Search

Comparison of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults aged 25-64 years in selected Pacific Island countries using whole blood and plasma glucose cut-off points. Unit records of STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) surveys obtained from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga Ministries of Health; T2DM prevalence recalculated using whole blood and plasma cut-off points. Shaded bars indicate T2DM prevalence based on correct glucose cut-off points for the glucose meter used (fasting blood glucose [FBG] ≥6.1 mmol/L for early surveys

Aim: To evaluate an extended interval dosing (EID) regimen of gentamicin in neonates ≤28-week gestation. Methods: In 2008, an EID regimen for gentamicin was introduced for all neonates admitted to the NICU in Calgary. The dosing interval was based on a 22 h level after the first dose of 5mg/kg. We conducted an observational study in 33 infants ≤28-week gestation on the EID regimen from the first day of life and compared gentamicin peak and trough levels with a historical control of 34 infants who received gentamicin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg every 24 h (TID, traditional interval dosing). Results: In the EID group, based on the 22 h level, dosing interval was 36 h in 20 neonates and 48 h in 13 neonates. All neonates, except one, achieved therapeutic peak and trough levels. Compared to the TID group, the EID group had higher peak levels (median 9.8 μg/mL vs. 4.6 μg/mL, p

If [math] is a totally real field, if [math] is an odd integer and if [math] is a regular, algebraic, essentially self-dual, cuspidal automorphic representation of [math] , then we calculate the image of any complex conjugation under the [math] -adic representations [math] associated to [math] .

SummaryMultiagency public protection arrangements (MAPPAs) were established in England and Wales 10 years ago to oversee statutory arrangements for public protection by the identification, assessment and management of high-risk offenders. This article reviews MAPPAs' relationship with mental health services over the past decade. Despite areas of progress in the management of mentally ill offenders, inconsistent practice persists regarding issues of confidentiality and information-sharing between agencies, which calls for clearer and more consistent guidance from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Ministry of Justice and the Department of Health.

Patients with ‘medically unexplained symptoms’ (MUS) remain an ongoing challenge to medical practitioners using conventional approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This challenge often creates tensions and defensive enactments in the doctor–patient relationship. In this viewpoint article, a personal reflection from current clinical practice is presented as a catalyst for further dialogue. In particular, psychoanalytic thinking around the issue of MUS is advocated as bringing a valuable focus by looking at ‘meanings’ behind symptoms. Medical practitioners may benefit considerably by working jointly with psychoanalytical practitioners. This could improve the care of patients with MUS and in addition bring beneficial understanding to the dynamics of the patient relationship.

SummaryThere has been little research into the interaction between fraud offences and mental health. Fraud is perpetrated on a massive scale and a number of offenders will have psychiatric pathology either as a primary driver of the offence or as an associated phenomenon that will require psychiatric care and treatment. This article reviews the broad range of psychiatric conditions that have been associated with fraud offending, comments on management and discusses methods of psychiatric assessment in fraud offences.

The Gasplasma® process developed by APP is an advanced thermal conversion (ATC) technology which has been developed for the treatment of household and trade wastes and has also been successfully applied to the handling of wastes derived from landfill and would be capable of achieving effective energy conversion when utilised as an integrated part of the Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) concept. The core Gasplasma® technology comprises a two-stage thermal treatment system—firstly, a fluidizing bed gasifier which converts the wastes to a crude syngas using oxy-steam and, secondly, a plasma converter that efficiently cracks problematic tars in the raw syngas to produce a reformed and clean syngas suitable for generating electrical power in gas engines and also recovering an environmentally stable vitrified product for use as a secondary aggregate material. The utilization of oxy-steam as a gasifying agent greatly reduces the syngas volume compared to other ATC processes and incineration and hence reduces the cost of the gas cleaning system while improving the efficiency of the process. By adopting this two-stage approach, high energy conversion (74–90%) and carbon conversion (95 ± 1.6%) efficiencies were achieved with the Gasplasma® plant that compare favourably with published efficiencies data. The calculated net exportable power generation efficiency for a commercial scale plant is significantly in excess of 25%. This compares well with the published figures of 17.7–23% for fluidized bed technologies processing MSW.

We prove potential modularity theorems for l-adic representations of any dimension. From these results we deduce the Sato-Tate conjecture for all elliptic curves with nonintegral j -invariant defined over a totally real field.

