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Mud snails Hydrobia ulvae occupy different habitats in complex estuarine ecosystems. In order to determine if fatty acid profiles displayed by mud snails can be used to identify the habitat that they occupy within the same estuary, fatty acids of H. ulvae from one mudflat and one seagrass meadow in the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) were analyzed and compared to those displayed by microphytobenthos (MPB), the green leaves (epiphyte-free) of Zostera noltii , as well as those exhibited by the epiphytic community colonizing this seagrass. MPB and epiphytic diatom-dominated samples displayed characteristic fatty acids, such as 16:1 n- 7 and 20:5 n- 3, while 18:2 n- 6 and 18:3 n- 3 were the dominant fatty acids in the green leaves of Z. noltii . Significant differences between the fatty acid profiles of H. ulvae specimens sampled in the mudflat and the seagrass meadow could be identified, with those from the mudflat displaying higher levels of fatty acids known to be characteristic of MPB. This result points towards the well known existence of grazing activity on MPB by mud snails. The fatty acid profiles displayed by H. ulvae inhabiting the seagrass meadows show no evidence of direct bioaccumulation of the two most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids of Z. noltii (18:2 n- 6 and 18:3 n- 3) in the mud snails, which probably indicates that either these compounds can be metabolized to produce energy, used as precursors for the synthesis of essential fatty acids, or that the snails do not consume seagrass leaves at all. Moreover, the fatty acid profiles of mud snails inhabiting the seagrass meadows revealed the existence of substantial inputs from microalgae, suggesting that the epiphytic community colonizing the leaves of Z. noltii displays an important role on the diet of these organisms. This assumption is supported by the high levels of 20:5 n- 3 and 22:6 n- 3 recorded in mud snails sampled from seagrass meadows. In conclusion, fatty acid analyses of H. ulvae can be successfully used to identify the habitat occupied by these organisms within the same estuary (e.g. mudflats and seagrass meadows) and reveal the existence of contrasting dietary regimes.

In Portuguese waters, Nephrops norvegicus larvae hatch at 400–800 m depth and need to perform a vertical migration to food-rich shallower waters to find suitable prey. The effect of suboptimal feeding on digestive enzymes activity of N. norvegicus larvae during this early period of their larval life remains unknown. Protease and amylase activities were investigated ex situ using flurometry in laboratory-hatched larvae exposed to different feeding and/or starving scenarios in the 24 h following hatching, the period during which they typically accomplish their upward vertical migration. Amylase activity was very low in comparison with protease activity, indicating that carbohydrates are not a primary energy reserve. Larvae starved for 12 h and subsequently fed displayed no increase in amylase activity, which suggests that feeding may be required before 12 h post-hatch to trigger amylase activity. Protease activity was high under all feeding conditions, and the increase in protease activity under sustained starvation indicated the catabolism of protein reserves. The ability of first-stage N. norvegicus larvae to metabolize protein reserves may play a decisive role for their survival during their first vertical migration, as it enables them to overcome the deleterious effects of short-term starvation and/or suboptimal feeding. The authors thank Susana Pereira and Marta Sastre for their help during the sampling and processing of Norway lobster larvae. This work was supported by the Acção Integrada Luso-Espanhola 2010 “Dinâmica da flora microbiana intestinal e de enzimas digestivas em larvas de invertebrados marinhos num oceano em mudança à escala global” (Portugal: Nº E-116/10; Spain: PT2009-0069) and by the Portuguese Science Foundation (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia-FCT) as a PhD scholarship (SFRH/BD/27615/2006 to PNP), and the research grant “LobAssess-Norway lobster stocks in Portugal: Basis for assessment using information on larval production and ecology” (POCI/BIA-BDE/59426/2004, PPCDT/BIA-BDE/59426/2004). published

