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The synthesis of 15 blocked 7,8-dihydropteridines is described in which the pyrazine ring is built from a derivative of an α-amino ketone. Three routes to the amino ketones based upon amino acids, nitrosyl chloride addition to alkenes, and nitro alcohols are discussed. The compounds synthesised are inhibitors of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase, an enzyme in the pathway leading to dihydrofolate, and the inhibitory potencies of the compounds are discussed in the light of a hypothetical active site model for the enzyme.

In 1957, David Barrett, as a missionary in Kenya, became acquainted intimately with a massive secession from the Anglican Church. Several years later as a graduate student at Union Theological Seminary in New York he began to see the widespread nature of African independency. 1) What particularly struck him were the widespread similarities between movements which had arisen quite independently of each other in various parts of Africa south of the Sahara. The results of these and further studies in Africa are at last set forth in Schism and Renewal.

Part I of an article by Hopkins (1966) presents a "fairly general and theoretical model to describe the mechanism of recruitment to Christianity and its implications for social change." This model suggests that in becoming a Christian, the African necessarily breaks with traditional society. As a Christian he learns "skills, habits, symbols, and goals" appropriate to modern roles. He then "defects" from the church and enters the modern sector of society. Thus "the role of Christian is seen as an intervening variable or learning experience between that of participant in a traditional society and participant in the nascent national community." There are two major criticisms of this approach. First, the nature of the "skills, habits, symbols, and goals" that the Christian learns is not clarified nor is the manner by which they are acquired and their relationship to the modern sectors specified. Second, his discussion of the transition from Christian adherence to participation in the modern sector of the society overemphasizes the disjunction between Christianity and roles in that sector. To take up the first of these criticisms: we have here an assumption regarding the socialization process undergone by Christian converts without sufficient evidence regarding the content of this socialization. What was it that was taught and learned? As examples, Hopkins mentions the rejection of polygyny and the use of bride price. The rejection of these norms involved separation from tribal society in some areas thus creating an appropriate setting for new socialization. Nevertheless the relationship of these new norms of Christian marriage to the "modern roles" is unclear. For instance, many African Christians remain polygynous (though Unconfirmed) to this day, but participate actively in the modern sector. Hopkins also mentions in a footnote (11) that missions employed Africans in such jobs as carpenters, bricklayers, cooks, etc., skills relevant to the modern sector, but the number actually employed and directly trained by missionaries in these occupations is too small to substantiate Hopkins' causal argument. It is education, of course, that was the major agent of socialization to modern ways for Africans. Missionaries were deeply involved in setting up schools right from the beginning of their occupation of new areas and until recently the vast majority of schools at all levels were under missionary, not government control.1 Hopkins barely mentions schools, however, in his discussion of the process of missionary influence. This omission leads him to overemphasize the role of the missionary or Christianity, as such, in the socialization process. Missionaries founded schools, but most of them did not do much of the actual teaching except in the very early days. While to be a student in a mission school often involved conversion to that school's denomination it can be argued that it was the student's relationship * Raymond F. Hopkins, "Christianity and Sociopolitical Change in Sub-Saharan Africa." Social Forces 44 (June 1966): 555-562. Words and short phrases in quotes are from this article. We wish to acknowledge support for the data reanalysis from the Council for Intersocietal Studies, Northwestern Uiiiversity. 1 This was especially true for the former British and Belgium African countries in Hopkins' sample (Scanlon, 1966 :8-11). In 1923 in English-speaking Africa (excluding South Africa) there were some 6,000 mission schools and just over 100 government schools (Tucker, 1966:49).

In Section B, Part I, Chapter 2 and in each of the country profiles in Part II we give information based on the ethnic composition of the populations of African states. This information is not given to perpetuate esoteric interests in traditional or primitive societies, nor are we interested per se in exotic statistics on the number of different languages and tribes in the African continent and the national boundaries of their constituents. Rather the collection and presentation of these data are intended to inform the analysis of sociological theories of pluralism, integration, and other approaches to the continuing, but not unique, problems of national unity in Africa.

In the previous chapter we have presented an introductory discussion of the methodology of cross-national research, which gave some indication of the limits and objectives of the systematic comparative analysis of aggregate data describing countries. The discussion focused on the variety of competing and complementary formulations of empirical tests of generalizations about political life in countries. Although we emphasized the importance of theory as the basis of meaningful generalization and explanation in cross-national research, we gave little indication of the difficulty involved in constructing such theory.