The creation of an innovation niche depends on the interaction of three mechanisms involving: converging expectations, adequate level of individual and network power and efficient knowledge creation and diffusion (Lopolito and Morone, 2010). Such mechanisms define the key characteristics of a network of firms (i.e. the innovation niche), and the interaction among them guides the creation and development of a new technology. In this paper, we propose an agent-based model to investigate the dynamics characterising such interactions and the role that policy intervention can have in governing the niche development process. Specifically, we consider and assess the impact of two policy actions: (1) increasing actors' expectations towards the new technology by means of information spreading, and (2) providing subsidies aimed at stimulating technological switch. Our preliminary results confirm the importance of policy intervention and show the complementarity of the two policy measures considered. Hence, a mixed policy action could serve the purpose of a rapid and stable creation of an innovation-niche.

We prove potential modularity theorems for l-adic representations of any dimension. From these results we deduce the Sato-Tate conjecture for all elliptic curves with nonintegral j-invariant defined over a totally real field.

The influential policy work in education of the intellectual grouping formed by J.H. Oldham during the Second World War known as ‘Oldham’s Moot’ (1938–1947) has been discussed in recent publication...

Evidence supports the maintenance of self-awareness in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the individuals’ ability to identify their own needs. The need for individualized, person-centered programming may be met only if the perceptions of the individuals with AD are taken into account and valued. There is strong support for individuals with AD to be involved in developing their plan of care. Plans should include supportive and educational programs, individualized to the person’s self-identified needs. Plans must also take into account preserved self-awareness and address preservation of self-esteem, maintenance of abilities, management of behavioral symptoms including depression, and health promotion. Second author Richard Taylor, who has dementia, noted the absence of discussion on this joint planning in most of the AD literature. As he says, it omits the most important person, the person with dementia.

Robynn J. Stilwell and Phil Powrie, eds, Composing for the Screen in Germany and the USSR: Cultural Politics and Propaganda (Bloomington & Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press, 2008), 188pp.review by Richard TaylorAlthough not acknowledged in its introduction, this volume, or at least the inspiration for it, derives from a pioneering conference on film and music that Robynn Stilwell and others organised for the Royal Musical Association at the University of Southampton in 2001. Some very interesting papers were delivered at that conference but, for whatever reason, regrettably few of these have found their way into this book. In the eight years since then, the study of film music has made a quantum leap forward, and one of the clearest indicators of this progress is the publication of the present journal. So the delay in the release of this book has created its own further problems and exaggerated others. The 'dearth of scholarship' lamented on the dust jacket is no longer quite as dire as it was in 2001, and it should therefore have been possible to produce a volume with both greater coherence and consistently higher quality of contributions. This is particularly important in a new subject area because quality and consistency deny those who knee-jerk in reaction to any new approach the opportunity to carp and cavil.The editors have chosen to compare and contrast the screen music of two countries, Germany and the USSR, predominantly during the interwar period. According to Stilwell's introduction, one of the factors influencing this choice was that these were 'the two countries that produced the highest concentration of serious writings on the subject of film music' (2). That is a good starting point, although it undoubtedly overlooks a considerable body of similar writing in France, which influenced practitioners in both Germany and the Soviet Union. But a starting point is not enough: arguments have to be developed and events contextualised - also in a consistent and coherent fashion. One way to do this would have been to establish a much tighter chronological, theoretical or even ideological framework for comparison between the two countries: Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1941 on the one hand, and Stalin's Soviet Union between 1929 and 1941 on the other, would have furnished one such framework. Conversely, a tighter thematic approach would have legitimately permitted the looser ideological and chronological framework that the editors have opted for here. One theme that is missing from this volume is that of the most popular genre of film music in both countries in the 1930s: the musical, often called Tonoperetten (sound operettas) in German and muzykal'nye komedii (musical comedies) in Russian. Another theme might have been the musical illustration of the cult of the leader, carrying Reimar Volker's analysis of Triumph of the Will over into German and Soviet newsreels or Soviet cultic films such as Padenie Berlina (The Fall of Berlin, 1949-50). The editors have made no attempt to impose such coherence or consistency on their contributors, and the resulting volume is, like the proverbial curate's egg, good in parts but distinctly variable in others.The volume begins with a solid introduction by Stilwell, lamenting the state of film music studies, tracing its history, and outlining the contents of this collection. There are six essays devoted to 'composing for the screen' in Germany, and only three on Soviet Russia. This is in itself an unfortunate imbalance. Three of the contributions sit uneasily with their fellows. In the German section Ed Hughes writes about Regen (Joris Ivens, 1929), even though Ivens was Dutch-born and the film was made in Amsterdam - its principal German connection being a score written by the German-Austrian composer, Hanns Eisler. This piece is peripheral, as is the film itself to the book's remit. Ivens' next film, Pesnia o geroiakh (Song of Heroes, 1932) was made in the USSR and a comparison between the two might have been more useful. …

