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In the present work, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride [C3MIM]Cl combine with ultra-sonication was applied for extraction of bioactive compounds from Polygonum minus. The extract was used to synthesize nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs). Synthesis was confirmed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The Ni NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology was identified by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and the particle size and zeta potential were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Nickel nanoparticles were used for degradation of methyl red, methyl orange, methylene blue and degraded 98% of all dyes in time interval of 5, 5 and 10 min respectively. The synthesized nickel nanoparticles were found to be highly effective against three different bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila (AH), Escherichia coli (EC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in disc diffusion methods at various concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel chymase inhibitor has been reported to have depressor effect in salt-induced hypertension. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that chymase inhibitory dried young leaves of Polygonum hydropiper (PPH) or young leaves extract of Polygonum hydropiper (PHE) could reduce salt-induced hypertension. In this study, 8-wk old wild-type mice were allocated into three experiments and experiment I included groups, I- normal water drinking, II- high salt (2% NaCl) water (HSW) drinking, and III- HSW plus PPH (500 mg kg −1 , orally) for 12-wk. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline and weekly up to wk-12. In experiment II, mice were given HSW for 12-wk followed by 8-wk treatment with PPH plus HSW (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg −1 for groups I, II, III and IV, respectively). BP and HR were measured at baseline and monthly until wk-12, following weekly for 8-wk. Experiment III comprised of four groups of mice for 12-wk HSW and 8-wk treatment with PHE plus HSW (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg −1 for groups I–IV, respectively). BP and HR were measured at baseline and monthly up to wk-12, following weekly for 8-wk. Significant reduction in BP and HR were observed in mice treated with PPH (500 mg kg −1 ) compared to HSW control. PPH reduced BP and HR dose dependently in hypertensive mice and the higher dose showed maximum reduction. PHE at its maximum dose (20 mg kg −1 ) significantly suppressed BP and HR. Over all, we found that the young leaves of Polygonum hydropiper suppressed salt-induced hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, new type of floral polymorphism (tristylous-like flowers) in Polygonum bistorta L., i.e., L-, M-, and S-styles (long, medium and short, respectively) is reported. This tristylous was not only present in different populations but also in a single inflorescence. Although the heights of styles and anthers in the three morphs of flowers differed, their ancillary tepal size, pollen polymorphism, and stigma polymorphism were found similar. The ratio of M-flowers was far lower than those of L- and S-flowers. Unlike the solid nectar of other Polygonum species, fluid nectar was present in Polygonum bistorta, which reflects its specialized state. Different from most of other hetereostylous species with tubular flowers and Polygonum jucundum with open distylous flowers, Polygonum bistorta contains semi-open flowers. Our findings suggest that P. bistorta represents special floral polymorphism in Polygonum and is an ideal plant species for studying the evolution of floral breeding system in Polygonum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding plant phosphorus (P) assimilation and its root morphological responses is important to acquire an ideal material for remediation of P-enriched environments. Pot experiments were conducted to explore P accumulation and root morphological traits in a mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Polygonum hydropiper under different organic P (Po) sources (G1P, AMP, ATP, IHP) and inorganic P (Pi) source (KH2PO4), and also their responses to a high level of IHP for different growth periods. Both ecotypes showed higher biomass in Pi and IHP treatments than other Po sources. P accumulation in seedlings were in the order of Pi > IHP > other Po media. Extending the growth period increased biomass and P accumulation in both ecotypes. The ME demonstrated 1.11-1.46 times higher P accumulation than the NME. Seedlings fed with IHP demonstrated significantly greater morphological parameters of fine, medium, and thick roots compared to other Po sources. Total root length, surface area, and volume of both ecotypes significantly increased with the prolonged growth period. The ME has a higher ability to develop root system and exhibits better distribution of fine roots to enhance P accumulation from high P media, and thus it is a worthy material for P-phytoextraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new compounds including two phenyldilactones ( 1 , 2 ), two coumarins ( 3 , 4 ) and a dimer of N-E -feruloyl tyramine ( 5 ) together with twenty-three known compounds ( 6 – 28 ) were isolated from a medicinal plant Polygonum chinense. The structures of the new compounds were established by detailed spectral analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 5 were elucidated by Mosher’s method, Mo 2 (OAc) 4 -induced electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, and ECD calculation. All the compounds were found to show potent anticomplement activity with CH 50 and AP 50 values ranging from 0.18 to 1.45 mM, and 0.26 to 2.80 mM, respectively. Phenyldilactones and phenylpropionic tyramines were firstly reported as anticomplement agents. The targets of compounds 1 , 3 , 5 and 10 in complement activation cascade were identified as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stalks of Polygonum hydropiper L. (PHL) have been traditionally used in clinical practice for thousands of years in China to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, little research has been conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PHL on TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and to explain the underlying mechanism of PHL on TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation in rats. PHL (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) was given for 7 consecutive days to rats with intestinal inflammation induced by TNBS. Oral administration of an aqueous extract of a high dose of PHL (H-PHL) significantly improved TNBS-induced symptoms such as the macroscopic score and histological examination. H-PHL treatment significantly ameliorated the activity of MPO and improved the GSH content. In addition, there was a downregulation of the TNBS-induced increase in the activity of iNOS and levels of Cox-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β while the protein expression of NF-κB was significantly unregulated after administration of H-PHL. The present findings suggested that H-PHL has a protective effect on experimental intestinal inflammation in rats and its anti-inflammatory effects are closely related to inhibition of NF-κB signal pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nephrolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease, in addition to the pain and treatment costs, there may be significant complications resulting from the stones. This study intended to investigate the effects of Polygonum Aviculare L. aqueous extract (PAE) on urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC) in rats. Materials and methods: Sixty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 8). Rats in the normal control group (I) received no treatment. The sham groups (III and IV) were given PAE. at 100 and 400 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. The disease control group (II), the prevention groups ( V and VI), and the therapeutic groups (VII and VIII), received 1% EG and .25 AC in their drinking water for 28 days. The prevention groups (from the start of EG administration), and the therapeutic groups (from the 14th day of EG administration), received PAE at 100 and 400 mg/kg by gavage. At the end of the experiment, kidneys were examined for CaOx deposits and tubulointerstitial changes. Results: The number of CaOx crystals and tubulointerstitial changes increased significantly in group II rats compared to groups I, III, and IV (P < .001). The number of CaOx crystals (P < .001) and tubulointerstitial changes (P < .001) in the prevention groups, and the number of CaOx crystals (P < .05) and interstitial changes (P < .05) in the therapeutic groups declined significantly compared to group II. Conclusion: Results show aqueous extract of Polygonum Aviculare L. is effective in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyextract consisting of the extracts of the five title plants shows a marked prostate-protective effect in experimental chronic prostatitis. The pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of the phytoextract gives a basis to recommend its use in complex treatment and prophylaxis of prostatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol is a valuable compound found in plants. Unfortunately, it is quite sensitive to heat, light and oxygen in the air. This is a disadvantage making the storage of these compounds for longer periods of time difficult. However, this problem can be overcome by encapsulation with carrier agents as maltodextrin, gum arabic, modified starch, etc. The efficiency of maltodextrin (MD, DE16-19) and gum arabic (GA) on spray drying of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. root extract was investigated. The incorporation of gum arabic to the extract had the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) higher than maltodextrin. The obtained powders from gum arabic and maltodextrin were analyzed for encapsulation yield, moisture content, color parameters, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, bulk density, wettability, hygroscopicity, water solubility index, particle size and microstructure. The results showed the types of carrier agents which significantly affected the physicochemical