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Background. Gingival recession is a manifestation of the presence of periodontitis and the expression of its characteristics for a long time in the patient’s oral cavity. Loss of attachment and its association with gingival recession affect the prosthetic value of the tooth as they significantly change the center of axial rotation of the tooth. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between gingival recession and attachment loss. Methods. Data on gingival recession and loss of attachment were collected in two groups of patients. In the first group (n=34), cross-sectional data were collected; in the second group (n=64), previously collected data over 10 years were evaluated. Results. Gingival recession was the most prevalent in the age group of 20-30 age group in 56% of the patients. The same values held for the retrograde data. An attachment loss of 4-6 mm was reported in 26% of the patients in the 31-50 age group in the cross-sectional data group, and 7 mm of gingival recession was reported in 3% of the patients in the 31-50 age group. Conclusions. The high prevalence of periodontitis at a young age indicates a poor prognosis of this disease at older ages. Gingival recession associated with attachment loss for patients with chronic periodontitis has higher values at the 31-50 age group, where systemic conditions are gradually developing in the human body.

The period of the Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to prolonged multi-sector problems, including the economic sector, which then resulted in an economic recession and its implications. This condition is undoubtedly expected not to occur in a long time. The hope of all parties, including the government that the recession will return to normal soon by trying various steps and approaches such as the business law approach. This paper focuses on studying how to capture an economic recession and its implications from a business law perspective as an alternative to economic recovery. This research is a library research by tracing bibliographic texts related to economic recession, focusing on the business law approach. The research finding is that the law can provide procedural solutions in resolving economic recessions from business law. Law can create a balance (balance) because it is related to economic development initiatives. The law also plays a role in determining the definition and clear status (definition and clarity of status). In the end, the law must also provide a clear definition and status regarding the consequences of social interaction and accommodate (accommodation) a balance clearly for the interests of individuals or groups in society.

The Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 severely impacted the developed economies of the world. It occurred at a time when most countries had started gaining economic growth, stability, and vibrance. Each country experienced a jolt to its economy, causing financial fragility, shocks, tragedy, and struggle. Attempts have been made to understand the root causes, economic instability, and the lessons learned from the great recession. Given the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, this research paper seeks to examine the global recession, its effect on the economy and finances. Our research is based on the qualitative analysis of comparing the impact of the global financial crisis and strategic recovery recession plans of the top five GDP countries in the European Union-particularly Germany, the UK, France, Spain, and Italy to draw some similarities between a recession and COVID-19 pandemic in terms of the economy. The findings indicate that the great recession had a devastating impact on the entire economy, and the world can learn valuable lessons. It notes that out of the selected five EU countries, Germany was the first to recover and bounce back by 2011, but Italy and Spain were severely hit and took longer to recover only partially. The recession recovery strategies demonstrate some similarities in economic and employment measures and differences concerning tax reforms and financial support packages initiated by all five countries. There needs to be a mechanism in which each country must prepare for untimely recessions. Thus, a developmental model has been created to enable countries to be more prepared when faced with recessions in the future years.

The 2008 Financial Recession was one of the most significant fiscal downturns in the history of the United States. Considering that the world is in the midst of a global pandemic which may lead to another adverse economic climate, I believe that looking back at the causes of the 2008 Financial Recession is recommended. This may assist administrators to avoid the missteps which sparked this down economy in the future. By reading this paper, readers will also learn about the demographics effected by the recession and the Dodd-Frank Act, which was drafted to combat future occurrences of this nature.

Purpose: the active development of the coronavirus pandemic and measures to counter it by national authorities and international organizations have already influenced the perception of reality by the inhabitants of the planet. There is a natural desire to understand: everything that is happening is a temporary phenomenon, the overcoming of which will return our life to its former course, or the transformations taking place in society are of a long-term nature, and humanity is in the process of forming qualitatively new parameters of existence, which can become a "new normality". The main objective of the study is to conduct a qualitative analysis of changes in the socio-economic sphere associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world. The goal is to identify social, economic and institutional processes that can influence the life of society.Methods: a set of methods of practical analysis and theoretical research was used, including: logical, system and abstract methods.Results: the study solves the main task of this work - to conduct a qualitative analysis of the transformations in the socio-economic sphere associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world. On the basis of factual and statistical information, the features of the current situation are identified, as well as the processes and trends of development that can lead to fundamental, long-term changes in the socioeconomic life of society.Conclusions and Relevance: a qualitative analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the social and economic spheres of society shows that the impact of the coronavirus pandemic has crossed the boundaries of the exclusive medical and biological perception of this phenomenon and is increasingly acquiring an economic and socio-humanitarian dimension.