To investigate the endocrine signalling from dietary plant protein on somatotropic system and gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), two iso-amino acid diets based on either high plant or high fish meal protein were fed to Atlantic salmon. Salmon with an average starting weight of 641+/-23 g (N=180), were fed a fish meal (FM) based diet (containing 40% FM) or diets mainly consisting of blended plant proteins (PP) containing only 13% marine protein, of which only 5% was FM for 3 months. mRNA levels of target genes GH, GH-R, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGF-IR in addition to CCK-L, were studied in brain, hepatic tissue and fast muscle, and circulating levels of IGF-I in plasma of Atlantic salmon were measured. We detected reduced feed intake resulting in lower growth, weight gain and muscle protein accretion in salmon fed plant protein compared to a diet based on fish meal. There were no significant effects on the regulation of the target genes in brain or in hepatic tissues, but a trend of down-regulation of IGF-I was detected in fast muscle. Lower feed intake, and therefore lower intake of the indispensable amino acids, may have resulted in lower pituitary GH and lower IGF-I mRNA levels in muscle tissues. This, together with higher protein catabolism, may be the main cause of the reduced growth of salmon fed plant protein diet. There were no signalling effects detected either by the minor differences of the diets on mRNA levels of GH, GH-R, IGF-IR, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, CCK or plasma protein IGF-I.

We extend the results of [CHT] by removing the ‘minimal ramification’ condition on the lifts. That is we establish the automorphy of suitable conjugate self-dual, regular (de Rham with distinct Hodge–Tate numbers), l-adic lifts of certain automorphic mod l Galois representations of any dimension. The main innovation is a new approach to the automorphy of non-minimal lifts which is closer in spirit to the methods of [TW] than to those of [W], which relied on Ihara’s lemma.

Two of the strongest trends to emerge from the rapid growth of international trade law in recent times have been the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the continued strength of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. Choice-of-forum provisions in RTAs have become a common byproduct of these trends in an attempt to regulate potential conflict between these regimes. The decision to borrow choice-of-forum provisions from domestic ‘forum shopping’ rules has taken place without due consideration being given to the relative merits and possible future impact of such an approach. This article analyses the justifications put forward for including these provisions against the potential impact on inter-state dispute resolution.

Nutritional factors influence regulation of the growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in fish, but so far there are no published studies describing how single indispensable amino acids influence these systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to test whether lysine (Lys) intake at low (LL=2.85 g/16 gN), medium (ML=4.91 g/16 gN) and high levels (HL=9.19 g/16 gN) affected the expression of genes related to the GH-IGF system (i.e. GH receptor, GH-R, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 1, IGFBP-1, IGF-I receptor IGF-IR) in Atlantic salmon during seawater growth phase. Salmon fed the HL diet significantly up-regulated hepatic IGF-I mRNA level by a factor of 2.2 as compared to those with medium Lys intake. In addition a significant up-regulation of 2.7-fold in muscle IGF-II mRNA was present. Low Lys intake decreased the nitrogen deposition and muscle protein accretion in fish and significantly down-regulated hepatic IGFBP-1 as well as muscle GH-R and IGF-II, as compared to those fed the ML diet. mRNA of IGF-IR on the other hand was not affected by Lys intake. High Lys intake resulted in a 7-fold up-regulation of muscle IGF-II mRNA level as compared to low Lys intake, and thus might be an important local anabolic regulator in fast muscle tissue. The single indispensable amino acid Lys indeed affected signalling through the genes of IGF-I, IGFBP-1 in hepatic tissue and GH-R, IGF-II in fast muscle in Atlantic salmon. Concomitantly the higher Lys intake increased nitrogen deposition to a certain level.

Big data has become an important asset for industry, and academic disciplines now utilize large-scale data in their research. This fourth paradigm of scientific research has led to the inclusion of data management, processing, and analytic tools into the traditional high performance computing software libraries. This integration is facilitated through a collection of supporting software components that comprise a data intensive computing middleware framework. From a shared campus cyberinfrastructure perspective, this represents a new challenge to the system administrators in balancing between the traditional high performance computing software stacks and the new data-intensive middleware on the same physical computing resource. In turn, this limits researchers from having access to the new middleware tools while administrators determine how to overcome the challenge. In this paper, we present our experience in configuring dynamic provisioning of two different data-intensive middleware frameworks from a user perspective. We describe the configuration process from setting up dependencies to deploying the middleware, and how this experience can be applied by other researchers and administrators.

