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The article presents a study which aims to determine the effect of enzyme supplemented high fibre sunflower meal on performance of broiler birds. The study used sunflower meals (SFM) supplemented with commercial enzymes Grindazym and from National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) which were fed to 320-day old Hubbard broiler chicks. The study suggested that enzyme supplementation can help improve the digestion of fiber contents of SFM and increases the bioavailabity of metabolized energy. The study concluded that enzyme supplemented SFM is safe to use as bird feed and it does not compromise the performance of the birds and reduces the cost of feed production.

• The sunflower meal increases the feed conversion ratio in the grower phase. • The enzyme complexes are not efficient for diets containing sunflower meal. • The sexual maturity and egg quality were not affected by sunflower meal or enzymes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower meal and enzymes in brown-egg laying pullets in the grower phase (7 to 17 wk of age) on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production performance, sexual maturity, and egg quality at the beginning of the laying phase. A total of 480 brown egg laying pullets were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with sunflower meal (12 and 24%) and enzyme complexes (with or without) and plus 1 (control) with 6 replications per treatment and 16 pullets per pen for the performance assay. At the end of the grower phase, 330 remaining pullets (480 initial birds subtracting removed birds for analysis) were transferred to the laying house until 35 wk of age, where the same experimental design was maintained, however, the replications now had 11 pullets selected those close to the average. There was no interaction between SM and enzyme supplementation, however, the diets containing SM and enzymes caused a increase in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01). As for laying phase, diets containing SM and enzymes used in the grower phase, did not affect the productive performance, sexual maturity, and egg quality, with a decrease in specific density values when compared to the control treatment (P < 0.01). The increase in inclusion from 12 up to 24% of sunflower meal in the diets of brown-egg laying pullets increase the feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the grower phase, but it had no residual effect in the productive performance at the beginning of the laying phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel bio-economy business model for production of bio-based succinic acid and value-added co-products has been developed using biodiesel industry by-products. Sunflower meal (SFM) fractionation resulted in an antioxidant-rich extract via aqueous ethanol extraction and a protein concentrate stream via NaOH recycling using ultrafiltration. Solid state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus awamori using untreated SFM resulted in the production of cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, protease and phytase. After the extraction of co-products, the residual SFM was hydrolysed via thermochemical and enzymatic treatment using crude enzymes resulting in conversion yields of 0.23 g g−1 total Kjeldahl nitrogen to free amino nitrogen, 0.56 g g−1 cellulose to glucose and 0.92 g g−1 hemicellulose to sugars. The SFM-derived hydrolysate was used in fed-batch cultures of Actinobacillus succinogenes leading to 34 g L−1 succinic acid with a yield of 0.6 g g−1 and a productivity of 0.71 g L−1 h−1. Crude glycerol supplemented with SFM hydrolysate resulted in 69.1 g L−1 succinic acid with a yield of 0.39 g g−1 and a productivity of 1.26 g L−1 h−1 by Yarrowia lipolytica PSA02004. SFM was efficiently used for co-product extraction, fermentation medium production and on-site crude enzyme production via SSF. [Display omitted] • Bio-economy business model development using sunflower meal and crude glycerol. • Phenolic-rich extract and protein concentrate as value-added products from sunflower meal. • Efficient on-site production of crude enzyme consortia from sunflower meal. • Succinic acid production at high productivity (1.26 g L−1 h−1) by Yarrowia lipolytica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of mono and dual frequency (20, 28 and 20/28 kHz) ultrasound action on extraction kinetics, functional, and structural traits of sunflower protein (SP) was examined. A simplified model based on Fick's second law was developed, and the mass transfer of soluble SP in a heterogeneous system was successfully described. Findings suggested that ultrasound action significantly increased (p < 0.05) the release and diffusion of soluble SP across the cell wall into extraction solvent, causing enhanced observed rate constant (k) and diffusion-effective coefficient (D s) values over control. Moreover, dual frequency sonication (20/28 kHz) considerably increased oil holding efficacy and surface charge (by 21.07 and 32.15%, respectively), but reduced water holding efficacy and particle size (by 40.74 and 26.61%, respectively) relative to untreated sample (p < 0.05). Also, ultrasonicated SP displayed excellent solubility under varying pH (2−10), likened to the control (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) outcomes