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218 results on '"Rao, P. S. C."'

212. A novel framework to characterize solute and sediment export regime and optimize their monitoring.

Author

Moatar, Florentina, Floury, Mathieu, Renard, Benjamin, Meybeck, Michel, Piffady, Jérémy, Chandesris, André, Gold, Art, Lowder, Kelly Addy, and Pinay, Gilles

Subjects
*WATERSHEDS, *SEDIMENTS, *DISCHARGE coefficient, *EXPORTS, *WATER supply, *SEDIMENT sampling
Abstract

The quantification of solute and sediment exports from drainage basins is challenging because a large proportion of the annual or decadal flux of most elements are exported during a relatively short period of the time, which varies between element and catchments. Moreover, most monitoring frameworks favor low sampling frequency in large rivers, while solutes and sediments mostly originate from headwater catchments which require higher frequency sampling. To decipher processes behind catchment patterns, recent attention has been brought to the importance of concentration-discharge relationships analysis (Meybeck & Moatar, 2012; Moatar et al, 2017) and to export regime indicators using variability characteristics such as the ratio of the coefficient of variation of concentration to the coefficient of variation of discharge (Musolff et al, 2015, 2017). In this presentation we propose a new framework to characterize the flashiness of solute and sediment export regime, using two indicators that can be both determined from high frequency and infrequent sampling. Tested on 480 French catchments and 130 USA catchments, this framework can be used to classify solute and sediment exports and optimize sampling frequency based on these two indicators and catchment characteristics.Meybeck, M., & Moatar, F. (2012). Daily variability of river concentrations and fluxes: indicators based on the segmentation of the rating curve. Hydrological Processes, 26(8), 1188-1207.Moatar, F., Abbott, B. W., Minaudo, C., Curie, F., & Pinay, G. (2017). Elemental properties, hydrology, and biology interact to shape concentration‐discharge curves for carbon, nutrients, sediment, and major ions. Water Resources Research, 53(2), 1270-1287.Musolff, A., Schmidt, C., Selle, B., & Fleckenstein, J. H. (2015). Catchment controls on solute export. Advances in water resources, 86, 133-146.Musolff, A., Fleckenstein, J. H., Rao, P. S. C., & Jawitz, J. W. (2017). Emergent archetype patterns of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical responses in catchments. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(9), 4143-4151. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

213. Mass discharge assessment at a brominated DNAPL site: Effects of known DNAPL source mass removal.

Author

Johnston, C. D., Davis, G. B., Bastow, T. P., Woodbury, R. J., Rao, P. S. C., Annable, M. D., and Rhodes, S.

Subjects
*WATER masses, *DENSE nonaqueous phase liquids, *BROMINATION, *HAZARDOUS waste site management, *GROUNDWATER pollution, *HAZARDOUS waste site remediation
Abstract

Management and closure of contaminated sites is increasingly being proposed on the basis of mass flux of dissolved contaminants in groundwater. Better understanding of the links between source mass removal and contaminant mass fluxes in groundwater would allow greater acceptance of this metric in dealing with contaminated sites. Our objectives here were to show how measurements of the distribution of contaminant mass flux and the overall mass discharge emanating from the source under undisturbed groundwater conditions could be related to the processes and extent of source mass depletion. In addition, these estimates of mass discharge were sought in the application of agreed remediation targets set in terms of pumped groundwater quality from offsite wells. Results are reported from field studies conducted over a 5-year period at a brominated DNAPL (tetrabromoethane, TBA; and tribromoethene, TriBE) site located in suburban Perth, Western Australia. Groundwater fluxes (qw; L³/L²/T) and mass fluxes (Jc; M/L²/T) of dissolved brominated compounds were simultaneously estimated by deploying Passive Flux Meters (PFMs) in wells in a heterogeneous layered aquifer. PFMs were deployed in control plane (CP) wells immediately down-gradient of the source zone, before (2006) and after (2011) 69-85% of the source mass was removed, mainly by groundwater pumping from the source zone. The high-resolution (26-cm depth interval) measures of qw and Jc along the source CP allowed investigation of the DNAPL source-zone architecture and impacts of source mass removal. Comparable estimates of total mass discharge (MD; M/T) across the source zone CP reduced from 104 g day- 1 to 24-31 g day- 1 (70-77% reductions). Importantly, this mass discharge reduction was consistent with the estimated proportion of source mass remaining at the site (15-31%). That is, a linear relationship between mass discharge and source mass is suggested. The spatial detail of groundwater and mass flux distributions also provided further evidence of the source zone architecture and DNAPL mass depletion processes. This was especially apparent in different mass-depletion rates from distinct parts of the CP. High mass fluxes and groundwater fluxes located near the base of the aquifer dominated in terms of the dissolved mass flux in the profile, although not in terms of concentrations. Reductions observed in Jc and MD were used to better target future remedial efforts. Integration of the observations from the PFM deployments and the source mass depletion provided a basis for establishing flux-based management criteria for the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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214. Magnitude and Directional Measures of Water and Cr(VI) Fluxes by Passive Flux Meter.

