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302. Injectable and topical local anesthetics for acute dental pain: 2 systematic reviews.

Author

Miroshnychenko, Anna, Ibrahim, Sara, Azab, Maria, Roldan, Yetiani, Diaz Martinez, Juan Pablo, Tamilselvan, Divyalakshmi, He, Leon, Urquhart, Olivia, Tampi, Malavika, Polk, Deborah E., Moore, Paul A., Hersh, Elliott V., Carrasco-Labra, Alonso, and Brignardello-Petersen, Romina

Subjects
DENTAL pulp diseases, MEDICAL databases, PAIN, INJECTIONS, MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems, ANALGESIA, CONFIDENCE intervals, ANESTHETICS, SYSTEMATIC reviews, DENTAL extraction, DENTAL care, TREATMENT effectiveness, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, CUTANEOUS therapeutics, MEDLINE, PAIN management, EVALUATION, SYMPTOMS
Abstract

Local anesthesia is essential for pain control in dentistry. The authors assessed the comparative effect of local anesthetics on acute dental pain after tooth extraction and in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. The authors searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the US Clinical Trials registry through November 21, 2020. The authors included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing long- vs short-acting injectable anesthetics to reduce pain after tooth extraction (systematic review 1) and evaluated the effect of topical anesthetics in patients with symptomatic pulpitis (systematic review 2). Pairs of reviewers screened articles, abstracted data, and assessed risk of bias using a modified version of the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool. The authors assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Fourteen RCTs comparing long- vs short-acting local anesthetics suggest that bupivacaine may decrease the use of rescue analgesia and may not result in additional adverse effects (low certainty evidence). Bupivacaine probably reduces the amount of analgesic consumption compared with lidocaine with epinephrine (mean difference, –1.91 doses; 95% CI, –3.35 to –0.46; moderate certainty) and mepivacaine (mean difference, –1.58 doses; 95% CI, –2.21 to –0.95; moderate certainty). Five RCTs suggest that both benzocaine 10% and 20% may increase the number of people experiencing pain reduction compared with placebo when managing acute irreversible pulpitis (low certainty). Bupivacaine may be superior to lidocaine with epinephrine and mepivacaine with regard to time to and amount of analgesic consumption. Benzocaine may be superior to placebo in reducing pain for 20 through 30 minutes after application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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316. Depression and Rural Environment Are Associated With Poor Oral Health Among Pregnant Women in Northern Appalachia.

Author

McNeil, Daniel W., Hayes, Sarah E., Randall, Cameron L., Polk, Deborah E., Neiswanger, Kathy, Shaffer, John R., Weyant, Robert J., Foxman, Betsy, Kao, Elizabeth, Crout, Richard J., Chapman, Stella, Brown, Linda J., Maurer, Jennifer L., and Marazita, Mary L.

Subjects
MENTAL depression, METROPOLITAN areas, ORAL hygiene, PERIODONTAL disease, POPULATION geography, PSYCHOLOGICAL tests, RURAL conditions, TOOTH care & hygiene, DENTAL pathology, HEALTH equity, DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Abstract

Both oral health problems and depression among pregnant women contribute to maternal–infant health outcomes. Little is known, however, about the potential effects of clinically significant depression on the oral health status of pregnant women. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of clinically significant depression and rural- or urban-dwelling status on oral health outcomes among pregnant women. Pregnant women (N = 685) in rural (i.e., West Virginia) and urban (i.e., Pittsburgh, PA) areas of northern Appalachia were assessed by calibrated examiners regarding gingivitis, oral hygiene, and DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth), completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D) and provided demographics. Participants were categorized based on clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) and rural/urban domicile. Women with depression and those living in rural areas had worse oral health on all three indices than their non-depressed and urban counterparts. Depression, particularly among women in rural areas, affects certain oral health indices and represents a modifiable target for intervention. Moreover, treatments designed specifically for rural populations may be of particular utility. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant may benefit from regular depression screenings from their dental and medical health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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323. Decision making strategies: the influence of task complexity, decision importance, decision maker impulsivity, and decision maker gender

