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Abstract: After the establishment of the space age physicians, human factors engineers, neurologist and psychologists and their special attention to work on people''s capability to meet up the physical, psychological, neuroscience and interpersonal strains of working in space, it has been regarded as an issue that seeks urgent consideration. Not study was conducted on effect of simulated Mars analog environment on stress and salivary amylase. So, this study aimed to confirm whether salivary amylase is act as stress biomarker in crew members who took part in Mars analog mission in an isolated and stressful environment. The 18 crew members were selected who took part in Mars Analog Research Station, Utah. Salivary amylase was measured using a biosensor of salivary amylase monitor and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score at pre-extravehicular activity, post-extravehicular activity and on before mission. The state and trait anxiety scores at pre-extravehicular activity for each commander were elevated as compared to after extravehicular activity. There were significant differences in the state and trait anxiety scores between before extravehicular activity and after extravehicular activity of Commander and other members, also there were significant differences in values of before-extravehicular activity between commanders and other members. There were significant differences in values of salivary amylase at before extravehicular activity and after extravehicular activity between commander group and other members. There was significant correlation between salivary amylase and state and trait anxiety scores in all groups. Measuring salivary amylase level could be useful for stress assessment of crew members and population working in a stressful and isolated environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The epidemiological cohort randomized studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease. The study was conducted on 241 subjects with verified CHD from a Department of Cardiology and 50 subject without CHD from Govt. Dental College PGIMS, Rohtak. Information on diabetic states, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and lipid profile was obtained. Full month probing depth, clinical loss of attachment and bleeding on probing was performed.The CHD group had a significantly higher probing depth, clinical loss of attachment and bleeding on probing while lipid profile become opposite as compared to non-CHD group. Clinical loss of attachment increase with risk factors such as smoking, alcoholism, male,increasing age, triglycerides and HDL-C levels. The present study showed a positive association between periodontal disease&CHD in agreement with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of infection in pancreatitis significantly increases the mortality rate up to 100% in the absence of any intervention. Therefore, it is extremely important to diagnose these cases at an early stage. The objectives of this study were to assess the diagnostic performance of computed tomography (CT) and diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DW-MRI) in the diagnosis of infection in pancreatic collections., Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study of abdominal collections due to pancreatitis that underwent both CT and DW-MRI from August 2018 to July 2020 were enrolled in the study. The collections were analysed for infections - air foci in CT and diffusion restriction on DW-MRI., Results: Of the 39 patients recruited in the study, infected collections were present in 17, and 22 cases had sterile collections. On CT, air foci within the collection were present only in seven of the cases in our study (sensitivity 35%, specificity 95.4%, PPV 85.7%, NPV 65.6%). DW-MRI detected infection in all 17 cases (sensitivity 100%, specificity 72.7%, PPV 74%, NPV 100%)., Discussion: Thirteen out of 17 collections suspicious for infection on DW-MR showed microbiological growth on culture examination. We believe that this is likely due to the patient's prior antibiotic use, which might have altered the micro-environment or inflammatory cell and bacterial content of the collection., Conclusion: DW-MRI is complementary and superior to CT in detecting infection in pancreatic collections. CT may be used to detect disease burden, extent and vascular complication., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Sureka et al.)

Background/aims: The development of infection in pancreatitis increases the mortality rate up to 32%. Therefore, it is important to identify patients who are at high risk of developing infection, at an early stage. The objectives of the study were (a) to analyze the quantitative parameters of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in infected as well as sterile pancreatic collections (b) to establish "cut-off" values for ADC that can identify infected pancreatic collections., Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study of pancreatitis cases who underwent DW-MRI from August 2018 to July 2019 were enrolled in the study. The collections were analyzed for diffusion restriction. The average of the three ADC values from the wall and center of collection was noted., Results: Infected collections were seen in 7 and sterile collections observed in 11 cases. The optimal cut-off ADC value to differentiate sterile and infected collection in our study was 1.651 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s (sensitivity of 81.8%; specificity of 100.0%). ROC curve for mean ADC from the wall showed a significant diagnostic accuracy with AUC: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.77-1.0 (P = 0.004)., Conclusion: DW-MRI is a reliable noninvasive technique to differentiate sterile and infected pancreatic collections. ADC values from the periphery of the collection can predict infected pancreatic collections at an early stage. DW-MRI should not be considered as a substitute for aspiration cytology in patients with septic symptoms and absent diffusion restriction on MRI., Competing Interests: None