Family firms are claimed to be long-term oriented and aim at preserving their non-financial business family objectives, which is also reflected in their employment behavior. While family firms' behavioral and strategic responses to declining performance have received some academic attention, studies acknowledging family firm generational stage are rarer. In this article, we assess the "employment smoothing" hypothesis, according to which both first- and later-generation family firms restrain from laying off their employees despite financial pressure. We use statistical data from over 4000 Finnish companies to examine the differences in employment behavior between family and non-family SMEs and address the family firm's generational stage. By differentiating between various phases of the financial crisis that peaked during 2008–2009, we explore several dimensions of employment variability, such as changes in the number of employees, within-firm time variation, and standard deviation in employment to test our hypothesis. We find that first-generation family firms are agile—they introduce changes swiftly by cutting their personnel at the start of financial pressure and restrain from doing so during later years. On the other hand, later-generation family businesses are more stable in their employment behavior than first-generation family businesses and non-family businesses—they introduce employment changes only after their profitability has remained at a lower level for a prolonged period following the start of the crisis. • There are differences between family and non-family firms in terms of how they respond to an economic turndown. • Family firms behave and perform differently during crisis periods depending on the stage of generational control. • Generational stage of the firm affects family firm employment behavior. • Later-generation family firms provide more stable employment compared to first-generation and non-family firms when facing unexpected short- and long-term financial pressure during economic downturn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of resource requirements in developed countries after the 2008 crisis seemed to indicate that there is a process of dematerialization. This paper analyses dematerialization in a group of developed countries and the effects of the economic cycle on resource use. The aim is to determine whether dematerialization can be linked to the effects of the economic crisis or, on the contrary, is independent of the economic context. To do this, a descriptive part is proposed in which the existence of dematerialization over the last 50 years is analysed. Subsequently, a model is estimated in which the effect of recessionary, low-growth and normal growth periods on the consumption of material resources is contrasted. The raw material input is used as an indicator of the use of material resources, which makes it possible to link each country to all the resources it requires for the normal functioning of its economy, regardless of where they are consumed. Among the main results, it can be noted that reductions in resource consumption occur in periods of recession and low growth, while for growth above 2% there is no dematerialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Recession hit several U.S. cities hard. Facing large revenue losses, these cities undertook dramatic spending cuts and utilized rarely used restructuring tools. This led some to speculate that these were exemplars of austerity urbanism. Subsequent work has contested this interpretation, arguing instead that cities have generally pursued pragmatic, not austere, reform. This paper seeks to move beyond this impasse, developing a mixed methods longitudinal analysis of quantitative and qualitative municipal budget data. Quantitative data is drawn from the U.S. Census of Local Government (2006–2016) and is used identify statistical relationships between budget health and budget composition in a nationwide sample (n = 1,449) of municipalities. Then follows a qualitative analysis of budget narrative data from the six most fiscally distressed large and medium sized U.S. cities. The paper therefore identifies commonalities in post-Great Recession urban governance (i) in a large nationwide sample of cities and (ii) within a small group of extreme cases. The research found weak nationwide trends in budgetary change and divergent budget narratives in cases of severe municipal fiscal distress. We argue this means three things for understanding U.S. urban governance. First, the tracing of superficially similar "local" budget reforms to a single political economic descriptor is misplaced. Second, U.S. municipal budgetary reforms are relational, outcomes of both local and extra-local diagnosis, interpretation, and mediation. Third, and finally, decisions to introduce local austerity policies stem not just from "outside." This paper therefore shows the potential intellectual returns of in-depth, case-study research on U.S. urban governance and finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the suitability of the introduction of unemployment reinsurance in the countries of the European Union (urs eu) in terms of maintaining the level of consumption of the unemployed and promoting economic efficiency. Based on the literature review, the analysis of the us reinsurance system and the analysis of existing unemployment insurance in the eu, a model of the reinsurance system for unemployment in the eu is developed. The model simulation, based on the data of existing eu-20 unemployment insurance systems in the period 2003-2019, is used to determine the amount of reinsurance payments to countries and the level of contributions needed, while employing various ways of defining payment triggers. We have demonstrated that the urs eu would contribute to better income protection by having a direct impact on the income of the unemployed and at the same time acting as an automatic stabilizer of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strabismus