Author

Polk, Thomas E. and Industrial Engineering and Operations Research

Subjects
LD5655.V855 1990.P654, Decision making -- Research
Abstract

The effects of decision task complexity, decision importance, and decision maker impulsivity on decision making behavior were studied in this thesis. Measures involving time and acquisition of information were devised as well as specialized measures of decision strategy complexity. Thirty-six subjects classified as either high- or low-impulsives (eighteen male, eighteen female) performed decision tasks involving the selection of the “best” apartment from a group of apartments that were homogeneous with respect to desirability. Decision task complexity was manipulated by increasing the number of apartments from which the subject had to choose. Decision importance was manipulated by changing the reward associated for selecting the best apartment. A theoretical decision strategy selection mechanism, based on a similar mechanism proposed by Christensen-Szalanski (1978), was developed to explain the relationship between the independent variables in this study and decision strategy selection. Results indicated partial support for the theoretical mechanism and highlighted areas for future research. Master of Science

Published
1990

333. Aerobic exercise is associated with region-specific changes in volumetric, tensor-based, and fixel-based measures of white matter integrity in healthy older adults

Author

Polk, Sarah E., Kleemeyer, Maike M., Bodammer, Nils C., Misgeld, Carola, Porst, Johanna, Wolfarth, Bernd, Kühn, Simone, Lindenberger, Ulman, Düzel, Sandra, and Wenger, Elisabeth

Abstract

White matter integrity and cognition have been found to decline with advancing adult age. Aerobic exercise may be effective in counteracting these declines. Generally, white matter integrity has been quantified using a volumetric measure (WMV) and with tensor-based parameters, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), the validity of which appears to be compromised in the presence of crossing fibers. Fixel-based analysis techniques claim to overcome this problem by yielding estimates of fiber density (FD), cross-section (FC), and their product (FDC) in multiple directions per voxel. In a sample of 61 healthy older adults (63–76 years old), we quantified changes in white matter integrity following an aerobic exercise intervention with the commonly used volumetric and tensor-based metrics (WMV, FA, MD) and with fixel-based metrics (FD, FC, FDC). We investigated the associations of changes in these white matter parameters with changes in cardiovascular fitness and Digit Symbol Substitution task (DSST) performance, a marker of perceptual speed. In line with previous findings, we observed maintained WMV in the corpus callosum of exercisers, and positive change-change correlations between WMV and fitness, and between WMV and perceptual speed. For FA and MD, group differences in change opposite to those hypothesized were found in the corpus callosum, posterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus at an uncorrected significance threshold. Likewise, regions in superficial WM in the prefrontal cortex showed group differences in FD and FDC change, uncorrected, with more positive change in controls and more negative change in exercisers. Finally, changes in FD and FDC were found to be inversely correlated to changes in fitness and DSST performance. The present results corroborate previous findings of WMV changes, but cast doubt on current physiological interpretations of both tensor-based and fixel-based indicators of white matter properties in the context of exercise intervention studies.

Published
2023
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340. Tolerance and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Rifabutin and Azithromycin

Author

Hafner, Richard, primary, Bethel, James, additional, Standiford, Harold C., additional, Follansbee, Stephen, additional, Cohn, David L., additional, Polk, Ronald E., additional, Mole, Larry, additional, Raasch, Ralph, additional, Kumar, Princy, additional, Mushatt, David, additional, and Drusano, George, additional

Published
2001
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342. Lithium mass flow control for high power Lorentz Force Accelerators.

Author

Kodys, Andrea D., Emsellem, Gregory, Cassady, Leonard D., Polk, James E., and Choueiri, Edgar Y.