Background: Different studies have implicated the exposure to systemic conditions in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases like chronic inflammation including chronic periodontitis., Aim: The present study has been conducted to examine whether biomarker sTNF-R was elevated in apical periodontitis as sTNF-R is a systemic marker of inflammation and has been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases., Material and Methods: sTNF-R levels were measured in 52 patients with apical periodontitis (M:F::25:27), aged 20-45 years and in 20 control patients without periodontitis (M:F::10:10, aged 20-48 years). Measurement of sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 was carried out in duplicate with standardised, commercially available enzyme immunoassays (R&D Systems Europe, Abingdon, UK)., Results: The mean sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 levels in periodontitis were 820 (240) pg/ml (413 - 1620 pg/ml) and 1309 (403) pg/ml (540 - 2430 pg/ml), while in normal sTNF-R1 and sTNF - R2 levels were 740 (340) pg/ml (407-1240 pg/ml) and 1283 (414) pg (480 - 2340 pg/ml) respectively. Results indicated a positive high relationship between cardiovascular markers such as sTNF-R1 and sTNF - R2 and apical periodontitis., Conclusion: Elevated levels of sTNF-R1 and sTNF - R2 in apical periodontitis patients indicate an increased independent risk of coronary heart disease.

Background: Periodontitis and cognitive impairment or dementia is relatively common among older adults. Few cross-sectional studies and some longitudinal studies have attempted to link oral health with dementia diagnosis or disease pathology but none has investigated the role of inflammation as a potential mediator., Objectives: This study was planned to establish a relation of inflammatory mediators between periodontitis and dementia., Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients with severe periodontitis (range 60-69 years), 20 with dementia (10:10 M:F; range 59-69) and 32 healthy controls (range 58-69 years) were selected. The socio-demographic characteristics, physical health, oral health, education status, and medical status were measured. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, total IGF-I, free IGF-I and TNF-alpha and GCF MMP-8 &MMP-9 were calculated., Results: There was no significant difference between the three groups in the level of education, age, occupation, BMI, CAD, CHF and diabetes except dentate status. After adjusting for age, significant differences were found between patients and controls with respect to gingival inflammation, dental plaque, bleeding on probing and probing pocket depth. Total counts of WBCs, neutrophils, thrombocytic counts and serum CRP, MMP-8, MMP-9, TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in dementia and periodontitis patients in contrast to healthy controls, while, RBC counts, total IGF-I and Hb levels were lowered in dementia and periodontitis patients in comparison to healthy controls, although higher in dementia as compared to periodontitis patients., Conclusions: This study data suggest a relationship of inflammatory mediators between periodontitis and dementia. Further exploration of this is warranted., (© 2010 The Gerodontology Society and John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Tongue cancer is amongst the most common and fatal types of cancers in the world. The abnormalities in purine metabolism are characteristic features of many human tumors. Little is known about the correlation between the activities of key enzymes of purine nucleotide pathway and clinical indicators of tongue cancer invasiveness and aggressiveness. Fifty patients (M: F 25:25; mean age: 55.6 years (range 45-60; SD 1.8)) with diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (test group) and 30 normal subjects (M: F 15:15) without any systemic disease (control group) were recruited after obtaining informed consent. All patients were staged by the TNM classification. Salivary adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was assessed in cancerous patients (test group) and normal healthy subjects (control group). Statistically significant differences between test and control groups were observed in salivary ADA (P < 0.001). Furthermore, serum ADA levels significantly increased as the disease stage progressed from stage I to stage III of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in both genders (P < 0.001). Salivary ADA might be used as a diagnostic tool for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma of tongue.