No systematic comparison has been conducted in Fiji using all suitable surveys of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity prevalence after standardizing methodology and definitions.Unit records from six surveys of Fiji adults were variously adjusted for age, ethnicity (Fiji Melanesians, i-Taukei, and Fijians of Asian Indian descent [Indians]) and urban-rural by sex to previous censuses. Trends were assessed using meta-regression (random effect models) and estimates projected to 2020. Poisson regression of strata was used to assess the effect of body mass index (BMI) increases on T2DM period trends.Over 1980-2011, T2DM prevalence increased in i-Taukei men (3.2% to 11.1%; 1.32%/5 years) and women (5.3% to 13.6%; 1.40%/5 years) and Indian men (11.1% to 17.9%; 1.24%/5 years) and women (11.2% to 19.9%; 1.71%/5 years). Projected T2DM prevalence in 2020 is 13.3% and 16.7% in i-Taukei men and women, and 23.4% and 24.1% in Indian men and women, respectively. Obesity prevalence increased in i-Taukei men (12.6% to 28.9%; 2.99%/5 years) and women (30.1% to 52.9%; 3.84%/5 years) and in Indian men (2.8% to 9.4%; 1.21%/5 years) and women (13.2% to 26.6%; 2.61%/5 years). Projected obesity prevalence in 2020 is 34.0% and 60.0% in i-Taukei and women, and 11.4% and 31.0% in Indian men and women, respectively. After age-adjustment, an estimated 27%, 25%, 16% and 18% of the T2DM period trend is attributable to BMI in i-Taukei men and women and Indian men and women, respectively.Prevalence of T2DM in Fiji is projected to continue increasing, driven by rising obesity, with consequences for premature mortality and life expectancy.

Resilience has been studied in a number of disciplines, predominantly in psychosocial and ecological sciences. Although there are striking similarities in their approaches, the psychosocial tradition has centered on the family and its immediate surroundings, whereas the social-ecological approach has focused on macrosystems that stop at the family level. Recently, the need for bridging these gaps has been echoed by researchers from both these traditions, particularly for promoting resilience of individuals and their wider environment in the context of natural disasters and climate change. However, a new synthesis of social-ecological and behavioral theories integrating multiple dynamic systems that interact across levels is strikingly rare. We addressed some of these issues in the context of complex coastal ecosystems in the Sundarbans region in southwest Bangladesh soon after the Cyclone Aila, which hit the coast in May 2009. The devastation that followed tested the endurance and resilience of people and nature alike. We used an integrated method that combined Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale with narrative inquiry for assessing human resilience. The quantitative analysis was able to address gender, educational, and livelihood dimensions of individual resilience. Life history narratives were found particularly useful in bringing out the underlying contexts and processes that embody individual social-ecological interactions that influence the construct of human resilience. These exercises show that the emergence of human resilience must be understood as a holistic and dynamic process because the variables that contribute to its emergence interact in complex ways.

This study aggregates the narrative findings from the investigation of 12 accidents or ‘near hits’ across a wide range of industrial settings to build a catalogue of organisational and cultural precursors to accidents. It was found that many were important factors in multiple events. It is argued that by addressing these potential vulnerabilities using the findings and proposed tools based upon them, organisations undertaking safety related activities will not only develop greater awareness of these deeper-lying issues but should be able to better control the risks associated with them.The precursors have been classified under eight headings and examples of key findings from three of these are presented. Statements providing potential defences against the identified vulnerabilities have been developed which should enable organisations to scrutinise the adequacy of existing expectations or requirements within their business. Probing questions have been developed based on the statements which should allow an assessment to be made as to whether these have been ‘embedded’ in the organisation.It is argued that organisational vulnerability tools should be developed to enable a systematic approach to ‘diagnosing’ incubating precursors. It is also argued that there is the potential for further resilience to be achieved through the use of models of the complex dynamics of socio-technical processes within organisations.