indicated that ultrasonicated SP showed irregular fragments, heterogenous/ disordered structure and small-sized particles, suggesting that sonication (notably 20/28 kHz) destroyed the cross-linkages among SP molecules. FT-IR spectroscopy exhibited that ultrasonication improved the content of β-sheet from 8.52–18.94% and random coil from 11.63–21.71%, whereas reductions in α-helix and β-turn were noticed, implying limited unfolding of SP structure and decreases in intermolecular interactions. Intrinsic fluorescence analysis revealed that dual frequency treatment was observed to be more efficient in altering the tertiary structure of SP reference to single frequency and control. Sunflower protein, isolated from sunflower residue, is a potentially low-cost resource for food applications. Ultrasonication is reported to improve the extraction of proteins as well as enhancing their functionalities. The existing study displayed that ultrasonication (observably dual frequency treated) was successfully applied to improve the extractability of soluble sunflower protein, and enhanced its functionality (solubility and OH e) reference to control. The research outcomes may benefit food/ chemical industries in extraction and/or alteration of sunflower protein in new applications. • A new kinetic model for extraction of sunflower protein (SP) was developed. • Sonication (observably 20/28 kHz) increased the release and diffusion of soluble SP. • Ultrasonicated SP displayed higher solubility and oil holding efficacy than control. • AFM indicated the collapse of cross-linkages among SP molecules following sonication. • FTIR spectra exhibited notable changes in secondary structure of SP after sonication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The utilisation of sunflower meal as a substitute for fish meal was evaluated in juvenile (44 g±4.6 on average) gilthead sea bream fed diets containing four levels of sunflower meal (0, 12, 24 and 36%). The experiment was divided into two phases; in the first one (until day 90), fish reached a weight of 189, 198, 187 and 174 g, respectively, the diet containing 36% gave the lowest specific growth rate (SGR) and the diet containing 12% sunflower meal the highest. In the second phase (from day 91 to day 248), fish growth was not significantly affected by treatments. In relation to feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), the diet containing 36% sunflower meal gave the worst results in both phases. There were no statistical differences in body composition, but energy and protein efficiency were lowest in fish fed the diet containing 36% sunflower meal. Sensory differences between sea bream fed diets containing 0% and 24% sunflower meal were not detected. Optimum dietary level of sunflower meal for growth and feed conversion obtained from quadratic regression was 10–12%, but when economic aspects were considered, the optimum dietary level was 14–15% sunflower meal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding multienzyme preparation (Rovabio Excel AP, Adisseo Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore) at 2 inclusion levels of sunflower meal (SFM; 20 and 30% of the diets) with 3 levels of digestible Lys (0.8, 0.9, and 1.0%) with and without enzyme in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Each diet was offered to 4 replicates of 51 one-day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks (n = 2448) in a practical vegetable-based mash diet having 2,750 kcal of ME/kg and 19% CP during 2 wk posthatching (1 to 14 d of age). Feed formulation was based on digestible amino acids, which were calculated from the CP and DM contents of each ingredient using AminoDat 2 (Degussa Corp., Allendale, NJ). The enzyme used in this study was authenticated by the supplier to have mini- mum level of endo-1,4-β xylanase (22,000 visco units/g) and endo-1,3(4)-β glucanase (2,000 AGL units/g) and was added at the rate of 50 mg/kg of finished diet. No significant effect of enzyme or level of SFM was observed on BW gain (BWG), feed intake, or mortality during the experimental period. The BWG and feed:gain for birds fed on 30% SFM with enzyme were comparable to those fed on 20% SFM without enzyme during 1 to 14 d of age. However, enzyme at 20% SFM depressed the BWG (P ≤ 0.006) and feed conversion ratio (P ≤ 0.027). A quadratic (P ≤ 0.036) response of digestible Lys was noted for BWG, whereas it was linear (P ≤ 0.001) for feed:gain during 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 d. A level of 1.0% digestible Lys was observed best for BWG and feed:gain. For BWG, 0.8 and 0.9% digestible Lys was comparable when it was used at 30% SFM, along with enzyme. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation during 2 wk posthatching has no remarkable effect when used in SFM-based diets. Moreover, digestible Lys may be lowered to 0.8% during the first week but not less than 1.0% during the second week post-hatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high-temperature extruded (≤149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFMEX) for post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (‘Guelph system’) for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ∼116 g) in 4000-L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25–40 L min−1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0–8.5 mg L−1), 11–12°C sea water (salinity, 29–31 g L−1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam-pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg−1 and ∼16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg−1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low-temperature-dried anchovy meal (LT-AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFMEX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT-AM in the basal diet (SFMEX≤271 g kg−1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39–1.45% day−1), feed efficiency (1.19–1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8–47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5–49.4%), per cent survival (96.0–99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFMEX can comprise ≥271 g kg−1 of the dry diet or ≥22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate an enzymatic process to decrease the chlorogenic acid (CGA) content in a model system with pure CGA as substrate. The results obtained in the model system indicated that CGA can be decreased by 98% in a 3h reaction time period. The effects of pH, temperature, and enzyme and substrate concentrations on the rate of the enzymatic reaction were studied. It was found that the optimum pH and temperature were 4.3 and 45°C, respectively. For low enzyme concentrations, a linear relationship exists between the enzyme concentration and the initial reaction rate. However, this linearity disappears when the enzyme concentration was higher than 1nkat/mL. With respect to the CGA concentration, the enzyme was saturated with substrate when its concentration was 0.13mM. The kinetics of CGA decrease in the model system was also investigated. The results from this study can help to understand better the enzymatic process in a more complex system where sunflower meal is used as a source of substrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in situ degradation kinetics of some commonly used protein sources (sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal). Three ruminally fistulated rams were utilized in the study. They were fed ground alfalfa and a mixture of concentrate (60% alfalfa and 40% mixture) at maintenance level. The Dacron bags used in the study had a 45 µ² pore size and internal dimensions of 15 x 7 cm. Feed samples were ground to pass through a 2 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of rams for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Each feed sample was incubated in the rumen of 3 rams in duplicate for each incubation time. Approximately 3.5 g of samples were placed in each Dacron bag. Concentrations of organic matter were 93.16%, 94.43% and 93.40% (P < 0.05); ether extract 1.70%, 7.12% and 2.79% (P < 0.05); crude fiber 21.64%, 19.81% and 6.77% (P < 0.05); crude protein 32.03%, 30.07% and 50.02% (P < 0.05); and ADIN- N 11.57%, 11.00% and 10.45% (P < 0.05) for sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM), respectively. Ruminal DM degradability of samples was highest with SBM for all incubation times followed by SFM and CSM in that order (P < 0.05). While crude protein degradabilities of SFM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM and SBM up to 12 h incubation, they were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM but similar to those of SBM at 24 and 48 h incubation times. Crude protein degradabilities were 55.72%, 41.08% and 66.06% after 8 h incubation for SFM, CSM and SBM, respectively (P < 0.05). Concentrations of water soluble protein were 45.93%, 37.65% and 35.79% (P < 0.05); potentially degradable protein 44.21%, 29.48% and 55.72% (P < 0.05); non-degradable protein 9.86%, 32.87% and 8.49% (P < 0.05); k, h-1 were 0.173, 0.066 and 0.114 (P < 0.05); percentages of escape protein were 18.41%, 42.50% and 33.55% (P < 0.05); and escape... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of several studies on nonruminant pig nutrition. "Advantages of Formulating Diets Based on Net Energy on Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Production Economics," by M. Rademacher and L. Hagemann; "Energy, Protein, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Different Sources of Rice Bran for Growing Pigs," by C. Kaufmann and colleagues; "Comparison of a Diet Containing Food Waste With a Corn/Soybean Diet Fed to Swine," by J. Jones, M. L. Westendorf and J. E. Wohlt.

Presents abstracts of several studies on nonruminant pig nutrition. "Advantages of Formulating Diets Based on Net Energy on Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Production Economics," by M. Rademacher and L. Hagemann; "Energy, Protein, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Different Sources of Rice Bran for Growing Pigs," by C. Kaufmann and colleagues; "Comparison of a Diet Containing Food Waste With a Corn/Soybean Diet Fed to Swine," by J. Jones, M. L. Westendorf and J. E. Wohlt.

Presents abstracts of several studies on nonruminant pig nutrition. "Advantages of Formulating Diets Based on Net Energy on Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Production Economics," by M. Rademacher and L. Hagemann; "Energy, Protein, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Different Sources of Rice Bran for Growing Pigs," by C. Kaufmann and colleagues; "Comparison of a Diet Containing Food Waste With a Corn/Soybean Diet Fed to Swine," by J. Jones, M. L. Westendorf and J. E. Wohlt.