Author

Campbell, Timothy J., Hatfield, Kirk, Klammler, Harald, Annable, Michael D., and Rao, P. S. C.

Subjects
*FLUXMETER, *GROUNDWATER, *CHROMIUM compounds, *ORGANIC compounds, *BENZOATES, *GRANULAR materials, *POLLUTANTS, *CUMULATIVE effects assessment (Environmental assessment), *ERROR analysis in mathematics
Abstract

A new configuration of the passive fluxmeter (PFM) is presented that provides for simultaneous measurements of both the magnitude and the direction of ambient groundwater specific discharge q0 and Cr(VI) mass flux JCr. The PFM is configured as a cylindrical unit with an interior divided into a center section and three outer sectors, each packed with a granular anion exchange resin having high sorption capacity for the Cr(VI) oxyanions CrO42- and HCrO4-. The sorbent in the center section is preloaded with benzoate as the ‘resident’ tracer. Laboratory experiments were conducted in which PFMs were placed in porous packed bed columns, through which was passed a measured volume of synthetic groundwater containing Cr(VI). During the deployment period, some of the resident tracer is depleted while the Cr(VI) is sorbed. The resin was then removed from the four sectors separately and extracted to determine the ‘captured’ mass of Cr(VI) and the residual mass of the resident tracer in each. Cumulative specific discharge, q0t, values were assessed using the residual mass of benzoate retained in the center section. The direction of this discharge q; was ascertained from the mass distribution of benzoate intercepted and retained in the outer three sections of the PFM. Cumulative chromium fluxes, JCrt, were quantified using the total Cr(VI) mass intercepted and retained on the PFM. Experiments produced an average measurement error for direction q; of 3° ± 14±, while the average measurement errors for q0 and JCr were, respectively, -8% ±15% and -12% ±23%. Results demonstrate the potential utility of the new PFM configuration for characterizing groundwater and contaminant fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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215. Spatial Variability and Measurement Scale of Infiltration Rate on an Agricultural Landscape.

Author

Haws, Nathan W., Bingwu Liu, Boast, C. W., Rao, P. S. C., Kladivko, E. J., and Franzmeier, D. P.

Subjects
*SOIL infiltration, *SOIL physics, *INFILTROMETERS, *AGRICULTURAL physics, *STATISTICAL correlation
Abstract

Determining representative infiltration rate parameters for use in modeling field-scale flow and transport processes is difficult because of the spatial variability of soil properties. To determine how steady- state infiltration rate variability is affected by support scale, steady-state infiltration rates (Is) were measured at three spatial scales (local, hills lope, and landscape) along a 710-m transect on a swell-swale landscape in Indiana. Spatial variability at the local scale was studied using measurements in a 1 × 1 m² array of 100 ring infiltrometers (7.2-cm diam.) for three soils at three horizons each. Studies were conducted at the hillslope and landscape scales using three nested infiltrometers of sizes 20 × 20, 60 × 60, and 100 × 100 cm². Geostatistical analyses show a decrease in the sample variance of the I. values and an increase in spatial correlation of Is with depth. They also suggest that an area >10, 7.2-cm diam. rings (i.e., approximately >400 cm²) is needed to provide a representative measurement area (RMA; i.e., area needed to filter out smaller-scale heterogeneities) at the local scale. Hillslope- and landscape-scale tests indicate that Is measurements with infiltrometers require an infiltrometer with a support area greater than the local-scale RMA to show the spatial correlation of the larger scales. In addition, these infiltrometer measurements may not provide appropriate effective Is estimates at these greater scales unless they are averaged over a domain that extends across the landscape's range of variability, estimated from the computed semivariograms to be 120 to 200 m for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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216. Performance Improvement of Information System of a Banking System Based on Integrated Resilience Engineering Design