Twenty-five specimens of the hermit crab Calcinus tubularis were observed during SCUBA dives for fauna and flora assessment in the shallow rocky reefs of the southern coast of Portugal between 2003 and 2008. Of the specimens observed, only one specimen used a tube gallery, while the others occupied unidentified gastropod shells with strong bio-cover. Calcinus tubularis is here recorded from the mainland Portuguese coast for the first time. This is the first record of the species in European coastal waters outside the Mediterranean Sea (excluding the Atlantic Islands) and extends the known geographical distribution of the species further north in the north-eastern Atlantic. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Larval decapods are commonly produced in captivity and employed in experiments to evaluate interspecific physiological and biochemical differences. Currently, it is still unknown if different decapod species provided a common diet and exposed to identical abiotic conditions produce newly hatched larvae (NHL) with similar fatty acid (FA) profiles. This study analyzed the FA composition of NHL from five marine shrimp species (Lysmata amboinensis, L. boggessi, L. debelius, L. seticaudata and Rhynchocinetes durbanensis) fed a common diet and stocked at constant temperature. FA profiles of NHL differed significantly within and among genera. NHL from species unable to molt from zoea I to zoea II in the absence of food (L. amboinensis, L. debelius and R. durbanensis) displayed the lowest FA contents. Researchers must be aware that providing a common diet to different species, even if closely related, may not standardize the FA profile of NHL produced in captivity. published

Decapod crustaceans larvae commonly rely on the ingestion of exogenous planktonic food to survive and metamorphose. During larval development, decapods are exposed to variable periods of food shortage. Unfavorable trophic scenarios affect larval decapods differently and the post-settlement effects of nutritional stress during late larval development are still largely unknown. Facultative secondary lecithotrophy (FSL) can be described as the ability of decapodids to moult to the first juvenile stage in the absence of food, while retaining its ability to successfully capture, ingest and catabolize dietary prey. The finding of FSL in decapodids increased the need to understand how this feeding plasticity may affect benthic juveniles. The present work investigated if the last zoeal stage, the decapodid and the first juvenile instar of four marine and estuarine temperate caridean shrimp ( Lysmata seticaudata , Palaemon elegans , P. serratus and Palaemonetes varians ) display FSL. In all tested species, the last zoeal stage was unable to advance to decapodid in the absence of food. However, the decapodid was able to moult to the first juvenile instar, either in the presence or absence of food, confirming the existence of FSL in all tested species. Decapodids deprived of food displayed longer intermoult periods than fed conspecifics (± 5 and ± 4 days, respectively). Neither first juvenile instars produced from fed nor starved decapodids were able to advance to the second juvenile instar in the absence of food, confirming that FSL is lost in the first juvenile instar. Juveniles produced from fed decapodids were able to endure starvation for longer periods than conspecifics originating from starved decapodids (± 9 and ± 3 days, respectively). Under optimal feeding, first juvenile instars produced from fed or starved decapodids were able to advance to the second instar and presented similar intermoult periods (± 4 days). The absence of FSL in the last zoeal stage may be a larval strategy to maximize the energetic stores available for decapodids searching for suitable settlement sites (e.g. estuarine species such as P. varians ), or early juvenile instars facing suboptimal trophic scenarios (as they can endure longer periods of food deprivation). FSL in decapodids may allow them to rapidly moult to the first juvenile stage and increase their survival by improving their foraging and predator avoidance behaviors. Our results suggest that nutritional stress may have a higher impact on the settlement dynamics of coastal caridean shrimp when affecting the last zoeal stage rather than decapodids (able to cope with food deprivation). The negative effects imposed by nutritional stress to the decapodid (when facing starvation and having to catabolize energetic reserves) appear to be “carried-over” post-settlement.

The wide geographical distribution of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, results in a delay, with latitudinal decrease, in the larval season from spring to winter. Newly hatched larvae of the species may therefore be exposed to suboptimal levels or types of prey and face intermittent periods of starvation at low latitudes. This work investigated the feeding response of the first two zoeal stages of N. norvegicus under variable prey densities, prey types, feeding histories, and photoperiods. Both zoeae (Z) I and II increased the number of consumed prey with increasing food levels. ZI preferred Artemia sp. nauplii over larger metanauplii, while in ZII, higher ingestion was observed only for metanauplii at higher food concentrations. The number of prey ingested by larvae previously starved or under low food conditions was always higher than that of larvae exposed to high food levels. These findings seem to indicate that larvae may maximize prey ingestion in the presence of plankton patches with higher food abundance and minimize the deleterious effects induced by previous periods of intermittent starvation or unsuitable prey densities or types. Extreme photoperiods (24 and 0 h of light) did not improve larval feeding ability and are not a suitable option for larviculture.