A multi-enzyme mixture containing cellulases and hemicellulase activity, produced from Arachniotus sp., a white rot fungus, were applied on sunflower oil meal (SFOM) to degrade its fiber content. SFOM was treated with different concentrations of enzyme solution at variable pH, and incubated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C, for different time periods ranging from 3 to 48 h to determine the maximum increase in metabolizable energy content by saccharification of fiber into sugars through enzymatic degradation. Maximum saccharification of SFOM fiber was obtained at a 1:1 enzyme substrate ratio, pH 4.0 and incubation for 36 h at 40°C. A reduction of 47.27% in crude fiber contents of sunflower oil meal was observed after enzyme treatment at optimized conditions. Enzyme treatment resulted in reduction of 41.53 and 31.87% in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents, respectively. An increase of 28.09% in nitrogen free extract contents of SFOM was found after enzyme treatment. True metabolizable energy contents of SFOM, after enzyme treatment, were increased from 1898.4 to 2314.9 kCal/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro digestibility of two-stage dried olive cake (TSDOC) and olive leaves (OL) unsupplemented or supplemented with increasing amounts of urea (U) or sunflower meal (SM) (0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g/100 g organic matter (OM) of the by-product) was determined. Chemical and amino acid composition, in vitro digestibility, in situ rumen degradability of crude protein and amino acids, and in situ–in vitro intestinal digestibility of SM CP and amino acids was determined. The in sacco rumen degradability and in vitro intestinal availability of CP and individual amino acids were also determined. Results obtained in Granadina goats and Seguren˜a wethers were compared. SM provides arginine, glycine and aspartic and glutamic acids. The addition of increasing amounts of U or SM improved (P<0.001) the IVDMD and IVOMD of both TSDOC and OL. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the rumen inoculum origin on in vitro TSDOC digestibility. In contrast, values for OL were higher (P<0.001) for goats versus sheep. In sacco ruminal CP degradability of SM was relatively high, and similar in sheep and goats (ED=0.78 and 0.75 for sheep and goats). Individual amino acid ruminal degradability had different values, being lowest for methionine, leucine, proline, tyrosine and cysteine. Values obtained for individual amino acids differed from those of CP. Apparent intestinal digestibility of undegraded protein (AIDUP) of SM was high (0.86 and 0.98, respectively, for sheep and goats). The intestinally absorbable protein (IADP) was low (18.9 and 24.0 for sheep and goats, respectively). Results indicate that goats and sheep have the same capacity for TSDOC digestion, but goats showed a better capacity than sheep for OL utilisation. Although the amino acids supply to the intestine from SM is not important it could be a good supplement for low degradable protein feedstuffs such as TSDOC and OL. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nutritional value of sunflower meal (SFM) as a replacement protein source of soybean meal (SBM) for goat kids was evaluated. Thirty-six weaned Shami goat kids were randomly selected and used in a complete randomize design (CRD) trial with three treatments. Kids were divided into three groups of equal number and allocated into pens of similar size and condition. For each group, kids were fed one of three diets containing SBM, SFM, or SFM supplemented with fibrolytic cellulases enzyme (sunflower meal with enzyme, SFME). The experiment lasted 12 weeks. Total gain and average daily gain were higher (P<0.05) for kids fed SFME with no differences obtained between SBM and SFM. Daily gain values averaged 221.7, 155.8, and 141.6 g for the three experiments, respectively. SFME group had the highest (P<0.05) feed intake value. At the same time, SFM and SBM group were not different (P>0.05) with higher value for the former. Same results were obtained for the feed conversion ratio (FCR) where SFME kids had the highest (P<0.05) FCR value of 4.7. No difference was observed for SBM in feed conversion ratio value (6.6) compared to that of the SFM (7.59). It is concluded that sunflower meal can successfully replace soybean meal as a protein source in fattening diets. Moreover, fibrolytic enzymes can be effectively used to enhance the feeding value of the SFM and overcome its high fiber content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four Holstein heifers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a cross-over design with the objective to evaluate if, in fresh forage diets, the ruminal N requirements for microbial protein synthesis would be met by forage protein and also if total protein flow at the duodenum could be increased by the use of a low degradable protein (LDP) in the concentrate. Diets consisted of fresh alfalfa forage (CP=19.4%, NDF=44.5%, IVDMD=65.5%) offered ad libitum and 4.5 kg dry matter (DM) of either a highly degradable protein (HDP; CP=18%, IVDMD=82.4%) or a low degradable protein concentrate (LDP; CP=19.9% and IVDMD=83.8%). Concentrates contained ground corn, wheat bran, salt mix and either sunflower meal (SFM) (24% of DM; HDP) or fish meal (FM) (14% of DM; LDP). Cows were fed three times per day. Chromic oxide (Cr2O5) was used as an external marker for digesta flow estimation. Total diet compositions were: OM=91.4 and 90.3%, and CP=19.4 and 20.0% for HDP and LDP, respectively. Total OM and CP intake averaged 10.5 kg OM per day and 364 g N per day (P>0.10). Apparent ruminal OM digestibility was 36.5% of OM intake (P=0.87). Although ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P=0.02) when HDP was fed (25.3 mg/dl versus 19.5 mg/dl), the proportion of total N consumed reaching the duodenum did not differ with the type of supplement fed (P=0.45) (average: 98.5% of intake). Duodenal flow of non-ammonia N (NAN), microbial N (MN) and dietary N were not different among treatments (average: 354, 281 and 74 g per day). Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (MPS), as g MN/kg OM apparently or truly digested in rumen, was not affected (P>0.10) by treatments (average: 73.6 and 42.0). Ruminal pH (average: 6.1) and total VFA concentration (average: 159.5 mmol/dl) were also unaffected by the source of protein used. According to these results, the use of SFM or FM as a source of HDP and LDP, respectively, did not alter either MPS or total CP flow to the duodenum, despite lower rumen ammonia concentration when FM was fed in the concentrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Simple Summary: The price of feed ingredients is one of the most important and most costly constraints facing the aquaculture industry, and fishmeal is one of the most important and most expensive of these ingredients. As a result, recent research has focused on the use of alternative low-cost feed ingredients that are less reliant on fishmeal. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in the use of various types of plant protein (PP) meals in aquafeeds (soybean and sunflower meal). This study reveals that soybean and sunflower meal with methionine and lysine supplementation can be used on a larger scale in the aquafeed industry as substitutes of up to 50% of fishmeal. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were subjected to a 30-day feeding trial to determine the appropriateness of using plant protein (PP) (soybean and sunflower meal) as a fishmeal (FM) replacement in the diet and its effects on immune status, antioxidant activity, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene expression, and disease resistance. A total of 150 C. gariepinus (51.01 ± 0.34 g) were randomly distributed among five groups in triplicate. Five experimental diets were formulated to replace 0 (control), 33.5, 50, 66.5, and 100% FM with soybean and sunflower meal to form the experimental diets (R0, R33.5, R50, R66.5, and R100, respectively). After 30 days, the diet containing PP for FM had no significant impact on total, and differential leukocyte counts determined at the end of the feeding period. The total globulin concentration showed significantly greater differences in the following order R0 > R33.5 > R50 > R66.5 > R100. The R0 group had the highest concentration of serum γ-globulin, while R100 had the lowest concentration. The antioxidant status complements 3 (C3), lysozyme activity (LYZ), and antiprotease activity were not significantly different between R0, R33.5, and R50 groups, while they were significantly lower in R100. The serum nitric oxide activity (NO) exhibited significantly greater differences in the following order R0 > R33.5 > R50 > R66.5 > R100. PACAP was significantly higher in the R33.5 group. The highest cumulative mortality caused by Aeromonas sobria was recorded in the R100 group (60%) and the lowest in the R0 group (30%). In conclusion, the results indicate that the immunological responses and antioxidant status of C. gariepinus were not affected when they consumed a diet with FM replaced by up to 50% with PP (SBM and SFM) with methionine and lysine supplementation, but total globulin, NO, and cumulative mortality were impaired with a diet containing a 100% FM replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the stability of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in sunflower flour and the effectiveness of this treatment by a biological assay in rats. The concentrations of AOH and AME remained constant during heating at 100°C for up to 90 minutes while TeA concentration decreased with time to 50% after 90 minutes. The most effective treatment in reducing AOH and AME levels was heating at 121°C for 60 minutes. Histopathological evaluation in the biological assay in rats fed with Alternaria toxins showed marked atrophy and fusion of villi in the intestines and liver cell damage; these lesions were less severe in rats fed heat-treated sunflower flour in line with the reduced toxin content. However, a lower weight gain and a noticeable renal damage in rats were produced when they fed decontaminated flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower meal (SFM) has the potential to be a major feed ingredient for poultry in many countries not suitable for extensive soyabean cultivation. SFM is a good source of protein with amino acid availabilities similar to those of soyabean meal (SBM), and much higher than those in cottonseed or rapeseed meals. Its lysine content is relatively low but this can be resolved with supplemental lysine. Fibre content should be decreased to a minimum by dehulling during processing of the sunflower seed for oil extraction. Fibre < 12%) can still cause bulky feed at higher inclusion rates (< 30%), and as a result dietary nutrient dilution (particularly in broiler diets) may occur. Nevertheless, pelleting the diet can help overcome the bulkiness and thereby lead to improved growth and feed efficiency. Another characteristic of SFM is that it does not have anti-nutritional factors such as those found in soyabean, cottonseed and rapeseed meals. Enzyme supplementation to SFM-based diets in different types of poultry species need further study. The ingredient can successfully be included in layer, broiler and waterfowl diets to replace 50–100% of soyabean meal, depending on the type of diet and the nature of the other ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The dependence of sunflower meal fractionation on the following factors was investigated: quality of original meals, 37.5%, 40.0% and 42.5% crude protein; screen hole size, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm; and single-phase and two-phase fractionation. The following conclusions were drawn. The increased protein levels in original meals (from 37.5% to 42.5% crude protein) had considerably greater effects on the quality than on the yield of the protein fractions. Increased screen hole size (from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm) increased