Author

S. H. Iranmanesh, L. Aliabadi, and A. Mollajan

Subjects
Performance Evaluation, Banking System, Integrated Resilience Engineering (IRE), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Perturbation Analysis, Engineering, DEA, Banking system, IRE, Mühendislik, integrated resilience engineering, data envelopment analysis, perturbation analysis, performance evaluation
Abstract

Integrated resilience engineering (IRE) is capable of returning banking systems to the normal state in extensive economic circumstances. In this study, information system of a large bank (with several branches) is assessed and optimized under severe economic conditions. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are employed to achieve the objective of this study. Nine IRE factors are considered to be the outputs, and a dummy variable is defined as the input of the DEA models. A standard questionnaire is designed and distributed among executive managers to be considered as the decision-making units (DMUs). Reliability and validity of the questionnaire is examined based on Cronbach's alpha and t-test. The most appropriate DEA model is determined based on average efficiency and normality test. It is shown that the proposed integrated design provides higher efficiency than the conventional RE design. Results of sensitivity and perturbation analysis indicate that self-organization, fault tolerance, and reporting culture respectively compose about 50 percent of total weight., {"references":["Hollnagel, E., Woods, D.D., Leveson, N., 2007. Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..","Golgeci, I., and Ponomarov, S. Y. (2013) Does firm innovativeness enable effective responses to supply chain disruptions? An empirical study, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18(6), pp. 604–617.","Sáenz, M. J., & Revilla, E. (2014). Creating more resilient supply chains. MIT Sloan management review, 55(4), 22.","Fiksel, J., Polyviou, M., Croxton, K. L., and Pettit, K. J. (2015) From risk to resilience: Learning to deal with disruption, MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter Issue.","Steen, R., and Aven, T. (2011). A risk perspective suitable for resilience engineering. Safety science, 49(2), pp. 292-297.","Dekker, S., Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., and Cook, R. (2006). Resilience Engineering: New directions for measuring and maintaining safety in complex systems. The second Progress Report.","Azadeh, A., Rouzbahman, M., Saberi, M., and Valianpour, F. (2014). An adaptive algorithm for assessment of operators with job security and HSEE indicators. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 31, 26-40.","Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, pp. 1-23.","Tazi, D., Amalberti, R., 2006. Resilience of maintenance organization in a refining plant. In: Proceedings of the Second Resilience Engineering Symposium, Ecole des mines de Paris, France.\n[10]\tHaimes, Y. Y. (2009). On the Complex Definition of Risk: A Systems‐Based Approach. Risk analysis, 29(12), pp. 1647-1654. \n[11]\tHollnagel, E., Woods, D.D., 2006. In: Hollnagel, E., Woods, D.D., Leveson, N. (Eds.), Epilogue: Resilience Engineering Concepts, Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate Publishing Co., Aldershot, pp. 347–358.\n[12]\tFurniss, D., Back, J., Blandford, A., Hildebrandt, M. &Borberg, H. (2011). A Resilience Markers Framework for Small Teams.\n[13]\tHollnagel, E. (2011). RAG – The resilience analysis grid. In: E. Hollnagel, J. Pariès, D. D.Woods and J. Wreathall (Eds). Resilience Engineering in Practice. A Guidebook. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.\n[14]\tDolif, G., Engelbrecht, A., Jatobá, A., da Silva, A. J. D., Gomes, J. O., Borges, M. R., ... and de Carvalho, P. V. R. (2013). Resilience and brittleness in the ALERTA RIO system: a field study about the decision-making of forecasters. Natural hazards, 65(3), pp. 1831-1847.\n[15]\tMorel, G., Amalberti, R., and Chauvin, C. (2009). How good micro/macro ergonomics may improve resilience, but not necessarily safety. Safety Science, 47(2), pp. 285-294.\n[16]\tAnderson et al. (2013) Anderson JE, Ross AJ, Jaye P (2013). Improving Quality & Safety through Organisational Resilience KHP Safety Connections 3rd Event 9th December 2013, London UK.