properties of powders produced by spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant lectins could reduce insect populations by imposing imbalances in biology and physiology. Here, an agglutinin was extracted from Polygonum persicaria L. (PPA; Polygonales: Polygonaceae) and its effects were investigated on life table parameters and antioxidant system of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PPA significantly changed demographic parameters showing adverse effects on age-stage survival rate (Sxj), age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific fecundity rate (mx), age stage specific fecundity (fxj), and life expectancy (exj). Also, life table parameters including net reproduction rate (R0) (Offspring/female), intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) (days-1), finite rate of increase (μ) (days-1), gross reproduction rate (GRR) (Offspring/ female) significantly decreased in the PPA-treated H. armigera compared to control except for mean generation time (T) (days). Activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CA), peroxidase (POX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) increased statistically in the PPA-treated larvae compared to control while no significant difference was observed in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity. Moreover, ratio of RSSR/RSH and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were found to be statistically higher in PPA-treated larvae than control. The current results clearly showed that PPA not only had a negative impact on demography of H. armigera but also induced antioxidant raise by releasing free radicals. These released radicals, together with impaired digestion and absorption observed in our previous report, could be considered as a reason for reducing biological fitness of H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaic and Woodland period communities in eastern North America domesticated a suite of annual seed crops referred to the Eastern Agricultural Complex (EAC), some of which subsequently fell out of cultivation and were lost. Recently, a domesticated sub-species of one of these lost crops, erect knotweed ( Polygonum erectum ) has been described. This paper reports the earliest example of this domesticated sub-species, which was recovered from a sub-mound context at an Adena/Hopewell site in central Kentucky (Walker-Noe, 15Gd56) dating to c. 1 AD. Contemporary Middle Woodland erect knotweed assemblages from habitation sites in western Illinois are not domesticated. A review of the paleoethnobotanical record suggests that farmers on the western front of the Appalachian Mountains developed several innovative agricultural practices, beginning around 1000 BC, that subsequently were adopted across the core area of EAC cultivation. The ethnography and sociology of 20th and 21st century farmer networks suggests that Adena/Hopewell exchange and community integration at mounds and earthworks may have been instrumental to this process. Additional analyses of botanical assemblages from mounds and earthworks, especially morphometric analyses of crop seeds, are necessary to test this hypothesis. The dynamics of social learning involved in this process may also be implicated in the spread of crop varieties and agricultural techniques in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Helminth infection is one of the main matters that cause health problems in developing countries. Polygonum minus are empirically used as an anthelmintic drug, but there has been no scientific study that proves it. Methods: This study was aimed at determining the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of Polygonum minus leaves against Ascaridia galli in vitro. The extract was prepared in three different concentrations i.e 0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL. NaCl 0.9% was used as a negative control group and albendazole 0.2 mg/mL, a broad spectrum anthelmintic was used as a positive control group. Ascaridia galli was used as the test parasite. The study involved the determination of death time of the worms. Results: The death time of the worms that caused by the extract concentration 0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively were (mean±SD) 35±3.32 hours, 32.8±2.39 hours and 25±3.39 hours. The death time that caused by negative and positive control group were 76.6±8.30 hours and 19.2±1.48 hours. There is no significant difference of death time of the worms between the extract concentration 2 mg/mL and the positive control group. Conclusion: The anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of Polygonum minus leaves has been confirmed and extract concentration 2 mg/mL has the same anthelmintic activity with albendazole 0.2 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum hydropiper is a dominant plant species in Shifang phosphorus (P) mine area and is a promising P-accumulator used for P-phytoextraction. To date, little information is available on the physiological response involved in alleviating P toxicity of P. hydropiper under high P. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate growth, P subcellular distribution, chemical forms in two ecotypes of P. hydropiper under high levels (1, 4, and 8 mmol P L −1 ) of inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po), supplied as KH 2 PO 4 and myo -inositol hexaphosphoric acid dodecasodium salt, respectively. The mining ecotype (ME) showed a greater ability to tolerate high P than the non-mining ecotype (NME), as shown by its superior growth with undamaged leaf anatomical structure. The ME showed 1.3–2.2 times greater shoot P accumulation than the NME. More than 93% of P accumulated in tissue cell wall and soluble fraction. The increasing P treatments increased all tissue P forms, especially Pi form. The ME showed significantly higher ester P, nucleic P and insoluble P in tissues than the NME at 8 mmol L −1 ; however, it demonstrated lower Pi, expect for roots at 5 weeks. The percentages of Pi and nucleic P in roots of the ME were higher than other P forms, and the percentages of nucleic P dominated in the leaves. Probably, the combination of preferential distribution of P in cell wall and soluble fraction in tissues and storage of P in low activity as nucleic P in leaves allows the ME to adapt high P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave-assisted enzyme pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction (MEP-MHDE) was developed in this work for the efficient separation of essential oil from the leaves of Polygonum viscosum Buch-ham. The modified hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction apparatus included conventional oil-water separation process and another extraction process for essential oil components from the hydrosol using an organic solvent. A comparison of the types of enzymes implied that the composite enzyme of cellulase and pectinase (1/1, w/w) performed better than the others. The optimum conditions derived were a microwave irradiation time of 17 min, a microwave irradiation power of 503 W, and an incubation temperature of 42 °C, which were evaluated through single factor experiments and Plackett–Burman design for selecting significant parameters as well as Box–Behnken design for optimizing the conditions. Based on these conditions, high yields of essential oil in the first separation column (3.66 ± 0.11 g/kg) and second separation column (1.02 ± 0.03 g/kg) were achieved. The developed MEP-MHDE method performed better regarding obtaining a higher yield of essential oil using a shorter time than other methods, which was mainly attributed to the influence of the combination of microwave irradiation, enzyme pretreatment and the hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction apparatus. Through GC–MS analysis, more oxygenated compounds of the essential oil were achieved in the second separation column than in the first one, thus providing more valuable essential oil. Thus, the developed MEP-MHDE method is an efficient method for separation of high-value essential oils from natural plants and crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum perfoliatum L . is a Mn-tolerant plant as considered having the potential to revegetate in manganese mine wasteland. The glasshouse experiments were carried out to evaluate its tolerance and physiological response in different Mn concentrations (5, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 μmol L). Absorption bands of P. perfoliatum differed greatly in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. With elevated levels of Mn (5-2000 μmol L), absorbance changed little, which demonstrated that lower Mn concentrations had negligible influence on transport functions. As Mn concentrations in excess of 2000 μmol L, absorbance increased slightly but eventually decreased. Furthermore, a hydroponic culture was carried out in order to study its changes of ultrastructure with the increasing Mn concentrations (5, 1000, and 10,000 μmol L). Lower Mn levels with 5 and 1000 μmol L had no breakage function to the ultrastructure of P. perfoliatum. However, as Mn concentration was up to 10,000 μmol L, visible damages began to appear, the quantity of mitochondria in root cells increased, and the granum lamellae of leaf cell chloroplasts presented a disordered state. In comparison with the controls, black agglomerations were found in the cells of P. perfoliatum under the controlling concentration of Mn with 1000 and 10,000 μmol L for 30 days, which became obvious at higher Mn concentrations. As Mn concentration was 10,000 μmol L, a kind of new acicular substance was developed in leaf cells and intercellular spaces, possibly indicating a resistance mechanism in P. perfoliatum. These results confirm that P. perfoliatum shows potential for the revegetation of abandoned manganese tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lectin extracted from Polygonom persicaria (PPA) was mixed with the artificial diet provided to the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera at various concentrations. Although the PPA significantly prolonged larval duration but, decreased pupal weight and larval survival. Nutritional indices such as approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of digested food and efficiency of conversion of ingested food were significantly decreased in