the yield of the protein fractions by 16.4-22.3%, but reduced the protein level in these fractions by 2.3-2.8%. Two-phase fractionation of the original meals with 40.0% and 42.5% crude protein increased the protein yield in the resulting protein fractions by 15.5-22.8%. The most efficient fractionation procedures rendered high yields of attractive protein fractions that contained 44.0-47.5% crude protein. The protein fractions were analyzed for physico-functional constants and amino acid composition. The most efficient and applicable fractionation procedures, those that may be successfully used in oil refineries, were selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main fractions from multi-component polysaccharidase preparations (Driselase, Gamanase and an experimental preparation of fungal origin), previously used for the enzymic treatment of cell wall materials from sunflower and palm-kernel meals, were sub-fractionated by different chromatographic techniques to evaluate the contribution of each of their constituent activities in cell wall degradation. Based on activity measurements, 5- to 10-fold purification was achieved for the major enzymes but residual side-activities were still detectable in most sub-fractions. Solubilization of non-starch polysaccharides from the cell wall materials by the resulting pectolytic, xylanolytic, cellulolytic and mannanolytic sub-fractions and by highly purified glucanases, arabinanases and xylanases was, when acting individually, very low (1% to 5%). With few exceptions, the solubilizing effect of the main fractions could only be slightly enhanced by supplementation with pectolytic, cellulolytic or mannanolytic sub-fractions or by highly purified enzymes. The extent of solubilization remained mostly lower than the sum of both individually obtained values. In the degradation of palm-kernel cell wall material, however, synergistic action of mannanases and glucanases was observed. The hydrolysis of pectic compounds in sunflower cell wall material was most effective when polygalacturonases, arabinanases and rhamnogalacturonan-degrading activities were applied together. The resistance of 4- O-methyl-glucuronoxylan, the major hemicellulosic polymer in the cell wall material from sunflower meal, to enzymic hydrolysis was not only caused by its location in the cell wall or interlinkage to other polymers but also by its primary structure. Neither purified endo-xylanase nor the crude parent preparation were able to achieve complete hydrolysis of this polysaccharide after extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) vs. sunflower meal (SFM) as a protein source at cereal-based iso- nitrigenous (at 16 % CP), iso-caloric at gross energy 18 kcal/kg and net (FUG=1) energy diets for fattening lambs. Four wethers (Gygay breed) were used to evaluate the diets' apparent total tract digestibility (dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibres (CF), nitrogen free extractives (NFE) and ash) and coefficients (Cd) were used to calculate the diets' feeding value. Two diets were used: conrol diet (CD) with SFM and experimental diet (ED) with RSM. The results indicated that feeding RSM tended to increase Cd OM (p=0.1), Cd CP (p=0.4), Cd EE (p=0.5) and Cd NFE (p=0.1). The differences were significant at Cd DM (p<0.05), Cd CF (p<0.05) and Cd ash (p<0.001). According to the calculation analysis, diet supplementation with RSM benefits total digestible nutrients (TDN), raised energy values (gross energy, digestible energy and net energy) and improved protein feeding values (protein trully digestible in small intestines (PDI) and balance of protein in rumen (BPR)). Therefore, it's concluded that, substitution of SFM with RSM in cereal- based ruminant diets significantly (p<0.05) increased in vivo diet digestibility, raised (11 %) TDN and improved its energy and protein feeding value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to estimate the impacts of using varied feeding regimens with or without protease supplementation on the growth performance, apparent amino acid ileal digestibility (AID%), economic efficiency, intestinal histology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) were randomly allotted to a 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimens; FR1: a recommended protein SBM diet, FR2: a low-protein SBM diet, and FR3: a low-protein diet with the inclusion of 5% DDGS and 5% SFM, with or without protease supplementation (250 mg/kg)., Results: Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the FR3 treatment during the starter stage and decreased body weight and body weight gain during the grower stage. However, there was no significant effect of the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction on the overall performance. The economic value of diets also remained unaffected by the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction. Protease supplementation resulted in lowering the AID% of tryptophan and leucine. Reduced AID% of methionine was evident in the FR2 + VE and FR3 - VE treatments. Histological findings substantiated the FR3 treatment mediated a decrease in the duodenal and jejunal villous height (VH), jejunal villous width (VW), and ileal VW, whereas, increase in the ileal crypt depth (CD). The FR2 + VE treatment reduced the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum. The duodenal CD and the jejunal goblet cell count were reduced as a consequence of protease supplementation. The FR3 + VE treatment documented a rise in duodenal CD, while an increase in the jejunal goblet cell count was observed in the FR3 - VE treatment. The FR3 treatment enhanced the IgM serum levels compared to the FR1 and FR2 treatments. IgM serum levels were also elevated following protease supplementation. FR3 + VE treatment increased IgM serum levels. The highest serum ALP was found in the FR3 treatment, whereas the lowest level was obtained in the FR2 treatment., Conclusion: Low-protein SBM-based diets could be used without affecting the birds' growth. Altered morphometric measures of the intestine and increased IgM and ALP levels indicated the low-protein SBM/DDGS-SFM diet-induced damage of the intestinal histoarchitecture and immune system of birds. These different diets and protease supplementation failed to affect economic efficiency positively., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of origin or processing procedure on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in sunflower coproducts. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expellers (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, and the United States. Each source of SFM or SFE was the only source of CP and AA in one diet, and an N-free diet was also used for a total of eight diets. Eight barrows (body weight: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to one of the eight diets using an 8 × 8 Latin square design with eight periods. The Lys:CP ratio in the six sources of SFM ranged from 3.10% to 3.96% with CP concentrations ranging from 27.34% to 36.75%. CP in SFE was 26.87% and the Lys:CP ratio was 3.51%. Concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in the six sources of SFM ranged from 0.60% to 3.11%, but SFE contained 8.77%. Results indicated that the SID of CP was lower (P < 0.05) in SFM from Hungary compared with all other sources of SFM except for one of the sources from Ukraine. There were no differences in the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp among sources of SFM, but for most of the remaining indispensable AA, the SFM from Hungary had less (P < 0.05) SID than the other sources. However, only a few differences in the SID of indispensable AA were observed among the other sources of SFM, but the SID of CP and all AA except Trp was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, there were only a few differences in the SID of the first-limiting AA among SFM obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States, but the SID of CP and AA was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that processing of sunflower seeds influence the nutritional value., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

• High-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) is a potential source of protein in swine diets. • Evaluation of phosphorus (P) digestibility in HP-SFM is important due to its high P content. • The standardized total tract digestible P in HP-SFM was determined at 3.61 g/kg. • Phytase supplementation tended to increase the standardized total tract digestibility of P in HP-SFM fed to pigs by 100 %. The objective of this research was to determine the coefficient of apparent (CATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of phosphorus (P) in high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) fed to growing pigs with or without phytase supplementation. Twenty-four pigs (19.5 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets to give 6 replicates per diet. The experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based diet and a diet containing 300 g/kg of HP-SFM, both of which were fed without or with phytase supplementation at 500 phytase units/kg. The CATTD and CSTTD of P in experimental diets were determined and then the CATTD and CSTTD of P in HP-SFM were calculated using the difference method. Pigs were fed their diets at approximately 2.8 times the maintenance energy requirement. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates for 15 days including 10 days for adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days for total collection of feces. Phytase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) both calcium (Ca; 21.4 vs. 13.4 g/kg) and P (44.4 vs. 32.3 g/kg) concentrations in feces in HP-SFM-containing diets. The addition of dietary phytase to the HP-SFM-containing diets also reduced (P < 0.05) daily fecal Ca output from 3.08 to 1.86 g/day and daily fecal P output from 6.41 to 4.51 g/day. The CATTD of Ca and P and CSTTD of P increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation in both basal and HP-SFM-containing diets. There was a tendency (P = 0.061) for phytase supplementation to increase P utilization in HP-SFM, and the CATTD and CSTTD of P in HP-SFM with phytase supplementation were 0.37 and 0.38, respectively, which were higher than for HP-SFM without phytase supplementation (0.18 and 0.19, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical usage of untraditional feedstuffs such as sunflower meal (SFM) in laying hens nutrition in developing countries has received considerable attention. SFM is a by-product of the sunflower oil industry and has been progressively added to bird's diets. Sunflower meal (SFM) is gaining great interest as a feed ingredient due to its eminent crude protein content, low anti-nutritional compounds, and low price. The current experiment was aimed to assess the production efficiency, egg quality, yolk fatty acids composition, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens fed SFM. A total of 162 Bovans Brown laying hens aged 60 weeks old were randomly allocated using a completely randomized design into three experimental groups of nine replicates each (n = six/replicate) for eight weeks. The dietary treatments involved a control (basal diet) and two levels of SFM, 50 and 100 g/kg feed. The dietary treatments did not influence live weight gain, feed intake, and egg mass. On one hand, the laying rate was increased; on the other hand, the feed conversion ratio and broken eggs rate of laying hens were decreased (p < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of SFM. Dietary treatments had no effect on the egg's quality characteristics except the yolk color and yolk height were larger (p = 0.01) for laying hens fed SFM compared with those fed the control. Dietary inclusion of SFM decreased (p < 0.05) the content of cholesterol in the egg yolk. Still, it increased the yolk contents of vitamin E, calcium, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary inclusion of SFM increased crude