surgery may cause refractive changes, particularly in astigmatism. The aim of this study is to evaluate those changes in astigmatism two and 12 months following unilateral recession of horizontal rectus muscles in children. The authors prospectively evaluated 66 children with esotropia or exotropia, that would undergo a unilateral recession strabismus surgery. Comparisons were made between the 66 eyes that would undergo strabismus surgery and the fellow unoperated 66 eyes of the same children. The 66 eyes that would undergo strabismus surgery were divided into medial (38 eyes) and lateral (28 eyes) rectus muscle subgroups, and further, into subgroups based on the astigmatism axis preoperatively (with-the-rule astigmatism: 35 eyes, no astigmatism: 20 eyes, oblique astigmatism: 10 eyes, against-the-rule astigmatism: 1 eye). All patients were examined one day preoperatively, and then, two and 12 months postoperatively. Paired tests were conducted, and the significant level was set to 0.05 or was adjusted for subgroups. Mean age of children included was 6.73 years (SD = 3.19). Mean astigmatism values preoperatively, 2 and 12 months postoperatively were 0.92D (SD = 0.95), 1.45D (SD = 1.04) and 1.50D (SD = 1.10), respectively, for the eyes that underwent strabismus surgery. A statistically significant mean increase of 0.58D in astigmatism values in the eyes that underwent strabismus surgery was observed 12 months postoperatively (p <.005). Astigmatism values in the eyes that did not undergo strabismus surgery did not statistically significantly change during the observation period. The increase of the absolute values of astigmatism in medial and lateral rectus muscle subgroups was similar, 0.59D (SD = 0.10) and 0.57D (SD = 0.11), respectively. For the eyes that had with-the-rule astigmatism and no astigmatism preoperatively, a statistically significant increase was shown 12 months postoperatively (0.64D and 0.66D respectively) (p <.005). Changes in astigmatism were observed in the eyes which underwent recession of horizontal rectus muscles compared to the fellow eyes, which did not undergo any intervention. An increase in cylindrical power was noted in the eyes that had with-the-rule and no astigmatism prior to surgery. This increase may be interpreted by the decreased tension of the recessed rectus muscle following strabismus surgery. Decreased forces, caused by the recessed horizontal rectus muscle, acting on the sclera on 180-degree meridian may lead to corneal flattening on this particular meridian and consequently, a corneal steepening on the 90-degree meridian. These changes seem to be stable during the first 12 postoperative months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The economic crisis induced by the COVID-19 pandemic can have a serious impact on population mental health. This study seeks to understand whether the economic shocks associated with the pandemic have a differential impact by sex because the current pandemic may have disproportionally affected women compared to men.Methods: We analyzed data from original online monthly surveys of the general population in Japan conducted between April 2020 and February 2021 (N = 9000). We investigated whether individuals who had experienced a major job-related adverse change were more likely to have experienced depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) and anxiety disorders (GAD-7) during the pandemic and also if its effect varied by sex.Results: The results of logistic regression suggest that depressive and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent among those who had recently experienced drastic changes in employment and working conditions, as well as among individuals with low income and those without college education. We also found that both female and male respondents who had experienced a major employment-related change exhibited depression and anxiety disorders.Limitations: We do not have data on the pre-COVID mental health conditions of our respondents, and our findings are descriptive. Some segments of the population may not be represented in our sample because our surveys were conducted online.Conclusions: COVID-induced economic shocks can have a detrimental effect on mental health among both economically vulnerable female and male workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accepted theory, Hubble expansion only operates at the largest scales, i.e., the intergalactic level. However, this is a theoretical conclusion, which can be rebutted with other theoretical considerations. More significantly, increasing observational data and other evidence, particularly within the Solar System, point to universal expansion operating on all scales where gravitation, as opposed to electronic interaction, is the dominant force. Local Hubble flow has implications for current theories of tidal drag as well as both the early evolution of the Solar System and its long-term future. Expansion is also expected to operate on the structure of galaxies, but it is unclear whether this has any impact on the dark matter problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the economic slowdown caused by the financial crisis in 2008, grants for entrepreneurs were made available to support economic development. Whether such a policy instrument is effective for business development is a highly relevant question in the aftermath of the COVID-19. We evaluate the causal effects of small business development matching grants using a quasi-experimental approach. The grants were exclusively targeted to women entrepreneurs and provided during the recession after the financial crisis. Our findings demonstrate an increase in bank loans and a positive impact on turnover, value-added, capital, employment, and overall factor productivity for more experienced women entrepreneurs. As the grants are too small to have direct economic effects or indirect effects via the certification effect, they alleviate time and information constraints