the PPA-fed larvae. Activities of digestive enzymes in the PPA-fed larvae, such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, trypsin, elastase and exopeptidases, were significantly lower than control except for β-glucosidase and chymotrypsin. PPA-fed larvae showed lower amounts of total protein and glycogen compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neuro-degenerative disorder, and novel therapeutic targets are required for the treatment of PD. Juglanin is a natural compound extracted from the crude Polygonum aviculare, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities. In our study, PD in mice was induced by systemic LPS treatment as evidenced by enhanced α-synuclein and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which were reversed by juglanin treatment. Moreover, juglanin administration attenuated LPS-caused behavioral and memory impairments and reduced LPS-induced enhancement of neuro-degenerative markers, including amyloid β (Aβ) and p-Tau. Additionally, juglanin ameliorated synaptic functionality through promoting the expression of synaptic markers, such as SYP, PSD-95 and SNAP-25. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in brain regulates neuroinflammation, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, LPS induced neuroinflammation through the acceleration of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), via activating TLR4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in hippocampus of mice and microglia cells. Juglanin significantly reduced LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and blocked TLR4/NF-κB pathway. We also found that LPS-induced astrocytes (AST) activity was prevented by juglanin through down-regulating glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba1 in vivo and in vitro. Together, our results indicated that juglanin ameliorated neuroinflammation-related memory impairment, and neurodegeneration through impeding TLR4/NF-κB, indicating its potential for PD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that long-term excessive administration of glucocorticoid (GC) results in osteoporosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Polygonum multiflorm (PM) on the bone tissue of rats with GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO). A total of 90 6-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats (weight range, 190-210 g) were randomly divided into nine groups: Control (normal saline); prednisone (GC; 6 mg·kg-1·d-1; Model); GC plus PMR30 (the 30% ethanol eluent fraction of PM) (H) (400 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus PMR30 (M) (200 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus PMR30 (L) (100 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus PMRF (fat-soluble fraction of PM) (H) (400 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus PMRF (M) (200 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus PMRF (L) (100 mg·kg-1·d-1); GC plus calcitriol (CAL; 0.045 µg·kg-1·d-1; positive). Rats were administered intragastrically with prednisone and/or the aforementioned extracts for 120 days, and weighed once/week. The serum was collected for detection of biochemical markers. The left tibia was used for bone histomorphometry analysis. The right tibia was prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining. The left femur was used to analyze the protein expression of dickkopf-1 (DKK1), WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and secreted frizzled related protein 4 using western blotting. Long-term excessive treatment of prednisone inhibited the bone formation rate accompanied with a decrease in bone mass, growth plate, body weight, and the level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyl-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen in the serum. Furthermore, a simultaneously increase in the level of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-5b and cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in the serum, in addition to DKK1, and WIF1 protein expression, was observed. PMR30 (M and L) and PMRF (H) groups were able to reduce the negative effects of GC on the bones. PMR30 (M and L) and PMRF (H) dose demonstrated a protective effect of PM on bone tissue in GIO rats. The mechanism underlying the preventive effect of PM for the treatment of GIO may be associated with direct upregulation of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study elucidates developmental features of male and female gametophyte in Symphytum orientale L. (Boraginaceae). Flower buds were collected from natural habitats (İstanbul-Turkey) in March-April. The anthers of S. orientale were tetrasporangiate with a persistent epidermis and its wall development conformed to the Dicotyledonous type. The endothecium developed fibrous wall thickenings. The middle layer was short-lived and the cells of the glandular tapetum became double nucleated. In the microspore mother cells cytokinesis originated simultaneously after meiosis and the microspore tetrads were tetrahedral or isobilateral. The mature pollen grains were 3-celled when spread to environment. The ovule was hemianatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. The