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Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes how architects working for the U.S. Bureau of Prisons developed a universal technical vocabulary for prison construction in the years following the end of the Second World War. Employing the neutral, streamlined aesthetic and advanced techniques of contemporary architecture, the new style negated the traditional formal distinction between the prison and extra-institutional space. Penal reformers celebrated the new institutions as signifying a shift away from the brutal, dreary institutions of the last century toward a more humane, efficient system of penal treatment. The neutralization of the prison, however, belied the subsumption of carceral violence into the form of the institution itself. The technical decomposition of the human form in contemporary design practice refigured punishment as a series of gradually intensifying strictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the limitations the carceral environment may impose on mental wellness, mental healthcare is increasingly becoming a carceral endeavor. Over the course of the last several decades, prisons and jails have become the de facto mental healthcare provider for thousands of incarcerated individuals. Furthermore, practices like mandated mental healthcare for supervised individuals further broaden the population experiencing mental healthcare within the criminal legal system at large. This study examines the perspectives of nine individuals who experienced mental healthcare within the carceral state, whether in prison or on parole or probation, with a special focus on how attributes of the carceral state create ideological and functional barriers to effective mental healthcare. Methods: Data for the parent study of this analysis was collected via in-depth, one-on-one interviews of about one hour's length, conducted at six-month intervals over the course of 2 years. These interviews were analyzed using an iterative process of open-coding, thematic code development, and code application to participant interviews. Results: The results showed a common perception of mental healthcare received within the carceral state as serving goals of the prison system, including control and punishment, rather than therapeutic goals of healing and empowerment. This often had negative implications for the quality of the treatment received, including patterns of diagnostic ambiguity, treatment that was ill-fitting to participants' needs, and treatment that was undermined by the new trauma created by the prison environment. The results also highlighted racial disparities prevalent within the carceral system. Despite the barriers created by the subjection of therapeutic practices to carceral goals, participants demonstrated resourcefulness and creativity in engaging with these treatment modalities to reap benefits where possible. Conclusions: Overall, these results highlight the inappropriateness of combining therapeutic and carceral spaces, the need for greater public attention to how carceral mechanisms disadvantage vulnerable populations, and the need for a cultural reconceptualization of mental illness such that it is met not with criminal punishment but appropriate care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship is complex, there is an association between alcohol use and offending behavior with an interplay between the amount drank, the pattern of drinking and individual and contextual factors. Alcohol brief interventions have been shown to be effective in primary healthcare, however there is currently a lack of compelling evidence in the criminal justice system. We carried out a rapid systematic review of the literature, which updated our review conducted in 2016. Following systematic searches, we included 36 papers on prevalence and 13 papers on effectiveness. Between 26 and 88%of individuals in the policy custody setting scored positive for an alcohol use disorder. In the magistrates court this was 95%; 31-86% in the probation setting and between 19 and 86%in the prison system. In relation to probable dependence, between 21 and 38% of individuals were shown to have probable alcohol dependence in the police custody suite setting; 39 per cent in the magistrate court system; 17-36%in the probation setting and between 18 and 48% in the prison system. This compares to 6% in the general population. We included 13 studies of effectiveness with differing outcome measures and outcomes. We conclude more studies are needed in the field to develop the current evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The global spotlight is increasingly shone on the situation of women in the male-dominated prison environment. Africa has observed a 24% increase in its female prison population in the past decade. This year is the 10-year anniversary of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) adopted by the General Assembly on 21 December 2010. Design/methodology/approach: Using a legal realist approach, this paper examines South Africa's progress in adopting the Bangkok Rules. This paper documents the historical evolution of the penal system since colonial times, focused on the development of recognition, protection and promotion of human rights of prisoners and an assessment of incarcerated women's situation over time. Findings: The analysis of the human rights treaties, the non-binding international and regional human rights instruments, African court and domestic jurisprudence and extant academic and policy-based literature is cognizant of the evolutionary nature of racial socio-political dimensions in South Africa, and the indeterminate nature of application of historical/existing domestic laws, policies and standards of care when evaluated against the rule of law. Originality/value: To date, there has been no legal realist assessment of the situation of women in South Africa's prisons. This paper incorporates race and gendered intersectionality and move beyond hetero-normative