The effects of light exposure on the photosynthetic activity of kleptoplasts were studied in the sacoglossan mollusc Elysia viridis. The photosynthetic activity of ingested chloroplasts was assessed in vivo by non-destructively measuring photophysiological parameters using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Animals kept under starvation were exposed to two contrasting light conditions, 30 μmol photons m−2 s−1 (low light, LL), and 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 (high light, HL), and changes in photosynthetic activity were monitored by measuring the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), Fv/Fm, the minimum fluorescence, Fo, related to chlorophyll a content, and by measuring rapid light-response curves (RLC) of relative electron transport rate (rETR). RLCs were characterised by the initial slope of the curve, αRLC, related to efficiency of light capture, and the maximum rETR level, rETRm,RLC, determined by the carbon-fixation metabolism. Starvation induced the decrease of all photophysiological parameters. However, the retention of photosynthetic activity (number of days for Fv/Fm > 0), as well as the rate and the patterns of its decrease over time, varied markedly with light exposure. Under HL conditions, a rapid, exponential decrease was observed for Fv/Fm, αRLC and rETRm,RLC, Fo not showing any consistent trend of variation, and retention times ranged between 6 and 15 days. These results suggested that the retention of chloroplast functionality is limited by photoinactivation of PSII reaction center protein D1. In contrast, under LL conditions, a slower decrease in all parameters was found, with retention times varying from 15 to 57 days. Fv/Fm, αRLC and rETRm,RLC exhibited a bi-phasic pattern composed by a long phase of slow decrease in values followed by a rapid decline, whilst Fo decayed exponentially. These results were interpreted as resulting from lower rates of D1 photoinactivation under low light and from the gradual decrease in carbon provided by photosynthesis due to reduction of functional photosynthetic units.

O mercado empresarial está cada vez mais competitivo, demandando qualidade, disponibilidade e baixos preços dos produtos. Para atender a tais requisitos, as atividades de manutenção vêm se tornando um diferencial para as empresas, contribuindo de forma direta ou indireta. Uma questão importante no gerenciamento de gastos com manutenção diz respeito às políticas de substituição de equipamentos, portanto, é necessário definir o melhor momento para substituir um sistema reparável. Entretanto, em alguns tipos de empresas como, por exemplo, as pertencentes ao setor de serviços, não se pode definir uma política de substituição baseada unicamente no custo de manutenção. Quando esse erro é cometido, outros aspectos importantes são comprometidos, tais como: a disponibilidade, o tempo de operação efetivo, a freqüência de interrupções e até a satisfação do cliente. Neste trabalho, é lançada uma proposta de uma política de substituição que leve em consideração mais de um critério, tentando encontrar uma alternativa que satisfaça da melhor maneira possível a todos os aspectos, de acordo com as necessidades do mercado. Os sistemas a serem tratados são considerados como sendo deteriorantes. Para modelar tais sistemas, é utilizado um modelo de choques, pois o mesmo tem vasta aplicabilidade e fácil manipulação. Para auxiliar no processo decisório de substituição, recorre-se ao método de apoio à decisão multicritério PROMETHEE II. Finalizando, as políticas de substituição monocritério (baseada exclusivamente no custo) e multicritério são comparadas