of women entrepreneurs. The cost-benefit analysis shows an increase in value-added that outweighs the scheme-related costs. Plain English Summary This study evaluates the effect of small public grants for women entrepreneurs. Grants were used for childcare and business consultancy costs to alleviate time and information constraints of women entrepreneurs. Benefiting from these grants resulted in higher bank loans. The women entrepreneurs on average invested more money in capital and had better performance measures like turnover and value-added. The effect was particularly evident among more experienced women entrepreneurs. The cost-benefit analysis shows grant-induced increase in value-added outweighs the scheme-related costs. The study implies small public grants for women entrepreneurs increase small firms' growth, and these grants are in addition a cost-effective policy tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the volatility of sources of individual and household level income in the UK in the years 2009-2017, following the Great Recession and government austerity. We find that the volatility of (pre-tax) earnings and disposable income has fallen for the working-age in this period, largely due to fewer negative and large earnings shocks. For older individuals, we also find a fall in the volatility of private income, mainly due to fewer positive and large income shocks. Taxes and transfers help stabilise incomes, with social security cash benefits and income-dependent refundable tax credits reducing household private income volatility by around a quarter for the working age, and 40 percent for those aged 60 or over. However, over the sample period, taxes and benefits became less well correlated with earnings, reducing their ability to counteract swings in labour income. The findings illustrate the consequences of fiscal retrenchment and the cut-backs to welfare benefits on the stability of incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financing is the property of Financing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 viral pandemic is an unprecedented global phenomenon that is also a highly personal experience with wide-ranging effects. On September 20, 2021, U.S. viral deaths surpassed the 675,446 total from the 1918 Spanish flu, the previously worst U.S. pandemic related death total on record. The pandemic has disrupted lives across all countries and communities and negatively affected global economic growth in 2020 beyond anything experienced in nearly a century. Estimates indicate the virus reduced global economic growth in 2020 to an annualized rate of around -3.2%, with a recovery of 5.9% projected for 2021. Global trade is estimated to have fallen by 5.3% in 2020, but is projected to grow by 8.0% in 2021. Major advanced economies, comprising 60% of global economic activity, are projected to operate below their potential output level through at least 2024, which indicates lower national and individual economic welfare relative to pre-pandemic levels. Economists measure policy options and their consequences in terms of monetary costs or GDP. But the dilemma policymakers have faced since the outset of the pandemic is fundamentally a moral one, rooted not least in the question of when individual preferences should prevail over collective interests. As the COVID-19 pandemic entered its third year, the United States was enjoying a protracted stock-market boom, and China’s global trade surplus had reached record highs. There is reason to believe these trends will not last: notably, with the US Federal Reserve set to tighten monetary policy in the face of rising inflation, the US stock market has tumbled. But even if market ebullience or strong exports in the world’s biggest economies were to persist, most people are experiencing hardship and angst. We must not lose sight of that, let alone of the imperative of systemic change. In responding to the pandemic, policymakers have faced an awful dilemma: keep the economy open and risk more COVID-19 deaths, or impose lockdowns and destroy livelihoods. The one way to simplify the trade-off between the benefits of reducing health risks and the costs of economic dislocations is to “monetize” COVID-19 deaths. Although everyone hopes that Pandexit, or the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, will come soon, the economic benefits will not be unalloyed. One plausible downside scenario is that current price pressures intensify and inflation rises further, eventually requiring a monetary response. While mass vaccination points to an end to the COVID-19 pandemic in the next year or so, it does not provide immunity against longer-term economic damage. And research on the aftermath of previous pandemics suggests that the impact on supply and demand is likely to be far-reaching and profound. This report provides an overview of the global economic costs to date and the response by governments and international institutions to address these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroeconomic changes are associated with population health outcomes, such as mortality, accidents, and alcohol use. Diet quality is a risk or protective factor that could be influenced by economic conditions. This study examined the trajectory of diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 before, during, and after the 2008-2009 Great Recession. Repeated cross-sectional survey data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The analytic sample included 48,679 adults who completed at least one dietary recall from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018. Diet quality was assessed with a 24-hour dietary recall to calculate the Healthy Eating Index 2015 total scores, a measure of the conformance with the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Least squares regression was used to adjust for demographic changes across waves. Diet quality improved noticeably during the Great Recession and deteriorated as economic conditions