ideologies of incarcerated women and the prohibition of discrimination in South African rights assurance. The authors acknowledge State policy-making processes, and they argue for substantive equality of all women deprived of their liberty in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spanish prison and penal system has seen how the presence of women in prisons has been increasing in the recent years, having the largest female prison population in Europe. There is also an overrepresentation of immigrant women. This article aims to understand the different difficulties faced by foreign women from an intercultural and gender approach, highlighting how being a woman, a foreigner and an offender entails multiple-discrimination leading to a poorer reintegration. For this purpose, an exhaustive search of the Spanish literature has been carried out about the state of the female penal enforcement in Spain, focusing on foreign and non-EU women. Likewise, this article has allowed us to verify that there are few studies in Spain related to the discriminatory situation of immigrant women in spanish prisons and therefore, the intervention and reinsertion measures are not based on the specific characteristics and needs of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how should critical thought respond to the ructions and turmoil, the clamour and confusion that have characterized Brazilian political life. Topics include combined prosecutorial, congressional and media assault upon her in 20I6, the government of unelectables under Michel Temer (on a 7 per cent approval rating) and the imprisonment of Lula then cleared the path for the rise of Bolsonaro, the chaos of the pandemic.

The subject of transgender rights has recently come under increasing scrutiny in many parts of the world. Despite this, there has been no research that analyses this issue from the perspective of cis-women living alongside transwomen in prison settings. This paper addresses this omission by analysing the views of fifteen cis-women in prison in Scotland, living on halls of four prisons that also housed transgender women. Findings are analysed across a range of areas incorporating the acceptance, support and solidarity as well rejection, feelings of vulnerability relating to transgender people in custody. Responses analysed highlight a diversity of views, reflective of wider societal perspectives about transgender people. This paper has relevance for prisons systems housing transgender people, and provides unique insights into the complexity of performances of gender within the contemporary prison settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monatsschrift fuer Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bio-grafía. Escritos Sobre la Biología y su Enseñanza is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parental incarceration has been found to negatively impact families and communities. This study examined characteristics that impact receiving in-person visits among a sample of incarcerated mothers of minor children in a large Southern prison system. Factors impacting post release plans to live with children were also examined. Contact with their children, race/ethnicity, offense type, previous incarceration, and sentence length predicted whether incarcerated mothers received in-person visits from their children. Receiving visits from their children, race/ethnicity, having custody prior to arrest, and offense type predicted whether incarcerated mothers planned to live with their children after release from prison. Implications for policy and future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annual of the Faculty of Law / Godišnjak Fakulteta Pravnih Nauka is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neue Kriminalpolitik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionBrazil has one of the largest prison populations globally, with over 682,000 imprisoned people. Prison health is a public health emergency as it presents increasingly aggravating disease rates, mainly sexually transmitted infections (STI). And this problem already affects both developed and developing nations. Therefore, when thinking about intervention strategies to improve this scenario in Brazil, the course “Health Care for People Deprived of Freedom” (ASPPL), aimed at prison health, was developed. This course was implemented in the Virtual Learning Environment of the Brazilian Health System (AVASUS). Given this context, this study analyzed the aspects associated with massive training through technological mediation and its impacts on prison health.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from 8,118 ASPPL course participants. The data analyzed were collected from six sources, namely: (i) AVASUS, (ii) National Registry of Health Care Facilities (CNES), (iii) Brazilian Occupational Classification (CBO), (iv) National Prison Department (DEPEN); (v) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); and the (iv) Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH), through the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian National Health System (SIA/SUS). A data processing pipeline was conducted using Python 3.8.9.ResultsThe ASPPL course had 8,118 participants distributed across the five Brazilian regions. The analysis of course evaluation by participants who completed it shows that 5,190 (63.93%) reported a significant level of satisfaction (arithmetic mean = 4.9, median = 5, and standard deviation = 0.35). The analysis revealed that 3,272 participants (40.31%) are health workers operating in distinct levels of care. The prison system epidemiological data shows an increase in syphilis diagnosis in correctional facilities.ConclusionsThe course enabled the development of a massive training model for various health professionals at all care levels and regions of Brazil. This is particularly important in a country with a continental size and a large health workforce like Brazil. As a result, social and prison health impacts were observed.