\n[17]\tFairbanks et al. (2014) Fairbanks R, Wears R, Woods D, Hollnagel E, Plsek P, Cook R. Resilience and resilience engineering in healthcare. JtComm J Qual Patient Saf 2014;40 (8):376–82\n[18]\tHollnagel, E., Woods, D.D., Leveson, N., (Eds.), 2006. Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, London.\n[19]\tGilmour, G., 2006. Open Assessment Training Tools for Resilience Engineering .http://gavin.brokentrain.net/upload/scs-final-29 11 06.pdf (21.10.12).\n[20]\tAzadeh, A., Salehi, V., Arvan, M., and Dolatkhah, M. (2014). Assessment of resilience engineering factors in high-risk environments by fuzzy cognitive maps: A petrochemical plant. Safety Science, 68, pp. 99-107.\n[21]\tWreathall, J. (2006). Properties of resilient organizations: an initial view. Resilience engineering concepts and precepts. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.\n[22]\tSaurin, T. A., and Júnior, G. C. C. (2011). Evaluation and improvement of a method for assessing HSMS from the resilience engineering perspective: A case study of an electricity distributor. Safety Science, 49(2), pp. 355-368.\n[23]\tCooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., and Zhu, J. (2011). Handbook on data envelopment analysis (Vol. 164). Springer Science & Business Media.\n[24]\tZou, L. L., and Wei, Y. M. (2009). Impact assessment using DEA of coastal hazards on social-economy in Southeast Asia. Natural hazards, 48(2), pp. 167-189.\n[25]\tAzadeh, A., and Salehi, V. (2014). Modeling and optimizing efficiency gap between managers and operators in integrated resilient systems: The case of a petrochemical plant. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), pp. 766-778.\n[26]\t Serrano Cinca, C., Mar Molinero, C., and Chaparro García, F. (2006). Behind DEA efficiency in financial institutions.\n[27]\tHonma, S., and Hu, J. L. (2013). Total-factor energy efficiency for sectors in Japan. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 8(2), pp. 130-136.\n[28]\tCarvalho, P. V., dos Santos, I. L., Gomes, J. O., and Borges, M. R. (2008). Micro incident analysis framework to assess safety and resilience in the operation of safe critical systems: a case study in a nuclear power plant. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries, 21(3), pp. 277-286.\n[29]\tGomes, J. O., Woods, D. D., Carvalho, P. V., Huber, G. J., and Borges, M. R. (2009). Resilience and brittleness in the offshore helicopter transportation system: the identification of constraints and sacrifice decisions in pilots' work. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 94(2), pp. 311-319.\n[30]\tHuber, S., van Wijgerden, I., de Witt, A., and Dekker, S. W. (2009). Learning from organizational incidents: Resilience engineering for highrisk process environments. Process Safety Progress, 28(1), pp. 90-95.\n[31]\tJeffcott, S. A., Ibrahim, J. E., and Cameron, P. A. (2009). Resilience in healthcare and clinical handover. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 18(4), pp. 256-260.\n[32]\tPark, J., Seager, T. P., Rao, P. S. C., Convertino, M., &Linkov, I. (2013). Integrating Risk and Resilience Approaches to Catastrophe Management in Engineering Systems. Risk Analysis, 33(3), 356–67. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012. 01885.x\n[33]\tShirali, G. H. A., Motamedzade, M., Mohammadfam, I., Ebrahimipour, V., and Moghimbeigi, A. (2012). Challenges in building resilience engineering (RE) and adaptive capacity: A field study in a chemical plant. Process safety and environmental protection, 90(2), pp. 83-90.\n[34]\tShirali, G. A., Mohammadfam, I., and Ebrahimipour, V. (2013). A new method for quantitative assessment of resilience engineering by PCA and NT approach: A case study in a process industry. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 119, pp. 88-94.\n[35]\tDinh, L. T., Pasman, H., Gao, X., and Mannan, M. S. (2012). Resilience engineering of industrial processes: Principles and contributing factors. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 25(2), pp. 233-241."]}

Published
2018

217. Emergent dispersal networks in dynamic wetlandscapes.

Author

Bertassello, Leonardo E., Aubeneau, Antoine F., Botter, Gianluca, Jawitz, James W., and Rao, P. S. C.