improved. Deteriorating economic circumstances may constrain choices, but that does not necessarily imply a worsening of dietary quality. During the Great Recession, American diets became more consistent with Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations, possibly because of a shift toward food prepared at home instead of prepared food bought away from home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merging administrative income data with homescan data and taking a panel perspective, we show that private label consumption is only weakly associated with changes in income. Industry sentiment links income and wealth to private-label demand. The intuition is that decreasing income and wealth increases the demand for (cheaper) private labels. Whereas plausible causality is harder to establish in aggregate time series analyses, such analyses suggest large effect sizes. An individual-level perspective greatly facilitates plausibly causal estimates but poses measurement challenges. We overcome these challenges by linking household scanner data to administrative data. We analyze individual-level private-label shares measured in household scanner data as a function of income and wealth, both from a linked administrative database in the Netherlands in the period from 2011 to 2018 and aggregated over all household members (rather than only from the main earner). We find that relying on within-household variation in surveyed income data significantly attenuates income effects relative to using that from administrative data. Yet, we still find an economically small effect. In addition, changes in wealth have at most an economically small effect on private-label shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate an epidemiological model, augmented with contact and mobility analyses, with a two‐sector macroeconomic model, to assess the economic costs of labor supply disruptions in a pandemic. The model is designed to capture key characteristics of the U.S. input–output tables with a core sector that produces intermediate inputs not easily replaceable by the other sectors, possibly subject to minimum‐scale requirements. Using epidemiological and mobility data to inform our exercises, we show that the reduction in labor services due to the observed social distancing (spontaneous and mandatory) could explain up to 6–8 percentage points of the roughly 12% U.S. GDP contraction in the second quarter of 2020. We show that public measures designed to protect workers in core industries and occupations with tasks that cannot be performed from home, can flatten the epidemiological curve at reduced economic costs—and contain vulnerabilities to supply disruptions, namely a new surge of infections. Using state‐level data for the United States, we provide econometric evidence that spontaneous social distancing was no less costly than mandated social distancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Parodontologie: die Zeitschrift für die Praxis (Berlin, Germany) is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the amount of medial rectus (MR) advancement in the treatment of consecutive exotropia by comparing it with the amount of MR resection in a sample of patients with constant exotropia and evaluate the effectiveness of MR advancement with lateral rectus (LR) recession in the management of consecutive exotropia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent unilateral MR strengthening with LR weakening due to consecutive or constant exotropia was performed. Patients with consecutive exotropia underwent MR advancement with LR recession, and those with constant exotropia underwent MR resection with LR recession. The surgical dosages were determined according to a standard table. A successful result was defined as alignment within 10 prism diopters of orthotropia. Results: A total of 36 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 18 had consecutive exotropia and 18 had constant exotropia. Successful alignment was obtained in 83.3% of patients with consecutive exotropia and 88.9% of patients with constant exotropia. There was no difference between the amount of MR advancement performed in consecutive patients with exotropia and the amount of MR resection performed in patients with constant exotropia. Postoperatively, while consecutive exotropes with a poor result showed overcorrection, constant exotropes with a poor result showed undercorrection. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is no difference between the amount of previously recessed MR advancement and that of untouched MR resection. They also showed that MR advancement with LR recession is an effective means of correcting secondary exotropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an update on the business cycle and growth rate cycle chronology of the Indian economy by identifying the peaks and troughs in the quarterly released real GDP time series. The results reveal that the Indian economy witnessed three classical contractions and nine growth rate deceleration phases between April 1996 and March 2021. Other business cycle features, viz., duration, amplitude and sharpness are also derived. The results confirmed the existence of long expansions and short contractions as per the classical approach. The growth rate cycle of India, however, displays symmetric nature with similar duration, amplitude and sharpness being observed in acceleration as well as deceleration phases. Further, this study makes an attempt to contribute to the dating methodology by highlighting the defects in them and thereby proposing modifications to rectify the defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the recently developed New Zealand Economic Security Index (ESI) to explore the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on New Zealand households. The ESI is a measure of economic insecurity that identifies subgroups of the population that are susceptible to negative year-on-year income shocks. The ESI shows that insecurity