The ethnic classification for the CAR is done at a low level of abstraction and the cultural groups selected correspond in most cases to individual identity groups. However, the Yakoma, Sango, and Gbanziri are clustered together because they share a similar ecological adaptation to a riverine environment. In addition to these peoples, the CAR has smaller populations such as the N’Zakara (3 percent), the Azande (1 percent) and a small number of Pygmies. In the extreme north, there are also small groups of Waddaiens (Rounga, Goula, Kara, Youla) and Sara (Kaba, Dagba).

The effects of prolonged treatment with 1,3-diaminopropane, a structural analogue of putrescine, on polyamine metabolism and growth in kidney tissue, were studied in mice in which renal hypertrophy was induced by testosterone treatment. Injections of 1,3-diaminopropane resulted in an almost total suppression of the testosterone induced stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and prevented the accumulation of putrescine and spermidine in the kidneys. Renal spermine concentration was even lowered. Administration of 1,3-diaminopropane effectively prevented the testosterone induced increase in renal weight and RNA. In mice receiving 1,3-diaminopropane proteinuria was observed and histological examination revealed renal damage. Due to the nephrotoxic action of 1,3-diaminopropane caution is essential in relating the prevention of renal hypertrophy and the inhibition of polyamine synthesis.

Characteristics of the physical environment, the human population, and their mutual interaction in any society are fundamental to comparative analysis. However, many such characteristics are among the more difficult phenomena to measure with reasonable accuracy, particularly in less developed countries.

N. Dewar, in his article; 'Municipal Government under the New South African Constitution: Who Gets What, Where, Who Decides, and Who Decides Who Decides?' Social Dynamics, Vol. 11(2), argues that the new local government legislation could lead to individual ethnic groups having the space to enact legislation which could precipitate fundamental changes to national level structures. This paper argues against this view because there is a great difference between the stated government commitment to devolution of power and the reality of local government legislation which is characterised by increased state centralisation of powers. Both forms of local government structures, Regional Services Councils and Primary Local Authorities, are going to be under such tight state control that the possibility of using them to challenge national structures is negligible. Local government restructuring must be seen as part of a broader state strategy to defuse political unrest and restructure the economy. This article will show how contradictory objectives of this strategy at local government level are primarily responsible for the discrepancy between government rhetoric and reality.

A granular cell tumor in the spinal canal that presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage is reported. The tumor was totally excised. The pathogenic and clinical aspects are discussed.

The African National Integration Project (ANIP) was organized in 1967 at Northwestern University to generate, systematize, distribute and analyze quantitative information on African political systems. The project has been located at York University (1970–1975), MIT (1975–1981) and the University of Washington (1981–1983) where work has continued on the expansion of the ANIP data holdings. This chapter is a report on the storage and distribution system of the project and the design for its future development.

Testosterone administration to gonadectomized male mice, besides giving rise to a distinct hypertrophy of the kidneys, results in a large increase in renal ornithine decarboxylase activity and accumulation of polyamines. Experiments were performed to examine the effects of localized renal injury caused by mercuric chloride administration on the polyamine metabolism in the testosterone stimulated mouse kidney. A single injection of mercuric chloride resulted in severe damage of tubular epithelium primarily in the proximal convolutions situated in the cortex and outer medullary stripe. Although the injection of mercuric chloride to testosterone treated mice decreased the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity it did not prevent the increase in the concentration of putrescine. The levels of spermidine as well as of RN A were elevated. These results may indicate early reperative growth following mercuric chloride administration. The observations are discussed in relation to the effects of 1,3-diaminopropane, another nephrotoxic agent on renal growth and polyamine metabolism.

There are three general approaches to prevent the development of cancer in patients with premalignant colorectal diseases. One method requires total colectomy and excision of the rectal mucous membrane. For 35 years, patients have had their rectal muscle tube covered by a variety of full-thickness ileal pullthrough operations. For 30 years, various types of pelvic ileal pouches have been tried in attempts to improve bowel function. This report attempts to evaluate another approach in experimental animals. The rectal submucosa was skin grafted and subsequently anastomosed to the ileum to assess its ability to stand up to that milieu. The results were promising with a maximum follow-up of 1 year. This may prove to be another option to ileoanastomy with or without a pouch.