This paper describes a participatory and collaborative process for formalising qualitative data, using research from southeast Cameroon, how these results can provide input to an social simulation model, and what insights they can provide in better understanding decision-making in the region. Knowledge Elicitation Tools (KnETs) have been used to support a body of existing research on local strategies that build community adaptive capacity and support sustainable forest management under a range of socio-environmental and climatic stressors. The output of this approach is a set of decision rules which complements previous analysis of differentiated vulnerability of forest communities. Improvements to the KnETs methodology, such as new statistical measurements, make it easier to generate inputs for a social simulation model, such as agent attributes and heterogeneity, as well as informing which scenarios to prioritise during model development and testing. The KnETs process served as a vehicle to structure a large volume of empirical data, to identify the most salient drivers of decision-making amongst different actors, to uncover tacit knowledge and to make recommendations about which strategic interventions should be further explored in a social simulation and by local organizations planning interventions. It was notable that there were many common rule drivers for men and women from the same households, though they participated in the game-interviews separately. At the same time, though strategies were common to both poor and better-off farmers, differences lay in the package of strategies chosen – the number and type of strategies as well the drivers factors – and how they were prioritised with respect to each farmer’s goal.

For any given $\epsilon>0$ we provide an algorithm for the Quadratic Knapsack Problem that has an approximation ratio within $O(n^{2/5+\epsilon})$ and a run time within $O(n^{9/\epsilon})$., Comment: 8 pages one figure

The art world changed forever when Jackson Pollock picked up a can and poured paint onto a vast canvas rolled across the floor of his windswept barn. Fifty years on, art theorists recognize his patterns as being a revolutionary approach to aesthetics. A significant step forward in understanding Pollock's aesthetics occurred in 1999 when my scientific analysis showed that his paintings are fractal. Fractals consist of patterns that recur at finer and finer magnifications, building up shapes of immense complexity. Significantly, many natural patterns (for example, lightning, clouds, mountains, and trees) are also fractal. In this essay, I will present some personal reflections on this relationship between the fractal patterns of Pollock and those of nature, and also on the interactions between art and science as the project evolved.O mundo da arte mudou para sempre quando Jackson Pollock apanhou uma lata e despejou tinta em uma enorme tela esticada sobre o chão de seu celeiro castigado pelo vento. Cinqüenta anos depois, os teóricos da arte reconhecem que seu estilo constitui uma abordagem estética revolucionária. Um passo importante na compreensão da estética de Pollock se deu em 1999, quando, de acordo com a minha análise científica, suas pinturas eram fractais. Fractais são padrões que recorrem em sucessivos desdobramentos, construindo formas de imensa complexidade. Sugestivamente, muitos padrões naturais (como raios, nuvens, montanhas e árvores) também são fractais. No presente trabalho, apresento algumas reflexões pessoais sobre essa relação entre os padrões fractais de Pollock e os da natureza, assim como sobre as interações entre arte e ciência.

This paper describes the novel features of a commercial software-only solution to 3D scanning--the 3D Software Object Modeler. Our work is motivated by the desire to produce a low-cost, portable 3D scanning system based on hand-held digital photographs. We describe the novel techniques we have employed to achieve a robust software-based system in the areas of camera calibration, surface generation, and texture extraction.