The complete larval development (four zoeae and one megalopa) of Clibanarius aequabilis and C. erythropus, reared under laboratory conditions, is described and illustrated. The larval stages of the two northeastern Atlantic Clibanarius species cannot be easily differentiated. Their morphological characters are compared with those of other known Clibanarius larvae. The genus Clibanarius is very homogeneous with respect to larval characters. All Clibanarius zoeae display a broad and blunt rostrum, smooth abdominal segments and an antennal scale without a terminal spine. Beyond the second zoeal stage, the fourth telson process is present as a fused spine, and the uropods are biramous. In the fourth larval stage all species display a mandibular palp. The Clibanarius megalopa presents weakly developed or no ocular scales, symmetrical chelipeds, apically curved corneous dactylus in the second and third pereiopods, and 5-11 setae on the posterior margin of the telson. Apart from the number of zoeal stages, Clibanarius species may be separated, beyond the second zoeal stage, by the telson formula and the morphology of the fourth telson process. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A new species of Periclimenaeus is described from Madeira Island, in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is closest to P. pearsei Holthuis, 1951 from the western Atlantic, but it can be distinguished by the shape of rostrum, the size of exopod in relation to endopod in third maxilliped, the relation between the carpus and the chela of pereiopod 1, the relative size of second pereiopod minor chel a, and the number of setae on appendix masculina. This is the first record of the genus Periclimenaeus in the eastern Atlantic. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dark littoral submarine caves can act as enclaves of the deep aphotic zone in shallow coastal areas, and their survey has revealed the existence of a very particular fauna of specialized and poorly known organisms among which crustaceans are particularly well represented. In these particular habitats, the use of conventional sampling techniques, such as hand nets, is often not recommended since they disturb bottom sediments causing hazardous situations to scientific divers. The use of baited traps, while technically possible, is not. always practical is such remote habitats. The present work describes a simple and inexpensive manual device that can be operated by divers ill submarine caves and other cryptic habitats to recurrently catch small motile organisms such as mysid crustaceans, caridean shrimps, or even gobiid fishes. This small suction bottle derived and improved from the original "Sket bottle" design considerably reduces the risks of disturbing the cave's bottom sediment and can be easily operated using a single hand. The described sampling device can also be easily used outside caves, in a variety of particular habitats, e.g., rubble filled bottoms, branching coral reefs, cracks, and small holes on rocky surfaces, in which small motile organisms usually escape from traditional sampling gears, e.g., fishnets and traps, or simply go unnoticed by researchers during sampling. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Certain decapod crustaceans can catabolize internal reserves to undergo partial or full larval development. This feature is termed secondary lecithotrophy, if energy used results from plankton derived organic matter accumulated Ig earlier larval stages. The present work reports the ability of Lysmata seticaudata megalopa to moll to the first juvenile stage in the absence of food. Unlike previous records of secondary lecithotrophy displayed by nonfeeding last larval stages of hermit crabs and spiny lobsters, the megalopa of L. seticaudata retains its feeding capacity. This is the first time such a feature has been reported in decapods, and the term facultative secondary lecithotrophy is proposed. The build up of energy reserves continues during the last zoeal stage of L. seticaudata, with starved zoea IX failing to molt to megalopa. Energy reserves that enable starved megalopa to molt to juvenile seem to be partially depleted, with starved juveniles produced either from, starved or fed megalopae being unable to molt to the next juvenile stage. The longer resistance of starved juveniles produced from fed megalopae (nine days), compared to that of starved juveniles produced from starved megalopae (five days), indicates that some energy reserves may pass to juvenile, not being totally depleted at metamorphosis. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This study evaluates possible parasitic castration induced by a bopyrid isopod of the genus Parabopyrella, which parasitizes the branchial chamber of the simultaneously hermaphroditic shrimp Lysmata amboinensis. Parasitized shrimp (PS) carried embryos and produced significantly fewer larvae (mean +/- SD: 363 +/- 102; p = 0.002) than formerly parasitized shrimp (FPS) (1297 +/- 143) and unparasitized shrimp (US) paired with other US (1409 +/- 102), with PS (1362 +/- 234) or with FPS (1384 +/- 157). Starvation trials revealed no significant differences in the quality of larvae produced by PS, FPS and US paired with other US, PS and FPS. Host embryo production is only quantitatively, not qualitatively, affected, probably due to nutritional drain and/or endocrine disruption caused by the parasite. The host male sexual system remains fully functional and 'reproductive death' does not occur. The feminization of pleopods that prevents parasitized males of gonochoric species from successfully copulating seems to have no effect on L. seticaudata: pleopods are always feminized during their transition from male to simultaneous hermaphrodite phase, with adults being able to successfully fertilize broods. Parabopyrella sp. significantly affects the female sexual system of its host, but does not cause castration, as recorded for L. seticaudata parasitized by the bopyrid isopod Eophryxus lysmatae (an abdominal parasite).