Subjects
*WETLAND management, *METAPOPULATION (Ecology), *BIODIVERSITY, *DISPERSAL (Ecology), *SPECIES distribution, *LAND use & the environment, *EFFECT of climate on biodiversity
Abstract

The connectivity among distributed wetlands is critical for aquatic habitat integrity and to maintain metapopulation biodiversity. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal fluctuations of wetlandscape connectivity driven by stochastic hydroclimatic forcing, conceptualizing wetlands as dynamic habitat nodes in dispersal networks. We hypothesized that spatiotemporal hydrologic variability influences the heterogeneity in wetland attributes (e.g., size and shape distributions) and wetland spatial organization (e.g., gap distances), in turn altering the variance of the dispersal network topology and the patterns of ecological connectivity. We tested our hypotheses by employing a DEM-based, depth-censoring approach to assess the eco-hydrological dynamics in a synthetically generated landscape and three representative wetlandscapes in the United States. Network topology was examined for two end-member connectivity measures: centroid-to-centroid (C2C), and perimeter-to-perimeter (P2P), representing the full range of within-patch habitat preferences. Exponentially tempered Pareto node-degree distributions well described the observed structural connectivity of both types of networks. High wetland clustering and attribute heterogeneity exacerbated the differences between C2C and P2P networks, with Pareto node-degree distributions emerging only for a limited range of P2P configuration. Wetlandscape network topology and dispersal strategies condition species survival and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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218. Effect of Greywater Irrigation on Air-Water Interfacial area in Porous Medium

Author

A. H. M. Faisal Anwar

Subjects
Greywater, Porous medium, Surface tension, Irrigation, Interfacial area
Abstract