closely follows the business cycle in New Zealand, which may concern policymakers tackling the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. If income losses follow the pattern observed in the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), demographics groups most susceptible to negative income shocks include Pākehā, retirees and individuals with fewer educational qualifications, while households in the highest income quintile are more protected from shocks relative to middle income households. Exposure to negative income risk is an important economic stressor that is rarely measured directly. Our method of calculating the ESI could be adapted by Statistics New Zealand and published on an annual basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnura is the property of Tecnura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theoretical approaches and place-specific solutions are required to face with the intrinsic linkage between social welfare and macroeconomic stability in advanced economies, especially in Europe. In this regard, the 2007 recession has influenced extensively the wide spectrum of social policies applicable in the European Community. New socioeconomic divides emerged and fiscal austerity urged Member States to resettle policy discourses, advancing social needs in a more effective way. In line with this evidence, our commentary discusses recent literature and it outlines policy implications of different political, institutional and socioeconomic settings. By analyzing cross-country variations in the shape and extent of welfare policies at the European level, our study evaluates apparent (and latent) performances of welfare systems in a comparative perspective, with a specific focus on Southern European countries. The existence of a latent relationship between social policy expenditures (SPE) and per-capita GDP was demonstrated. However, social expenditures may differ for a given level of income: for instance, Latvia had a lower level of social expenditures given its income level. Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal were clustered together displaying a lower share of social spending in the total GDP in respect with the remaining European countries. This comparison suggests how Mediterranean countries are institutionally fragile and with a moderately higher level of corruption in respect with North-western countries. The results of this work contribute to bridge the semantic dichotomy between theoretical approaches and empirical findings in socioeconomic policy impact analysis.

The article considers the downward spiral of deflation, its causes and consequences. The paper discusses the compression of aggregate demand and the subsequent recession. The study discloses the content of the liquidity trap created by the behavior of borrowers. The author traces the connection between the events of the “lost decades” in Japan and the stagnation of production in leading Western countries after the global financial crisis. In both cases, the large-scale use of fiscal and monetary incentives did not cause a sharp rise in business activity. The paper concludes that the operation of the market mechanism is blocked by budget and monetary policies. Obstacles to entrepreneurial activity and energy lead to the loss of necessary information generated by market agents. This circumstance prolongs the stagnation of the economy.

Background: Guided tissue regeneration has recently been advocated in re-constructing soft-tissue dimensions in recession defects. Advancement in nanotechnology has led to increased zest for approaches such as electrospinning of biologically active; nanofibrous functionally graded regenerative membranes for periodontal tissue engineering. A functionally graded membrane (FGM) had been tailored by incorporating chitosan and nano-hydroxyapatite over Amnion membrane and used in gingival recession defects. Study Design: It was single-blind, randomized controlled study. Split-mouth study was conducted in nine patients and 22 sites with recession defects were selected. Sites were divided into Group A (Amnion membrane with coronal advanced flap) and Group B (FGM with coronal advanced flap). Materials and Methods: Sites were assessed clinically by recording plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), vertical recession defect depth (VRDD), relative clinical attachment level (CAL), and width of keratinized tissue at baseline, 3–6 months; and radiographically by recording linear bone growth by dentascan at baseline and 6 months. Result: Both groups showed statistically significant reduction in PI, GI and VRDD, and CAL and nonsignificant reduction in width of keratinized tissue at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Group A showed statistically significant linear bone growth at 6 months. Group B also showed gain in linear bone growth at 6 months; however, result was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion: FGM had shown favorable results by enhancing bone growth while preventing the gingival tissue downgrowth.

Although the economic crisis has not been as substantial to Romania as it has been to Greece or Ireland, it has still had an impact on the education system. The Romanian education budget underwent significant changes in the periods 2001-2020. The budgetary policies for secondary education were affected by the periods of economic crisis. When the economy is recession, the government is more likely to reduce the public expenditure, which includes education. The Economic Crisis of 2008 led to the government reducing the budget for education in Romania in order to balance spending. This meant that there were budget cuts for secondary education in Romania in the period 2001-2020. This paper will review literature on Romania’s pre-university budgetary allocation and conduct a regression analysis to establish the relationship between GDP on the hand and GNI index and Government expenditure on secondary education between 2000 and 2020.