At the start of the criminal reform movement and during the moment of northern emancipation, a startling phenonenon emerged in which Black children were hypercriminalized. Their treatment within the emerging criminal justice system was unusually harsh, and exceedingly violent. Officials confined Black children and especially Black girls to adult prisons, where they served lifetime sentences or even were executed. This article examines the experiences of individual Black girls in the criminal courts and prisons of Early America and illustrates that their severe punishments were a reaction to the threat of their freedom, and that these practices were an integral part of the development of the racialized carceral state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores white denial through the telling of one visceral story, known as the Sugar Land 95. Its history spans approximately 150 years, from the post-Civil War period through the present. The Sugar Land 95 are people whose brutalized remains were exhumed on the grounds of the former Imperial Sugar plantation in Sugar Land, Texas, while excavating the land for a new vocational public school. They are 94 men and one woman between the ages of 14 and 70, incarcerated African-Americans who died gruesomely between 1878 and 1911, laboring as convicts leased from the Texas state prison system. Convict leasing was an early pillar of the prison industrial complex. The Sugar Land 95 is a story of white supremacist brutality, erasure, and ongoing denial, a set of truths that would have been whitewashed in the here and now were it not for the persistent efforts at the grassroots to force a reckoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across much of Latin America, prison systems are characterized as having significantly high incarceration and overcrowding rates. In recent years, some of these systems have sought to address such problems by implementing rehabilitation and early release programs. However, the extent to which rehabilitation has been embraced and the nature of said efforts is not known. Using content analysis methods, this exploratory study examines the existence of language supporting rehabilitative practices and goals on official prison system websites across the region. While our findings suggest that prison systems have largely embraced rehabilitative goals, there is limited evidence to indicate that evidence-based practices are emphasized when it comes to assessment and correctional programs. As countries embrace rehabilitative efforts, it is important that they use empirically supported practices, as a perceived failure of the rehabilitative approach could shift the pendulum away from treatment and toward punishment. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bad Victims: An Approach to the Perspectives and Experiences of Criminal Women aims is to explore concrete experiences of delinquent women, based on gender and violence as intertwined analytical dimensions. The qualitative study is based on interviews with three women released from Buenos Aires (Argentina) prison system, with different criminal trajectories. The testimonies show, on the one hand, how their income in this masculinized environment destabilized their gender self-perceptions and, on the other, how the advance of drug trafficking and anti-drug policies produced a young, deprofessionalized and generically "disempowered" female subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes Youth and Adult Education (YAE) in the Bahian prison system, with the intention of understanding the pedagogical configurations of this practice based on research developed in the state prisons. The methodology was an investigation in the database of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Catalog of Theses and Dissertations. The descriptors used were: practice of YAE in prisons in Bahia, and YAE in the prison system of Bahia. We refined the research for the years 2010 to 2020, focusing on education, as an area of concentration and evaluation, and as a locus of higher education institutions in the state. We obtained 467 research results, which we refined for postgraduate education programs, reducing it to 280 researches. We performed the previous reading of the abstracts and found out that only 9 studies were related to pedagogical practice in YAE. In general terms, the results show that YAE in penal establishments in the state is carried out precariously, either because of the poor physical conditions of the units, the fragile organization and pedagogical practice, the absence of an effectively thematic, dynamic and protagonist curriculum, the conflicting interpersonal relationships which challenge the school in penal units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All human beings are born independent, free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act accordingly, living in a high spirit of love and brotherhood. All men are born equal and are endowed with some basic rights. These rights are mainly the right to life and liberty, but if any person doesn't comply with the ethics of the society then that person is deprived of these rights with proper punishment. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, irrelevant to our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. All are equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination as these rights are fundamental to us. Judiciary in every country has an obligation and a Constitutional role to protect the Human Rights of citizens. As per the mandate of the Constitution of India, this function is assigned to the superior judiciary namely the Supreme Court of India and High courts. In addition to the inmates, there are hundreds of thousands of family members, police personnel, judges, prosecutors, defenders, families of victims, and others who are directly or indirectly involved in the prison system. The major role prisons should play is reformation and making sure that inmates are properly integrated into society. That is possible when more skill development programs are introduced in the jails to enhance their chances of earning. This research paper discusses the study of the prison reformation system in India and to analyze the prison reformation in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One would be hard-pressed to name an edifice that has dominated the academic imagination as thoroughly and exhaustively as Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon. This somewhat monomaniacal fixation on one of Bentham's many penal contraptions is rooted, to no small degree, in Michel Foucault's now voguish theory of power, as expounded upon in his seminal work Discipline and Punish. Foucault's understanding of Bentham's penal thought, particularly the Panopticon, forms one of the key linchpins which his broad historical claims hinge upon. But to what extent does Foucault's representation of Bentham's penal theories, in particular, his views on the prison and the Panopticon, converge with how Bentham himself gave expression to his own penal philosophy? This question is examined in this article by taking a closer look at The Rationale of Punishment, a compilation of a vast mass of Bentham's manuscripts, which were first published in English in 1830. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the participation of people sentenced to hard labor in the construction of the Dnieper Defense Line during 1774-1783. It was established that the main reason for the construction of defensive fortifications was the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. On May 10, 1770, the military board of the Russian Empire approved items entitled «On the establishment of a line along the Berdi and Moskovtsi rivers.» According to the points, Lieutenant General M. Dedev was appointed head of the defense line construction. In general, an amount of 100,000 rubles was allocated from the treasury for construction. On September 2, 1770, Empress Catherine II signed the Decree on the construction of the Dnieper Defense Line. According to the Decree, a fortified fortification line was built in five years, which stretched for 196 versts and included seven fortresses - Oleksandrivska, Mykytynska, Kirillivska, Hryhorivska, Oleksiivska, Zakharivska, and Petrivska. The establishment and development of the prison system in Zaporozhye is connected with the construction of the Dnieper Defense Line. However, those sentenced to hard labor, government work, and settlement began to arrive on the Dnieper Line only in 1774. The first convicts (well workers) and exiled settlers appeared in the Oleksandrivskaya Fortress at the beginning of 1774. The criminals who went to the Line were both civilian and military rank. The most common crimes punishable by hard labor were: murder, robbery and repeated theft. They were also punished with hard labor for: incest, espionage for the benefit of another state, escape from military service and places of punishment, counterfeiting, etc. A large part of them were Cossacks and Haydamaks, accused of committing various crimes. Construction work continued on the Dnieper Defense Line until 1783. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares criminality and the imprisonment policies of the U.S. and Europe. Topics include the need for criminal justice reform in the U.S. amid the death of African American George Floyd and the national outcry for racial justice, a definition of criminality and its role in the criminal justice system, the primary justifications of human imprisonment, and the human rights issues involved in the way nations treat incarcerated individuals and the policies that are in place.