In this study, the effect of greywater irrigation on airwater interfacial area is investigated. Several soil column experiments were conducted for different greywater irrigation to develop the pressure-saturation curves. Surface tension was measured for different greywater concentration and fitted for Gibbs adsorption equation. Pressure-saturation curves show that the reduction of capillary rise stops when it reaches its critical micelle concentration (CMC). A simple theory is derived from pressure-saturation curves for calculating air-water interfacial area in porous medium during greywater irrigation by introducing a term 'hydraulic radius' for the pores. This term diminishes any effect of pore shapes on the air-water interfacial area. The air-water interfacial area was calculated using the pressure-saturation curves and found that it decreases with increasing moisture content. But no significant effect was observed on air-water interfacial area for different greywater irrigation. A maximum of 10% variation in interfacial area was observed at the residual saturation zone., {"references":["Travis, M.J., Weisbrod, N. and Gross, A., Accumulation of oil and grease in soils irrigated with greywater and their potential role in soil\nwater repellency, Sci. Total Environ., 2008, vol. 394(1), pp. 68-74.","Friedler, E., Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its\nimplication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities, Environ.\nTechnol. 2004, vol. 25(9), pp. 997-1008.","DHWA (Deaprtement of Health Western Australia), Code of Practice\nfor the reuse of greywater in Western Australia, 2005.","Shafran, A.W., Gross, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N. and Adar, E., Effects\nof surfactants originating from reuse of greywater on capillary rise in the\nsoil, Water Sci. & Technol., 2005, vol. 52(10-11), pp. 157-166.","Shafran, A.W., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E. and Gross, A.,\nPotential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactantrich\ngreywater, Ecol. Eng. 2006, vol. 26(4), pp. 348-354.","Abu-Zreig, M., Rudra, P.R. and Dickinson, T.W., Effect of application\nof surfactants on hydraulic properties of soils\", Biosyst. Eng., 2003, vol.\n84(3), pp. 363-372.","Anwar, A.H.M.F., Bettahar, M. and Matsubayashi, U., A method for\ndetermining air-water interfacial area in variably saturated porous media.\nJ. of Contam. Hydrol., 2000, vol. 43(2), pp. 129-146.","Anwar, A.H.M.F., Effect of Greywater Irrigation on Soil Characteristics,\nIn Proc. of Int. Conf. Environ. Sci. & Develop (CD-ROM), Mumbai\nIndia, pp. 15-18, January, 2011.","Misra, R.K. and Sivongxay, A., Reuse of laundry greywater as affected\nby its interaction with saturated soil, J. of Hydrol., 2009, vol. 366(1-4),\npp. 55-61.\n[10] Bradford, S. A. and Leij, F. J., Estimating interfacial areas for multifluid\nsoil systems. J. of Contam. Hydrol., 1997, vol. 27, pp. 83-105.\n[11] Reeves, P. C. and Celia, M. A., A functional relationship between\ncapillary pressure, saturation and interfacial area as revealed by a porescale\nnetwork model. Water Resour. Res., 1996, vol. 32(8), 2345-2358.\n[12] Kawanishi, T., Hayashi, W., Roberts, P. V. and Blunt, M. J., Fluid-fluid\ninterfacial area during two and three phase fluid displacement in porous\nmedia: A network model study. Proc. of the GQ-98 conf. on\nGroundwater quality: Remediation and Protection, Tubingen, Germany.\nIAHS publ., 1998, no. 250, pp. 89-96.\n[13] Skopp, J., Oxygen uptake and transport in soils: Analysis of the airwater\ninterfacial area. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1985, vol. 49(6), pp. 1327-\n1331.\n[14] Miller, C. T., Poirier-McNeill, M. M. and Mayer, A.S., Dissolution of\ntrapped nonaqueous phase liquids: Mass transfer characteristics. Water\nResour. Res., 1990, vol. 26(11), pp. 2783-2796.\n[15] Cary, J. W., Estimating the surface area of fluid phase interfaces in\nporous media. J. of Contam. Hydrol., 1994, vol. 15, pp. 243-248.\n[16] Karkare, M. V. and Fort, T., Determination of the air-water interfacial\narea in wet unsaturated porous media. Langmuir, 1996, vol. 12(8), pp.\n2041-2044.\n[17] Kim, H., Rao, P. S. C. and Annable, M. D., Determination of effective\nair-water interfacial area in partially saturated porous media using\nsurfactant adsorption. Water Resour. Res., 1997, vol. 33(12), pp. 2705-\n2711.\n[18] Schaefer, C. E., D. A. DiCarlo, and M. J. Blunt, Experimental\nmeasurement of air-water interfacial area during gravity drainage and\nsecondary imbibitions in porous media, Water Resour. Res., 2000, vol.\n36, pp. 885- 890.\n[19] Montemagno, C. D., and W. G. Gray, Photoluminescent volumetric\nimaging: A technique for the exploration of multiphase flow and\ntransport in porous media, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1995, vol. 22(4), pp.\n425- 428, doi:10.1029/ 94GL02697\n[20] Culligan, K. A., D. Wildenschild, B. S. B. Christensen, W. G. Gray, M.\nL. Rivers, and A. F. B. Tompson, Interfacial area measurements for unsaturated flow through a porous medium, Water Resour. Res., 2004,\nvol. 40, W12413, doi:10.1029/2004WR003278.\n[21] Brusseau, M. L., S. Peng, G. Schnaar, and A. Murao, Measuring\nairwater interfacial areas with X-ray microtomography and interfacial\npartitioning tracer tests, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, vol. 41, pp. 1956–\n1961.\n[22] Costanza-Robinson, M. S., K. H. Harrold, and R. M. Lieb-Lappen, Xray\nmicrotomography determination of air-water interfacial area-water\nsaturation relationships in sandy porous media, Environ. Sci. Technol.,\n2008, vol. 42, pp. 2949–2956.\n[23] Anwar, A. H. M. F. and Matsubayashi, U., Method of estimating airliquid\ninterfacial area using soil characteristics curve. J. of Groundwater\nHydrol., 2000, vol. 42(2), pp. 159-174.\n[24] Dullien, F. A. L., Porous media: Fluid transport and pore structure.\nAcademic, New York, 1979.\n[25] Rosen, M. J., Surfactant and interfacial phenomena. John Wiley, New\nYork, 1989.\n[26] Lanfax Lab, http://www.lanfaxlabs.com.au/ (accessed August 15, 2010)"]}

Published
2012
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