P align=justify>The worldwide growth of the marine aquarium market has contributed to the degradation of coral reef ecosystems. Enforcing the legislation on importing ornamental species has led some European traders to concentrate on local species. Portugal is used as a case study of marine ornamental fish and invertebrate collection in European waters. One hundred and seventy two species occurring in Portuguese waters (mainland, the Azores and Madeira archipelagos) were considered as potential targets for the marine aquarium industry, some of which are already traded on a regular basis (e.g. Clibanarius erythropus, Lysmata seticaudata, Cerithium vulgatum, Hinia reticulata and Ophioderma longicauda). To ensure appropriate management and conservation of these resources, the following options have been evaluated: banning the harvest and trade of all marine ornamental species from European waters; creating sanctuaries and “no take zones”; issuing collection permits; creating certified wholesalers; implementing the use of suitable gear and collecting methods; setting minimum and maximum size limits; establishing species-based quotas; protecting rare, or “key stone” species and organisms with poor survivability in captivity; establishing closed seasons; culturing ornamental organisms; and creating an “eco-fee” to support research and management. Establishing this sustainable alternative fishery may help minimise the economical and social impacts caused by the crash of important food fisheries in Portugal and other European and West African countries. El crecimiento a nivel mundial del comercio para acuarios marinos ha contribuido a la degradación de ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral. La aplicación de la legislación referente a importaciones de especies ornamentales ha inducido a algunos comerciantes europeos a concentrarse en especies locales. Portugal se utiliza como caso específico para la recolección de peces e invertebrados marinos en aguas europeas. Un total de 172 especies presentes en aguas portuguesas (península, Azores y Madeira) se consideran objetivos potenciales para la industria de acuarios marinos, siendo algunas de ellas ya el objeto de un comercio regular (p.e. Clibanarius erythropus, Lysmata seticaudata, Cerithium vulgatum, Hinia reticulata y Ophioderma longicauda). A fin de asegurar la correcta gestión y conservación de estos recursos, las siguientes opciones fueron evaluadas: prohibición de la recolección y comercio de todas las especies marinas ornamentales de aguas europeas; creación de santuarios y zonas de veda; emisión de permisos de recolección; provisión de certificados acreditados a mayoristas; implementación del uso de artes y métodos de recolección adecuados; establecimiento de límites de tallas máximas y mínimas; establecimiento de cuotas para cada especie; protección de especies raras, especies claves y de organismos con débil supervivencia en cautividad; establecimiento de vedas estacionales; cultivo de organismos ornamentales; y creación de una eco-tasa para potenciar la investigación y la gestión. El establecimiento de esta alternativa pesquera sostenible puede ayudar a minimizar el impacto social y económico causado por el colapso de importantes pesquerías en Portugal y otros países europeos y de África occidental.

Fish larvae in aquaculture have high mortality rates due to pathogenic bacteria, especially the Vibrio species, and ineffective prophylactic strategies. Vaccination is not feasible in larvae and antibiotics have reduced efficacy against multidrug resistant bacteria. A novel approach to controlling Vibrio infections in aquaculture is needed. The potential of phage therapy to combat vibriosis in fish larvae production has not yet been examined. We describe the isolation and characterization of two bacteriophages capable of infecting pathogenic Vibrio and their application to prevent bacterial infection in fish larvae. Two groups of zebrafish larvae were infected with V. anguillarum (∼106 CFU mL-1) and one was later treated with a phage lysate (∼108 PFU mL-1). A third group was only added with phages. A fourth group received neither bacteria nor phages (fish control). Larvae mortality, after 72 h, in the infected and treated group was similar to normal levels and significantly lower than that of the infected but not treated group, indicating that phage treatment was effective. Thus, directly supplying phages to the culture water could be an effective and inexpensive approach toward reducing the negative impact of vibriosis in larviculture.

Kleptoplasty is a remarkable type of photosynthetic association, resulting from the maintenance of functional chloroplasts—the ‘kleptoplasts’—in the tissues of a non-photosynthetic host. It represents a biologically unique condition for chloroplast and photosynthesis functioning, occurring in different phylogenetic lineages, namely dinoflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans and, most interestingly, a single taxon of metazoans, the sacoglossan sea slugs. In the case of sea slugs, chloroplasts from macroalgae are often maintained as intracellular organelles in cells of these marine gastropods, structurally intact and photosynthetically competent for extended periods of time. Kleptoplasty has long attracted interest owing to the longevity of functional kleptoplasts in the absence of the original algal nucleus and the limited number of proteins encoded by the chloroplast genome. This review updates the state-of-the-art on kleptoplast photophysiology, focusing on the comparative analysis of the responses to light of the chloroplasts when in their original, macroalgal cells, and when sequestered in animal cells and functioning as kleptoplasts. It covers fundamental but ecologically relevant aspects of kleptoplast light responses, such as the occurrence of photoacclimationin hospite, operation of photoprotective processes and susceptibility to photoinhibition. Emphasis is given to host-mediated processes unique to kleptoplastic associations, reviewing current hypotheses on behavioural photoprotection and host-mediated enhancement of photosynthetic performance, and identifying current gaps in sacoglossan kleptoplast photophysiology research.