Johannesburg's World Summit on Sustainable Development stipulated in its Implementation Plan that hydropower of all scales should be included in the drive to increase the contribution of renewable energy. This can be achieved through the plant-life extension and upgrading of existing schemes, as well as by the sustainable development of new projects according to the needs, opportunities and resources available. Hydropower is the world's largest source of renewable energy used for power generation; it accounts for 19 percent of the world's supply (by 2010 wind power is expected to contribute 0.6 percent and solar power 0.12 percent1. Hydropower is also a truly global resource, as more than 150 countries generate hydroelectric power. There is about 730 GW of hydro capacity in operation worldwide, generating 2650 TWh/year. A further 101 GW is under construction and 338 GW is at the planning stage2. Hydropower plays an important role in reducing global GHG emissions by an estimated 10 percent per annum; in its current role, hydropower offsets 4.4 million barrels of oil-equivalent3 (thermal electric generation) each day. There is vast unexploited potential worldwide for new hydro plants, with only 33 percent of the economic potential having been developed so far. The majority of the remaining potential exists in lesser developed countries in Asia, South America and Africa. For example, Europe has developed 75 percent of its economic potential, whereas Africa has only developed seven percent. Hydropower technologies are reliable, advanced and efficient. The energy conversion efficiency of 80 to 93 percent is far higher than that for other major types of power plant. The level of service from the various types of hydro scheme varies from base-load supply, typically from run-of-river schemes, to peak-load and system-back-up services from hydro storage schemes. In regions where there is long-developed hydro capacity, plant-life extension can be achieved by the replacement of equipment within existing infrastructure; this can extend the operating life by a further 30 to 50 years. Small-scale, decentralised development has been responsible for bringing light and power to remote communities. Such schemes have catalysed local commercial diversification and prosperity. The lower investment demand of smaller schemes has enabled private sector involvement through independent power production. Typically smaller schemes become grid connected if the power system is accessible, as this increases the security of supply. Furthermore, schemes at remote sites can assist transmission system stability. A further important role of smaller scale hydro is the recovery of energy at water infrastructure developed for other purposes. In many countries, large schemes play a significant role in national and regional supply security due to the flexibility of storage reservoirs and independence from fuel price fluctuations. Hydro also integrates well with other generation technologies, with its flexibility enabling thermal plants to operate steadily (saving fuel and reducing emissions). In addition, its responsiveness permits the back-up of the intermittent renewables. The question of storage is clearly a major issue in balancing supply and demand. Hydro reservoirs and pumped-storage schemes offer security in the stability and reliability of power systems; they can absorb power when there is an excess and follow load demand instantaneously. A major challenge is that ‘support’ and ‘storage’ services are rarely understood and encouraged in the market-driven arena. The main arguments against hydropower concern its social impacts, such as land transformation, displacement of people, and environmental changes, i.e. fauna, flora, sedimentation and water quality. The social and environmental impacts can, however, be mitigated by taking appropriate steps according to established codes of good practice. As a tool for this purpose, the hydropower sector has recently developed and adopted Sustainability Guidelines. These Guidelines are currently being tested by a number of governments and international organisations.

Lifelong learning has been a key theme of New Labour’s education policy agenda since 1997, but is a broad and often amorphous concept. This article analyses New Labour’s ideological perspective in this context, outlines the main developments and difficulties, and evaluates the record over the seven years in office. New Labour’s policy on lifelong learning can be divorced neither from its general education policy nor from its broader human capital approach to education, within an ideology of ‘marketised welfarism’. The article discusses these characteristics and notes both the continuities and differences between New Labour and traditional Labourism.

Previous studies have demonstrated high rates of psychiatric morbidity in the female prison population and difficulty in transferring women to psychiatric hospital. This study examines whether female prisoners found by consultant forensic psychiatrists to need hospital are admitted and explores the factors affecting this. All women referred to a specialist prison forensic mental health in‐reach service during 2003 were identified and written documentation from assessing consultant forensic psychiatrists was obtained. This was used to identify demographic, offence, clinical and outcome data. Missing data were sought from the prison database, and individual clinicians were interviewed to clarify clinical records. 119 women were referred for assessment. Of these, 50% of those with personality disorder were rejected compared with only 38% of those with a psychotic illness. A sizeable minority of those identified by specialist forensic mental health in‐reach services as needing treatment in hospital were not transferred. There appears to be a particular problem for those with personality disorders. Long delays in transfer to hospital remain a problem for prison mental health services.

The ability to measure the length of polymers while monitoring their production is evidently extremely valuable, but is also a useful tool for chemical identification purposes at other times, e.g. the analysis of waste water. A study of the relationship between velocity of sound and chain length has been carried out. Initial studies were performed on two model systems; a series of pure liquid n-alkanes (pentane to hexadecane) and 1-alcohols (methanol to 1-dodecanol). This study was extended to look at an industrially significant system of dimethylsiloxanes 200 fluid (L2, 0.65 cSt) to 200 fluid (5000 cSt). Corresponding density data have been taken from the literature and the adiabatic compressibility determined. The measured adiabatic compressibility has been compared with two molecular models of wound velocity, the Schaaffs model and a development of the Urick equation. The Urick equation approach is based on a determination of the compressibility of the methylene or siloxane repeat units which make up the chains in these linear molecules. We show that the Urick equation approach accurately predicts sound velocity and compressibility for the higher members of each series, whilst the Schaaffs approach fails for the 1-alcohols. We suggest that this is because of the influence of the hydroxyl end group through hydrogen bonding with methylene groups within the chain. This interaction modifies the derived compressibility of the methylene groups, so reducing their compressibility relative to that of the n-alkanes. The technique described provides valuable new insights into end-group, intermolecular and intra-molecular interactions in liquid linear-chain molecules. From this detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved, a model is derived. This model can give very precise estimations of the composition of a pure liquid. In the case of mixtures of polymers, it is necessary to use the modified Urick equation and then, in addition, the concentration dependence of both the velocity of sound and the density must be measured.