To describe through an integrative review of the literature the phenomenon of infectious diseases among individuals deprived of liberty in the Brazilian prison system. This is an integrative review of the literature that observes the concerns of the investigated area by adding the nursing practices, in which it was consulted through the databases of the VHL (Virtual Health Library) LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO and BDENF. We selected 14 publications that gave rise to three categories: Main infectious diseases affected in the Population Deprived of Liberty, Relationship of the environment with co-infections and The role of nursing in the face of the reality of prison. It is understood that scientific production points to a precarious Brazilian prison system, which ends up facilitating the transmission of infectious diseases among PPL, and for this reality to be changed, it is urgent to take action against the control of these diseases, based on current public policies, so that there is a positive result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saúde e Sociedade is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Saude Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of "dangerous" prisoners is of utmost importance, mainly regarding the restrictions imposed on offenders of this category. The restrictions in question introduce significant limitations of the statutory rights of individuals and alter the purposes of the penalty of deprivation of liberty. For this reason, it is necessary to align the Polish law, and above all penitentiary practice, with the international standards of human rights protection. This paper analyses both the Polish legislation and practice in terms of the qualification and treatment of "dangerous" prisoners. The paper points to the obscurity of certain legal regulations and the broad limits of discretion in applying and extending "dangerous prisoner" status. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the concept of distinguishing the category of "dangerous prisoners" and the operation of "N" wards from the perspective of the impact that such heightened isolation exerts on the individual, but also on the society and the penal institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of reintegration into the society of persons deprived of their liberty depends, to a large extent, on the educational programs performed in prisons. Previous studies on prison education have mainly focused on programs aimed at developing life skills or transmitting professional competences relevant to the labor market after release. A less analyzed aspect was focused on the impact of positive role models in the educational process and how exposure to this role models influence their reintegration after release. Prison staff, especially those with whom detainees interact daily, influence their perceptions on the time spent in prison, as well as the way they relate to the period following their release. If the way detention officers manage day-to-day activities and interaction with detainees is perceived as fair, equitable and in line with the rules of detention, positive patterns of behavior appear, with a beneficial impact on compliance with prison rules, participation in educational programs and social reintegration following their release. By creating positive role models, detainees will have healthy benchmarks to follow, the effectiveness of educational programs offered in prisons will increase significantly and, thus, inmates will be able to reintegrate more easily into society, playing an active role in the community they belong to. This article examines previous studies from Europe concerning the influence of positive role models among detention officers on the behavior of detainees, with the purpose of identifying good practices that can be adapted to the Romanian prison system context.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Pedagogicos (Valdivia) is the property of Estudios Pedagogicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the issue of older adult prisoners who have aged while incarcerated due to receiving life without parole sentences earlier in life. It highlights that a significant number of older adult prisoners are serving life without parole sentences, and prison conditions contribute to an increased rate of aging among incarcerated individuals. The article argues for the importance of compassionate release programs, which are designed to release prisoners with terminal illnesses or those who are extremely advanced in age. It emphasizes that releasing older adult prisoners poses a low danger to communities and can significantly reduce state spending. However, the article points out that compassionate release programs are underutilized, inefficient, and limited in scope, with strict eligibility requirements that severely limit the number of prisoners who are eligible for release. The article concludes by discussing the challenges faced by released older adult prisoners in adjusting back into society and emphasizes the need to make the prison system more humane. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Nuevo Foro Penal is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Tuberculosis burden among the incarcerated population is generally higher than that of general population. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are key strategies to contain disease transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the time to treatment initiation among inmates with new smear or Xpert MTB/RIF positive pulmonary tuberculosis and explore risk factors associated with delayed treatment initiation in prison settings. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using routine health care data from prison settings in Kzrgyz Republic on new pulmonary tuberculosis patients confirmed by smear microscopy or GeneXpert MTB/RIF during 2014–2019. We computed delay in start of treatment—days from specimen collection to treatment initiation—for exposure variables. We dichotomized treatment delay using 10-day cut-off point,and used logistic regression to identify factors associated with treatment delay. Results: Among 406 cases included into analysis, the median delay to treatment initiation was 7 days [IQR: 2–16 days]. Using 10-day cut-off, 189 (46.6%) patients had delayed treatment initiation. Treatment delay was negatively associated with smear positivity [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.44, 95% CI 0.29–0.68] compared to smear negative patients, while patients with isoniazid resistant (aOR = 2.61, 95%CI 1.49–4.56) and rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (aOR = 4.14, 95%CI 2.56–6.77) had increased delay compared to patients who were sensitive for both rifampicin and isoniazid. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and effective treatment remain the cornerstone of TB control program populations in the general and in prison settings in particular. Prison authorities need to address all potential areas of delay in TB diagnosis and treatment to strengthen their TB control efforts so that prisons remain free of TB for detainees, prison staff and visitors. These include improved supply of TB drugs, early detection of TB cases and improved collaboration with the health authorities outside the prison system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus has had a significant impact on daily life. Prisons are not exempt from the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Prisons are particularly at risk due to their secure environment and vulnerable inmate populations. We examine steps taken by the 50 state departments of correction and the Federal Bureau of Prisons to mitigate COVID-19 as reported on their websites. While states vary in their response to the virus, those responses do not appear to be related to regional or political differences. Few are testing or quarantining all inmates, and there are more proactive responses devoted to staff than inmates in their facilities. Findings demonstrate that prison systems' policies regarding COVID-19 testing, quarantining, and provision of personal protective equipment for inmates do not fully align with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations. As a result, the steps prison systems are taking to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 may be more reactionary than proactive, which may be less effective overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits Glasgow's Barlinnie Special Unit (BSU) in light of the reissue of Jimmy Boyle's biography of his time in Scottish prisons, 'A sense of freedom'. Viewing BSU as expressing restorative values, it analyses the different meanings of the sense of freedom which emerge from Boyle's account. It finds a developing dynamic of different meanings of freedom, from negative resistance through trust and solidaristic action to love and creativity. Together these represent a basis for a moral psychology adequate to understanding human change in a prison context. The article considers BSU as a restorative and reparative practice which challenged the prison system's overall punitive and persecutory form – its 'structure in dominance'. It reflects on Thomas Mathiesen's (1974/2015) Politics of Abolition about the relationship between therapeutic practice and political development to argue that BSU represented an abolitionism relevant to prison today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite playing a central role in establishing our current racialized prison system, Southern convict leasing has been largely forgotten by American society. The Lone Rock Stockade Project is carrying out excavations at the site of an 1870s convict stockade in order to illuminate the depravity of convict leasing and acknowledge the sacrifices of the convicts who were forced to work without pay in Tennessee's industries. While the project works to identify descendant communities and manage the dangers of COVID-19, the project's public outreach is focused on establishing the site's narrative as dark heritage, rather than industrial triumph, within the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prison system in Assam owes its origin and structure to the British colonizers. Colonial administrator John M'Cosh mentions in Topography of Assam (1837) that by the year 1833 the East India Company had already established jails in prominent administrative sites like Guwahati and Goalpara. From the mid-twentieth century, one can witness an increasing concern in academic disciplines like psychiatry, psychology, sociology, criminology and philosophy with the notion and the praxis of incarceration in the colonies. This paper will attempt to foreground the unexplored dimensions of incarceration in colonial jails with a special focus on the frontier province of Assam through an analysis of Sangrami Jibonor Atmakatha (2011), the autobiography of Robin Kakati, an eminent freedom fighter, Gandhian who courted multiple arrests as a satyagrahi. His autobiography unravels some of the most intricate details of prison life in colonial Assam, especially in Jorhat Central Prison where he was confined with some of the most prominent freedom fighters of the time like Nilamoni Phukan, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Kamala Miri, Gopinath Bardoloi and others. The primary objective of this paper is to study the evolution of the system of incarceration in Assam during the colonial period by highlighting critical perspectives on forms of punishment, humiliation, subjection, classification and reform within the gaol through testimonies of freedom fighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late twentieth century, the American prison system expanded in ways that denied women, and especially working-class and women of color, adequate medical care with regard to HIV-AIDS and their reproductive, chronic, and other illnesses. The experience of living within a racist, misogynistic, and privatized prison system shaped women's organizing on the inside, inspiring forms of mutual aid among prisoners and compelling the formation of inside–outside alliances. Activists not only addressed HIV-AIDS, but also the absence of all the healthcare that incarcerated women failed to receive. Their efforts highlight the systemic and cyclical problems diverse groups of women have faced within the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the United States, as well as women's interpersonal, organizational, and legal efforts to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “mass incarceration” is used to describe a crisis that, to many, is