Ulva species, green macroalgae, are widely distributed across the globe, being one of the most heavily traded edible seaweeds. Nonetheless, although this genus has been largely used in scientific studies, its lipidome remains rather unexplored. The present study sheds light over the lipid profile of Ulva rigida produced in a land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for molecular lipid species identification. The lipidome of U. rigida revealed the presence of distinct beneficial n-3 fatty acids for human health, namely alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). A total of 87 molecular species of glycolipids, 58 molecular species of betaine lipids, and 57 molecular species of phospholipids were identified in the lipidome of U. rigida including some species bearing PUFA and with described bioactive properties. Overall, the present study contributes to the valorization and quality validation of sustainably farmed U. rigida.

Embryonic development of decapod crustaceans relies on yolk reserves supplied to offspring through maternal provisioning. Unequal partitioning of nutritional reserves during oogenesis, as well as fluctuating environmental conditions during incubation, can be sources of within-brood variability. Ultimately, this potential variability may promote the occurrence of newly hatched larvae with differing yolk reserves and an unequal ability to endure starvation and/or suboptimal feeding during their early pelagic life. The present study evaluated maternal provisioning by analyzing fatty acid (FA) profiles in newly extruded embryos of Carcinus maenas Also assessed were the dynamics of such provisioning during embryogenesis, such as embryo location within the regions of the brooding chamber (left external, left internal, right external, and right internal). The FA profiles surveyed revealed a uniform transfer of maternal reserves from the female to the entire mass of embryos, and homogeneous embryonic development within the brooding chamber. Although C. maenas produces a densely packed mass of embryos that are unevenly distributed within its brooding chamber, this factor is not a source of within-brood variability during incubation. This finding contrasts with data already recorded for larger-sized brachyuran crabs, and suggests that the maternal behavior of C. maenas promotes homogeneous lipid catabolism during embryogenesis.

11 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla, Seahorses are currently experiencing an unprecedented level of anthropogenic pressure promoted by habitat destruction and increasing fishing effort to supply premium markets. This study provides an overview of the scientific literature on seahorses in the 21st century and critically discusses five major knowledge gaps and research opportunities to advance the state of the art on this research field. The average number of publications per year increased from 10 (2001–2002) to ∼40 (2001–2015), the majority addressing issues on seahorse ecology, biology, and aquaculture, with the most studied species being Hippocampus kuda, H. guttulatus, H. reidi, H. abdominalis, H. erectus, H. hippocampus, and H. trimaculatus. This study explores the opportunity of using seahorses as flagship species to foster mangrove conservation and decrease trawling fisheries. It also suggests that further scientific studies are needed to better understand and manage the populations of the most heavily traded seahorse species, as well as the need to monitor their vulnerability to emerging pollutants and climate change. Sustainable seahorse aquaculture can play an important role in seahorse conservation, as well as in the development of reliable traceability tools to fight the illegal trade of these highly priced organisms, We thank the São Paulo Research Foundation–FAPESP (grants nos. 2013/22260-6 and 2015/18050-0) and The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development–CNPq (grant nos. 441356/2014-1) for the financial support provided. Thanks also to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the cofunding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020 for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2013)

A new peppermint shrimp species, Lysmata jundalini sp. nov., is described based on five specimens collected in shallowsubtidal waters on Enrique Reef at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Isla, Magueyes Laboratories. Lysmata jund- alini sp. nov. was identified from fresh material collected at the reef crest and back reef among coral rubble in June 2005and April 2009. The new species is most closely related to the Atlantic Lysmata intermedia and eastern Pacific L. holthu- isi. It can be readily distinguished from all those in the genus Lysmata by its color pattern, the presence of a well developedaccessory branch, the number of free vs. fused segments of the accessory branch, the number of carpal segments of the second pereiopod and well developed pterygostomian tooth.