protein and calcium digestibility, but decreased the ether extract digestibility. In conclusion, our results suggested that the dietary inclusion of SFM, up to 100 g/kg at a late phase of laying, could improve the production performance, some of the egg quality traits, and nutrient digestibility while decreasing egg yolk cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the main oil crops in the world grown for the production of edible and biodiesel oil. Byproducts of the extraction of sunflower oil constitute a raw material with potential for several applications in the food area due to its chemical composition, including the high content of proteins and phenolic compounds. Thoughtful of a consumer increasingly concerned with the environmental impact, we try to clarify in this review the potential of using sunflower seed byproducts and their fractions to enhance the production of potentially functional foods. The applications of sunflower seed byproduct include its transformation into flours/ingredients that are capable of improving the nutritional and functional value of foods. In addition, the protein isolates obtained from sunflower seed byproduct have good technological properties and improve the nutritional value of food products. These protein isolates can be used to obtain protein hydrolysates with technological and bioactive properties and as matrices for the development of edible, biodegradable, and active films for food. The sunflower seed byproduct is also a source of phenolic compounds with bioactive properties, mainly chlorogenic acid, which can be extracted by different methods and applied in the development of functional foods and active and bioactive food packaging. The use of sunflower seed byproduct and its fractions are promising ingredients for the development of healthier and less expensive foods as well as the alternative to decrease the environmental problems caused by the sunflower oil industry., (© 2021 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Simple Summary: In the poultry industry, where the cost of feed constitutes most of the expenses, sudden changes in feed prices make it a challenge for nutritionists to maintain the yield and health of animals while managing the diet costs. It is the first solution that comes to mind to use inexpensive raw materials while preparing diets in practical conditions. In addition, feeds used in diets should be digestible by poultry. In the poultry digestive system, feeds such as sunflower meals are difficult to digest due to containing high cellulose because there is no cellulase secretion in the digestive system. The use of multi-enzyme which enhanced the digestibility of nutrients and decreased antinutritional compounds such as cellulose and nonstarch polysaccharides in diets with sunflower meal can positively affect performance and the profitability of the growers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary sunflower meal (SFM) and multi-enzyme levels on performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology and pancreatic enzyme production in quails. Three hundred and twenty, 1-day-old quail chicks were divided into 8 groups with 4 replicates consisting of 10 birds each in the group. The experiment was randomized design consisting of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four levels of SFM (0%, 10%, 15%, or 20%) and two levels of multi-enzyme (0.0 or 1.0 g/kg) inclusion in the diet. The body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were negatively influenced by the 15% and 20% SFM (p < 0.01) but were not affected by the 10% SFM for 6 week age. The relative gizzard (p < 0.05) weights significantly increased with 20% SFM, but the relative breast weight decreased (p < 0.01). The relative liver weight increased by the addition of enzymes in the diet (p < 0.05). The villus width (p < 0.01) and villus surface area (p < 0.05) of ileum increased linearly with SFM, whereas the villus height (p < 0.01), villus height: crypt depth (p < 0.01) and tunica muscularis thickness (p < 0.01) decreased linearly with SFM. Consequently, it is possible to say that the birds with the least absorptive same weight are the most efficient. The addition of multi-enzyme increased villus height and crypt depth but decreased tunica muscularis thickness of ileum (p < 0.01). Chymotrypsin activity in the pancreas decreased linearly with SFM (p < 0.01). Amylase activity in the pancreas decreased significantly with the addition of the multi-enzyme (p < 0.05). As a result of the study, SFM can be used at a 10% level in growing quail diets with beneficial effects on the absorption surface area. The effects of enzyme supplementation on parameters measured were less pronounced than the SFM inclusion level that higher villus height and lower tunica muscularis thickness were determined in multi-enzyme-fed birds compared to those untreated counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upcycled defatted sunflower seed flour (SUN), a by-product obtained from sunflower oil extraction, was used as an animal fat replacer to develop healthier frankfurters. For that end, animal fat was replaced (~50%) with water and 2% or 4% of SUN. Nutritional composition, technological, structural and sensorial properties were evaluated. SUN incorporation led to a significant increase in protein, minerals (magnesium, potassium, copper and manganese) and a decrease in fat content (~37% less than control with all animal fat). The incorporation of SUN in frankfurters promoted the presence of phenolic compounds. Increasing SUN addition lead to an increasingly (p < 0.05) darker frankfurter colour. Samples with SUN at 4% were firmer than the control according to TPA and sensory analysis results and showed the highest lipid disorder attributed to more lipid interactions in the meat matrix. SUN addition as an animal fat replacer in frankfurters is a feasible strategy to valorise sunflower oil by-products and obtain healthier frankfurters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]