both abstract and distant. But for Black, Latinx, Indigenous, low-income, and other communities whose lives are disproportionately affected by the criminal legal system, the reality of carceral exploitation is as unavoidable as it is harmful. Incarceration has always had economic ramifications, but the modern prison has become an amalgamation of public and private interests that increasingly treat incarcerated individuals and their communities as a source of profit. In a matter of decades, prison finance has become a billion-dollar industry concentrated in the hands of powerful corporate interests, and it overwhelmingly preys on historically marginalized and low-income communities. The advent of the digital economy has opened a new dimension of economic exploitation, typified by fee-laden debit release cards and exorbitant money transfer fees. In light of these increasingly exploitative practices, documenting the full extent of financial exploitation within the prison system is an immensely difficult task. Ending it is even harder. Despite persistent efforts to reform prison finance through litigation and regulation, the problem is getting worse—not better. This Note argues that the prison financial system is beyond repair and that it must be abolished. To that end, this Note proposes a community- centered alternative to the existing prison financial system that reclaims the economic power seized by the carceral state and relocates it within the communities that mass incarceration has disproportionately impacted. Though it is only one part of the broader project of prison abolition, the proposed alternative addresses an aspect of the criminal legal system that is often overlooked. Doing so represents a concrete step towards the eventual dismantling of the prison industrial complex. A Note About Language: The words that we use to describe people who have come in contact with the criminal legal system play a foundational role in our own conception and, by extension, our society’s treatment of these individuals. While terms like “inmate,” “ex-convict,” and “prisoner” are widely used and recognized, they carry an inseparable connection to physical spaces that many people view with fear and contempt. Though linguistically convenient, this connotation reinforces harmful ideas and attitudes towards some of the most marginalized members of our communities. As such, this Article identifies people who have come in contact with the criminal legal system by their names when possible and in other instances refers to them as “incarcerated” or “formerly incarcerated” individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV disproportionately impacts criminal justice--involved individuals, including men who experience incarceration. Men make up the vast majority of those experiencing incarceration as well as those newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical intervention that significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition. However, implementation in criminal justice systems is limited. Little is known about effective PrEP implementation and use in this unique public health context. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the experience of implementing PrEP clinical care in a criminal justice setting for men vulnerable to HIV acquisition. Methods: This article describes a PrEP care continuum for men experiencing incarceration who are at increased risk of HIV acquisition, which can help conceptualize approaches to evaluating PrEP implementation. Results: The outlined study will enroll 100 men experiencing incarceration at high risk for HIV acquisition prior to release into the community. The goal is to initiate PrEP prior to release and link individuals to PrEP providers in the community, capturing barriers and facilitators to PrEP use during this uniquely vulnerable time period for HIV acquisition. Conclusions: Based on the proposed care continuum and what is known about HIV risk and prevention efforts in the criminal justice context, we outline key future research efforts to better understand effective approaches to preventing HIV infection among this vulnerable population. The described approach presents a powerful public health opportunity to help end the HIV epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simon Rolston's I Prison Life Writing: Conversion and the Literary Roots of the U.S. Prison System i claims to be the "first full-length study" of this genre. Prison Life Writing: Conversion and the Literary Roots of the U.S. Prison System Simon Rolston Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2021, ix+316 pp. [Extracted from the article]

The nurse has a fundamental role in the implementation of promotion and prevention measures during the maternal-puerperal phase. However, the issue becomes sensitive when seen from the perspective of the Brazilian prison system and its problems, which directly reflects on the health of pregnant and postpartum women. Thus, the work aims to assess the problems faced in nursing care for pregnant women in the Brazilian prison system, more specifically, prenatal care. For this purpose, a narrative review was used, taking into account scientific articles, master's and doctoral theses, government data and data from the Regional Nursing Council of the State of São Paulo. Initially, there was an understanding that the Brazilian prison system is not prepared to provide basic and dignified care, in order to impact the well-being of the mother-child binomial and, therefore, ensure the right of access to health, as per recommended in the National Health Plan for the Penitentiary System (PNSSP). This is due to the precarious infrastructure of the Brazilian prison system, as well as the insufficiency of basic materials and medicines. Given the combination of two major issues - the health system and the prison system - the resolution of the difficulties faced in having access to health in the prison environment must be done through the joint adoption of public policies, such as the investment in infrastructure, encouraging the hiring and work of professionals in this environment, aiming to enable the effective technical performance of nurses in the promotion and prevention of the health of pregnant women in the prison system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]