) thermalic rearrangement reaction: direct heating of eugenol or eugenyl acetate at 220oC for 8 hours can produce 52.2% of isoeugenol or 65.7% of isoeugenyl acetate (both chemical yields are measured by means nmr-spectrometer), where products are viscose yellow-brownish liquid as mixture of unseparated starting material and isomerization product. (2) Prototropic (1,3) rearrangement catalyzed by phase transfer catalyst (PTC): (18)-crown ether-6 at room temperature can be afforded 71.4% of isoeugenol as light yellow liquid (mixture of unseparated starting material and isomerization product). Without any separation of mixture between isomerization product and starting material followed by subsequent cleavage oxidation using KMnO4 as oxidator in neutral condition catalyzed by phase transfer catalyst: (18)-crown ether-6 at room temperature for 3 hours can be yielded 16.5-22.9% of vanillin (from the starting material; eugenol or eugenyl acetate). The spectroscopical data of synthetical vanillin is not rather different with the spectroscopical data of authentical natural vanillin.

Annonaceous acetogenin was extracted from Annona squamosa (Srikaya) seeds. It has cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and lower toxicity compared to other cancer drugs. Endophyte from Annonaceae is expected to have similar extracted metabolites to the host, thus increasing the economic value. This research is a preliminary study to obtain active compounds with potential as anti-cancer agents from endophytic fungi of Srikaya plants. Four endophytic fungal strains were isolated from Srikaya plants (Annona squamosa) and identified based on 28S rDNA sequence. The isolates are SKY II.3.1, SKY I.1.2, SKY II.3.2, and SKY III.3.1, and have similarity with Fusarium sp Vega760, Fusarium sp NRRL 22354 NRRL223, Nectria rigidiuscula, and Fusarium sp BOL35, respectively. The identified isolates were fermented in liquid media for three weeks. The liquid and mycelium were extracted using ethyl acetate. Whole extract of each fermented isolate was partitioned and evaporated to obtain ethyl acetate extract. Cytotoxicity assay of ethyl acetate extract was carried out at level 100 ppm by Methyl Thyazole Tetrazolium (MTT) viability test towards MCF-7 (breast cancer cell). The result indicated that each ethyl acetate extract could inhibit the viability of cell MCF-7 with 11.34, 99.78, 91.48, and 96.84%, for SKY II.3.1, SKY I.1.2, SKY II.3.2, and SKY III.3.1, respectively. Based on the results of cytotoxicity assay on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, endophytic fungi isolates SKY I.1.2, SKY II.3.2, and SKY III.3.1 are potential as sources of anti-breast cancer compounds.

Telah dilakukan sintesis Biodiesel dengan bahan dasar minyak biji Ketapang (Terminaliacatappa Linn.), dengan tujuan utama adalah untuk menurunkan viskositas atau kekentalanminyak nabati. Biodiesel tersebut berupa metil ester asam lemak penyusun trigliserida minyakbiji ketapang, yang dibuat dengan mereaksikan minyak biji ketapang dengan larutan KOHalkoholisdan metanol, dengan perbandingan mol antara minyak biji ketapang : larutan KOHalkoholis: metanol = 1,0 : 0,21 : 12,0, pada suhu 65C dengan waktu reaksi 2 jam dan denganpengadukan menggunakan pengaduk magnit. Dari reaksi trans-esterifikasi tersebut, akandihasilkan metil ester asam lemak sebanyak 74,52% dihitung dari jumlah mol rata-rata (Mr)minyak biji ketapang yang direaksikan. Hasil uji karakteristik terhadap biodiesel yang dihasilkanmenunjukkan, bahwa biodiesel dari minyak biji ketapang mendekati karakteristik minyak dieselno. 2-D, yang biasa digunakan pada mesin-mesin industri dan kendaraan berat.

Nicotine is the major alkaloid compound in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that could potentially be converted into carcinogenic compound (nor-nicotine). The PMT gene encoding putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) is one of the two key genes that play a prominent role in nicotine biosynthesis. The aimed of this study was to isolate and characterize the cDNA sequence originated from Indonesian local tobacco cv. Sindoro1 (Ntpmt_Sindoro1). The results showed that the Ntpmt_Sindoro1 was 1124 bp in length. This cDNA fragment encodes for 374 amino acid residues. The predicted polypeptide from the cDNA is a hidrophilic protein, and has a predicted molecular weight of 40.95 kDa. The predicted amino acids sequence also showed high similarity to the PMT gene product Nicotiana sp. available in the GenBank data base. The amino acid sequences also exert conserved residues specifically exhibited only by PMT gene originated from N. tabacum. Clustering analysis revealed that Ntpmt_Sindoro1 belongs to the same clade as the PMT3 gene, a member of the N. tabacum PMT gene family. The Ntpmt_Sindoro1 cDNA sequence covering exon1-exon8 of the PMT gene fragment has been registered in the GenBank data base, under the accession number JX978277. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations of p53 as a tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to occur with varying frequency in different geographic regions, which might be different etiology for HCC. Overexpressions of p53 (well known for its implications in mutations of the p53 gene), PCNA and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) have been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis and/or tumor progression and poor prognosis in various types of cancer. To estimate the geographical difference of the p53 gene, PCNA and AFP in HCC, we examined 14 Japanese HCC cases, 8 Indonesian HCC cases, and 27 Indonesian chronic active hepatitis (CAH) or liver cirrhosis cases, using immunohistochemical approaches. Overexpression of p53 was identified in 37.5% of Japanese HCC, in 62.5% of Indonesian HCC and none in CAH. The mean PCNA Labeling Index of Japanese HCC, Indonesian HCC and CAH was detected in 48.6%, 30.4%, and 43.5%, respectively. AFP was detected in 35.7% of Japanese and 25% of Indonesian HCC. The rate of p53 overexpression in Indonesian HCC was as high as in HCC of southern part of China, which might share the similar etiology in both regions.