A sharp increase in forensic age estimation of living persons has been observed in recent years. However, ethnic populations residing in different countries have been insufficiently analyzed. The aim of this study was to achieve a referral database and regression equations for dental age estimation of unaccompanied minors of Iran nationality. A total of 1200 orthopantomograms were collected from original Iran and equally divided in age categories between 10 and 27 years. On the radiographs, the developmental stage of the third molars was scored applying a Demirjian et al. scoring technique. Inter- and intra-observer reliabilities were tested using kappa statistics. Correlation between the scores of all four wisdom maxillary and mandibular third molars teeth and left/right symmetry were evaluated with spearman correlation coefficient. Student's t-test on asymmetry was performed and regression formulas were calculated. The present database was the first to assemble third molar developmental scores on radiographs of Iran individuals and provided more appropriate dental age estimation of unaccompanied Iran minors. To enhance the accuracy of forensic age estimates based on third molars mineralization, the use of population-specific standards is recommended., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to evaluate an Indian sample by Cameriere's European formula; and second, if this formula turns out to be unsuitable, to study a specific formula for Indian children. Orthopantomographs taken from 480 Indian children (227 girls and 253 boys) aged between 3 and 15 years were analyzed. Following the pilot study, subjects' age was modeled as a function of gender (g), region of country (C), and morphological variables (predictors: x (5), the distance between the inner sides of the open apex of the second premolar divided by the tooth length; s=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7, sum of normalized open apices; N (0,) the number of teeth with root development complete. Results showed that all these variables except gender and second premolar contributed significantly to the fit so that all were included in the regression model, yielding the following linear regression formula: Age=9.402-0.879C+0.663 N0-0.711s-0.106s N0 where C is a dummy variable equal to 0 for the center or north of India and 1 for the south. The above equation, with the variables considered, explained 89.7% (R (2) = 0.897) of total deviance. The median of the residuals (observed age minus predicted age) was -0.063 years, with an interquartile range of 1.10 years.

Objectives: To compare the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) myeloperoxidase (GM) levels in smokers and non-smokers., Materials and Methods: This study comprised 45 subjects: (a) 12 smokers with periodontitis, (b) 10 non-smokers with periodontitis, (c) 11 smokers with healthy periodontium, and (d) 12 non-smokers with healthy periodontium were recruited for the study and their GM levels were analyzed., Results and Conclusion: GM levels were significantly higher in smokers with periodontitis compared with others. Hence, more incidence of mutagenesis and cytotoxicity were noted at sites of inflammation mediated by GM in smokers compared with non-smokers.

Dental cementum is a vital tissue that demonstrates continuous apposition throughout the life of a tooth. Positive correlation has been reported between the coronal displacement of cementum and age in impacted teeth and BR regression equation has been proposed. The present study is an attempt to calculate accuracy of BR regression equation in Haryana population of India. The study was conducted on 20 impacted mandibular third molars extracted from healthy patients, aged between 22 and 32 years. The bucco-lingual ground sections were prepared and the distance between the edges of enamel and cementum were measured with micrometer attached to a light microscope and BR regression equation was applied for age estimation. Although the estimated age with BR regression equation was less than chronological age it was not statistically significant. Hence, the BR regression equation can be used in medicolegal as well as in forensic odontology for age estimation.

Dental cementum is a vital tissue that demonstrates continuous apposition throughout the life of a tooth. This study was conducted on 130 impacted mandibular third molars extracted from healthy patients, aged between 18 and 38 years. The buccolingual ground sections were prepared and the distance between the edges of enamel and cementum were measured with micrometer attached to a light microscope. A significant correlation (r=0.56) between age and coronal displacement of cementum in impacted teeth was calculated and a regression equation was derived for age determination.