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When people high in prejudice censor prejudice in one setting, they can experience a prejudice rebound effect--subsequently responding with more prejudice than otherwise. Disparagement humor fosters the release rather than suppression of prejudice. Thus, two experiments tested the hypothesis that exposure to disparagement humor attenuates rebound effects. Participants suppressed prejudice by writing fewer anti-gay thoughts about same-sex adoption (Experiment 1) or by reporting greater support for same-sex civil rights (Experiment 2) when expecting to share their responses with others (non-prejudice norm condition) but not if others first exchanged anti-gay jokes (prejudice norm condition). High-prejudice participants then exhibited prejudice rebound in the non-prejudice norm condition only. They rated a gay man more stereotypically (Experiment 1) and allocated greater budget cuts to a gay student organization (Experiment 2) in the non-prejudice norm condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Purpose: Lateral column lengthening (LCL) is a surgical procedure used to manage forefoot abduction occurring in patients with stage IIB Adult Acquired Flat Foot Deformity (AAFD). This procedure utilizes an opening wedge osteotomy of the calcaneus which is then filled with autograft, allograft, or a titanium wedge. The primary aim of this study was to compare the radiographic outcomes of these different bone substitutes in the setting of stage IIB AAFD with the use of LCL. Methods: All patients who underwent LCL from October 2008 until October 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative weight bearing radiographs, initial postoperative radiographs and 1-year weight bearing radiographs were reviewed. The following radiographic measurements were recorded: talonavicular uncoverage angle, incongruency angle, and calcaneal pitch. Results: A total of 44 patients were included in our study. The mean age of the cohort was 54 (range 18-74). The study cohort was divided into two groups. There were 17 (38.7%) patients that received a titanium wedge and 27 (61.5%) that received autograft or allograft. Patients that underwent LCL with the autograft/allograft group were significantly older (p=0.006). Patients who underwent LCL with a titanium wedge had a significantly higher preoperative talonavicular angle (p=0.013). There were no significant differences in post-operative talonavicular uncoverage angle, incongruency angle or calcaneal pitch at 6 months or 1 year. Conclusion: Adult acquired flat foot deformity is a difficult disorder to treat surgically. Lateral column lengthening is a common surgical procedure used to treat forefoot abduction that occurs. Our results show that at 6 months and 1 year no radiographic difference exists between autograft/allograft bone substitutes versus titanium wedge in LCL. Future research should evaluate the differences in patient reported outcomes between autograft/allograft versus titanium wedge bone substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C22H17BrO2, was obtained from the mono­alkyl­ation reaction of di­benzoyl­methane with 4-bromo-1-(bromo­methyl)­benzene catalyzed by an­hydro­us potassium carbonate in acetone. A 1:1 ratio of dibenzoylmethane to p-bromo­benzyl bromide was utilized to produce this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centrosomes play an important role in the microtubule organization of a cell. The sperm's specialized centrosome consists of the canonical barrel-shaped proximal centriole, the funnel-shaped distal centriole, and the pericentriolar material known as striated columns (or segmented columns). Here, we examined the localization of the centriole proteins CEP135 and CP110 in cattle and human spermatozoa. In canonical centrioles, CP110 is a centriole tip protein that controls cilia formation, while CEP135 is a structural protein essential for constructing the centriole. In contrast, we found antibodies recognizing CEP135 and CP110 label near the proximal and distal centrioles at the expected location of the striated columns and capitulum in cattle and humans in an antibody and species-specific way. These findings provide a pathway to understanding the unique functions of spermatozoan centrosome., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present., (Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.)

It is argued that suitably trained neural language models exhibit key properties of epistemic agency: they hold probabilistically coherent and logically consistent degrees of belief, which they can rationally revise in the face of novel evidence. To this purpose, we conduct computational experiments with rankers: T5 models [Raffel et al. 2020] that are pretrained on carefully designed synthetic corpora. Moreover, we introduce a procedure for eliciting a model's degrees of belief, and define numerical metrics that measure the extent to which given degrees of belief violate (probabilistic, logical, and Bayesian) rationality constraints. While pretrained rankers are found to suffer from global inconsistency (in agreement with, e.g., [Jang et al. 2021]), we observe that subsequent self-training on auto-generated texts allows rankers to gradually obtain a probabilistically coherent belief system that is aligned with logical constraints. In addition, such self-training is found to have a pivotal role in rational evidential learning, too, for it seems to enable rankers to propagate a novel evidence item through their belief systems, successively re-adjusting individual degrees of belief. All this, we conclude, confirms the Rationality Hypothesis, i.e., the claim that suitable trained NLMs may exhibit advanced rational skills. We suggest that this hypothesis has empirical, yet also normative and conceptual ramifications far beyond the practical linguistic problems NLMs have originally been designed to solve., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Betz, Richardson. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Understanding the environmental drivers of zoonotic reservoir and human interactions is crucial to understanding disease risk, but these drivers are poorly predicted. We propose a mechanistic understanding of human-reservoir interactions, using hantavirus pulmonary syndrome as a case study. Crucial processes underpinning the disease's incidence remain poorly studied, including the connectivity among natural and peridomestic deer mouse host activity, virus transmission, and human exposure. We found that disease cases were greatest in arid states and declined exponentially with increasing precipitation. Within arid environments, relatively rare climatic conditions (e.g., El Niño) are associated with increased rainfall and reservoir abundance, producing more frequent virus transmission and host dispersal. We suggest that deer mice increase their occupancy of peridomestic structures during spring-summer, amplifying intraspecific transmission and human infection risk. Disease incidence in arid states may increase with predicted climatic changes. Mechanistic approaches incorporating reservoir behavior, reservoir-human interactions, and pathogen spillover could enhance our understanding of global hantavirus ecology, with applications to other directly transmitted zoonoses.

We examined the influence of rock cover, as an indicator of presumable retreat site availability on the abundance of deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) and prevalence of Sin Nombre virus (SNV) using long-term live trapping and habitat data from three live trapping grids and a short-term (three month), spatially replicated study across three slopes in Cascade County, Montana. In our long-term study, we found that deer mice were more abundant at a live-trapping grid with greater rock cover, than two grids with less rock cover. There was a non-significant trend( P = 0.053) for deer mice to be more abundant in rocky sites in the short term study. In the long-term study, average SNV antibody prevalence among deer mice was slightly greater (5.0 vs. 3.5 % on average) at the live trapping grid with more rock cover, than the grid with less rock cover. We were unable to demonstrate differences in SNV antibody prevalence among treatments in the short-term study. Further studies are needed to elucidate the multiple determinants of deer mouse abundance and SNV prevalence in grassland ecosystem and other habitat types.