The combined effects of future ocean acidification and global warming on the hypoxia thresholds of marine biota are, to date, poorly known. Here, we show that the future warming and acidification scenario led to shorter embryonic periods, lower survival rates and the enhancement of premature hatching in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis . Routine metabolic rates increased during the embryonic period, but environmental hypercapnia significantly depressed pre-hatchling's energy expenditures rates (independently of temperature). During embryogenesis, there was also a significant rise in the carbon dioxide partial pressure in the perivitelline fluid (PVF), bicarbonate levels, as well as a drop in pH and oxygen partial pressure ( p O 2 ). The critical partial pressure (i.e. hypoxic threshold) of the pre-hatchlings was significantly higher than the PVF oxygen partial pressure at the warmer and hypercapnic condition. Thus, the record of oxygen tensions below critical p O 2 in such climate scenario indicates that the already harsh conditions inside the egg capsules are expected to be magnified in the years to come, especially in populations at the border of their thermal envelope. Such a scenario promotes untimely hatching and smaller post-hatching body sizes, thus challenging the survival and fitness of early life stages.

The valorization of seaweeds has generated unprecedented interest in recent years due to their unique chemical characteristics. The taxonomic differentiation between Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Ochrophyta is often supported by their contrasting chemical characteristics. Polar lipids are the most abundant class of lipids in several seaweeds species often labelled as valuable phytochemicals. Nevertheless, little is still known about how the polar lipidome of seaweeds varies within and among different phyla. In this study, the polar lipidome of six seaweeds farmed under controlled conditions in a land-based integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), belonging to Chlorophyta (Ulva rigida and Codium tomentosum), Rhodophyta (Gracilaria gracilis, Palmaria palmata and Porphyra dioica), and Ochrophyta (Fucus vesiculosus) was characterized using state of the art high-resolution LC-MS analysis. The seaweeds were harvested during the same season and the same time window to control the biotic and abiotic shaping of their polar lipidome. In total, 477 different species of polar lipids (m/z values) were identified and distributed over the six seaweeds surveyed. Only a small group of 35 species of polar lipids were shared among all the seaweed species analyzed in this study. The distribution of the polar lipid species and lipid classes showed a trend towards grouping by phylum although seaweed specie specific polar lipid signatures can be assigned. Matching the data gathered in the present study with those previously acquired showed a species-specific clustering, which confirm the uniqueness of these natural biochemical fingerprints. Recognition of the specific lipidome is necessary because polar lipids are assigned with important bioactive properties. This knowledge will allow designing new strategies for chemical tuning during farming so that the yield of target compounds can be improved, and these valuable living resources can fully contribute to the sustainable growth of a blue bioeconomy.

Ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) cultured under integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) conditions display an improved fatty acids (FA) profile than conspecifics from the wild, thus being more suitable for maturation diets of marine fish and shrimp. Nonetheless, their use may represent a potential pathway for pathogens. The objective of the present study was to determine if high-pressure processing (HPP), as an approach to safeguard microbiological safety, could promote significant shifts on the FA profiles of different sized ragworms. An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed the existence of significant differences in the FA profile and lipid quality indexes (atherogenicity (AI), thrombogenicity (TI) and polyene (PI)) of control and HPP treated ragworms of all tested sizes (small, medium and large). Saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) increased after HPP, while polyunsaturated FA (PUFA, FA with 2 or 3 double bonds) and highly unsaturated FA (HUFA, FA with ≥ 4 double bonds) decreased. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in polychaetes exposed to HPP decreased an average of 25%, when compared with the levels recorded in control groups. The values of PI significantly decreased after HPP, while those of AI and TI displayed a significant increase. Despite the shifts in the FA profile of ragworms exposed to HPP, these still display a superior profile to that of wild specimens, namely the presence of DHA. Therefore, HPP can be considered as a suitable approach to safeguard the biosecurity of cultured polychaetes, without compromising their nutritional value, and support the principles of circular economy through the use of IMTA.

Increasing global demand for food has generated a need for new strategies to feed a fast-growing population. Oceans appear as a sustainable solution, providing alternative sources of food such as macroalgae. These sea vegetables have high nutritional value and provide functional and health benefits. The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima is an emerging edible seaweed used mainly for human consumption. Although much is known about its biochemical compositions its lipidome remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to characterize the polar lipid profile of S. latissima using a lipidomic-mass spectrometry HILIC-LC-MS based analysis. This approach allowed the identification of 197 molecular species of polar lipids, including glycolipids, phospholipids and betaine lipids. Several molecular species identified are carriers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with nutritional value and have been reported with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative activity. Saccharina latissima is an emerging candidate to promote blue biotechnology inspired by the ocean.