megaspore mother cell functioned directly from the archesporial cell. Polygonum type embryo sac developed from the chalazal megaspore of a linear tetrad generated after meiosis. The synergids were pyriform and the polar nuclei fused shortly before fertilization. The antipodal cells were large and persistent at the stage of globular embryo. Embryogenesis followed the Chenopodiad type and the endosperm represented cellular type. The detailed embryological data of Symphytum orientale L. (Boraginaceae), which is a herbaceous and perennial flowering plant will improve our knowledge of its reproductive behaviour, and provide to comprehend taxonomic connection with related taxa within the Symphytum/Boraginaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of the present study were to improve the growth performance, survival rate, and hematological indices of fingerling Anabas testudineus, by using Polygonum minus plant leaf extract, sprayed at four different levels (0 as the control group, 50, 70, and 100 ml/kg fish feed), for 60 days. The growth indices and survival rate were investigated at 15-day intervals, while hematological indices were evaluated at the end of experiment (60 days). The results showed that the weight gain (WG), average daily growth rate (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were significantly different, and that the highest value in the group was found in fish fed 70 ml/kg feed. Meanwhile, feed conversion rate (FCR) was shown to have the lowest value in the group that was fed 70 ml/kg feed. In addition, the survival rate was shown to be higher in all groups except for the control group: a significant difference ( p < 0.05). Also, the dietary supplementation, with P. minus extract, caused a significant difference in total white blood cell count (WBC) among the treatments, the highest cell value of WBC was found in the group of fish fed 70 and 100 ml/kg feed. Although the red blood cells (RCB) and hematocrit (Htc) concentrations were not significantly different ( p > 0.05), there was a trend towards higher concentrations. Overall, our results indicated that P. minus leaf extract supplementation could improve growth performance, especially with regard to feed utilization, and the survival rate was very important for the fingerling nursing step; moreover, the WBC could be improved by using herbal extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different Polygonum species have in vitro neuroprotective properties and are traditionally used for their anti-ageing benefits. In this context this work explored for the first time P. maritimum (sea knotgrass) as a potential source of natural products with industrial application as cognitive enhancers with anti-ageing potential. For that purpose methanol and dichloromethane extracts were prepared from leaves and roots of that species and evaluated for in vitro neuroprotective effects through the inhibition on acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), protection against hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced cytoxicity on neuroblastoma cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation on microglia cells. The extracts were chemically characterized by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and docking studies were performed on the identified compounds. Methanol extracts had the highest activity in AChE (leaves: IC 50 = 0.27 mg/mL; roots: IC 50 = 0.17 mg/mL) and BuChE (leaves: IC 50 = 0.62 mg/mL; roots: IC 50 = 0.61 mg/mL) inhibition, as well as reduction of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-treated microglia (leaves: IC 50 = 4.17 μg/mL; roots: IC 50 = 9.95 μg/mL). Methanol extracts prevented oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells when applied simultaneously with H 2 O 2 , whereas cells pre-treated with the dichloromethane extracts had increased viability. Fifteen flavonoids were identified and showed favorable binding energies to AChE and BuChE binding pockets. These data suggests P. maritimum as a promising source of natural products and/or molecules with cognitive enhancement and anti-ageing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of Polygonum minus leaf extracts obtained through sequential extraction using four solvents of varying polarities (i.e. hexane (HX), ethyl acetate (EA), methanol, and water). The antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging, superoxide anion and nitric oxide scavenging, ferrous ion-chelating (FIC), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. The highest antioxidant potentialwas generally shown by the methanol extract (PM-MeOH). PM-MeOH exhibited the highest values for TPC (174.00 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g), TFC (53.19 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g), FRAP (1728.33 ± 0.96 µmol Fe2+/g), ABTS (226.25 ± 4.25 μmol TE/g), DPPH (1276.81 ± 7.08 μmol TE/g), and nitric oxide scavenging assays (IC50, 675 ± 32.33 μg/mL). In the CAA assay, PM-MeOH dose-dependently inhibited the peroxyl radical-induced oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2) to 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in HCT116 cells, with an EC50 value of 263.92 ± 21.60 μg/mL. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of PM-MeOH suggested the presence of tannins and flavonoids including apigetrin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, astragalin, miquelianin, quercetin, and quercitrin. P. minus hexane (PM-HX) and ethyl acetate (PM-EA) extracts showed selective cytotoxicity towards HCT116 with IC50 values of 40.00 ± 0.83 μg/mL and 43.18 ± 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of P. minus as a source of bioactive phytochemicals that may be useful in cancer therapeutics and nutraceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:SeveralPolygonumspecies (Polygonaceae) are used in traditional medicine in Asia, Europe and Africa to treat inflammation and diabetes. Objective:Evaluate thein vitroantioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of methanol and dichloromethane extracts of leaves and roots of the halophytePolygonum maritimumL. Material and methods:Antioxidant activity was determined (up to 1 mg/mL) as radical-scavenging activity (RSA) of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), copper (CCA) and iron (ICA) chelating activities and iron reducing power (FRAP). NO production was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages for 24 h at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL and antidiabetic potential was assessed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition (up to 10 mg/mL) assays. The phytochemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results:The methanol leaf extract had the highest activity against DPPH•(IC50= 26 μg/mL) and ABTS+•(IC50= 140 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50= 48 μg/mL) and CCA (IC50= 770 μg/mL). Only the dichloromethane leaf extract (LDCM) showed anti-inflammatory activity (IC50= 48 μg/mL). The methanol root (IC50= 19 μg/mL) and leaf (IC50= 29 μg/mL) extracts strongly inhibited baker’s yeast α-glucosidase, but LDCM had higher rat’s α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50= 2527 μg/mL) than acarbose (IC50= 4638 μg/mL). GC-MS analysis identified β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 1-octacosanol and linolenic acid as possible molecules responsible for the observed bioactivities. Conclusions:Our findings suggestP. maritimumas a source of high-value health promoting commodities for alleviating symptoms associated with oxidative and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] PTP1B plays an important role as a key negative regulator of tyrosine phosphorylation associated with insulin receptor signaling in the therapy for diabetes and obesity. In this study, the anti-diabetic activity of dianthrone derivatives from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., as well as the structure–activity relationships, mechanism, and molecular docking were explored. Among these analogs, trans -emodin dianthrone (compound 1) enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells and displays considerable anti-diabetic activity in db/db mice. By using photoaffinity labeling and mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we discovered that trans -emodin dianthrone (compound 1) may bind to PTP1B allosteric pocket at helix α6/α7, which provides fresh insight into the identification of novel anti-diabetic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, five Polygonum L. (P. lapathifolium L., P. persicaria L., P. arenastrum Boreau, P. bellardii All., P. arenarium) species are examined morphologically for the systematic purposes by using trinocular microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). With this study many morphological variations and properties were determined from studied samples and the results compared to the similar investigations done before and with Flora of Turkey. Moreover with this study new morphological properties for diagnostic purposes have determined and the description of studied Polygonum species have extended.

The genetic and cytological variability of population of three Salsola species from Asia was investigated, using isozyme electrophoresis and haematoxylin staining. Eight enzyme systems, representing 14-17 loci, were examined: 6PGD, DIA, G6PD, GDH, GOT, MDH, PGM and PGI. Analysis of the chromosome number revealed that the three species have the same number of chromosomes: 2n=18. Parameters describing genetic diversity indicate a very low level of genetic variation of the studied populations. The isozyme data support hypothesis that strong directional selection can result in lower level of genetic variation of arid plant populations.

Eighteen flavonoid glycosides were identified in the following taxons of the Polygonum L. genus: P. hydropiper L., P. bistorta L., P. aviculare L., P. persicaria L., P. lapathifolium ssp. tomentosum (Schrank) Dans, P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers.) Dans, P. amphibium L., P. mite Schrank, P. convolvulus L. (Bilderdykia convolvulus L.). The content of fourteen flavonoid glycosides was determined. Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied for separation, identification and quantitative determination of these compounds.