Subjects
LITHIUM, SPACE flight propulsion systems
Abstract

A lithium feeding system has been developed to measure and control propellant flow for 30-200 kW Lithium Lorentz Force Accelerators (LiLFAs). The new, mechanically actuated, liquid lithium feed system has been designed and tested as a central component of a campaign to obtain basic data and establish scaling laws and performance relations for these thrusters. Calibration data are presented which demonstrate reliable and controllable feed of liquid lithium to the vaporizer hollow cathode of the thruster ar flow rates between 10 and 120 mg/s. The ability to thermally track the liquid lithium through the system by the use of external temperature measurements is demonstrated. In addition, recent developments are presented in the establishment and successful testing of a lithium handling facility and safety procedures allowing for the in-house loading of the feed system and the neutralization, cleaning and disposal of up to 300 g of lithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001

343. Some But Not All Psychosocial Factors Are Correlated With Oral Hygiene Behavior Among Children Age 9 to 19 Years.

Author

Polk, Deborah E.

Abstract

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Psychosocial correlates of oral hygiene behaviour in people aged 9 to 19 - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scheerman JFM, van Loveren C, van Meijel B, Dusseldorp E, Wartewig E, Verrips GHW, Ket JCF, van Empelen P . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2016;44(4):331-41. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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348. Oral delivery in aquaculture: Controlled release of proteins from chitosan-alginate microcapsules

Author

Polk, Alan E., Amsden, Brian, Scarratt, David J., Gonzal, Angelito, Okhamafe, Augustine O., Goosen, Mattheus F.A., Polk, Alan E., Amsden, Brian, Scarratt, David J., Gonzal, Angelito, Okhamafe, Augustine O., and Goosen, Mattheus F.A.

Abstract

Potentially, the most useful method of fish vaccination is oral administration. However, this technique is presently only partially effective because of the apparent destruction of the vaccine in the fish digestive system, as well as interaction of the vaccine with the feed components. The authors' approach to this problem was to protect the vaccine by entrapping it within semi-permeable biocompatible microcapsules. Two bioactive agents — a vaccine, Vibrio bacterin and a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) — were entrapped in chitosan-alginate microcapsules by extrusion of a sodium alginate/bioactive agent suspension into a CaCl2/chitosan solution. The results of experiments on the effects of varying the encapsulation parameters and the presence of enzymes on the in-vitro release of entrapped bioactive material are presented. This technique has been developed as a simple, quick, and inexpensive method for oral delivery. Capsules may be dried and mixed with feed for ease of administration, particularly to young fish which are susceptible to high mortality from both the disease and harsher vaccination procedures.

Published
1994

349. Is there an Appalachian disparity in dental caries in Pennsylvania schoolchildren?

Author

Polk, Deborah E., Kim, Sunghee, Manz, Michael, and Weyant, Robert J.

Subjects
*DIAGNOSIS of dental caries, *ANALYSIS of variance, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *RESEARCH funding, *T-test (Statistics), *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *SOCIOECONOMIC factors, *CROSS-sectional method, *DATA analysis software, *ODDS ratio, *CHILDREN
Abstract

Objectives To determine whether there is an Appalachian disparity in caries prevalence or extent in children living in Pennsylvania. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional clinical assessment of caries in a sample representing 1st, 3rd, 9th, and 11th grade students across Pennsylvania. We used logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial regression controlling for age to examine the association of residence in an Appalachian county with caries prevalence and extent in the primary and permanent dentitions. Results Compared with children living outside Appalachia, more children living in Appalachia had a dft >0 ( OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.07-1.76) and more had a DMFT >0 ( OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06-1.64). In addition, compared with children living outside Appalachia, children living in Appalachia had a greater primary but not permanent caries extent ( IRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.19). Conclusions We found Appalachian disparities in caries prevalence in both the primary and permanent dentitions and an Appalachian disparity in caries extent in the primary dentition. None of the disparities was moderated by age. This suggests that the search for the mechanism or mechanisms for the Appalachian disparities should focus on differential exposures to risk factors occurring prior to and at the start of elementary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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350. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of BaWO4 and Ba2CaWO6.

Author

Capece, Angela M., Polk, James E., and Shepherd, Joseph E.

Subjects
*BARIUM compounds, *X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, *HIGH resolution spectroscopy, *CALCIUM carbonate, *TUNGSTATES, *BINDING energy
Abstract

XPS reference spectra for Ba 2 CaWO 6 and BaWO 4 are presented, including high resolution spectra of the Ba 3d, W 4f, C 1s, Ca 2p, and O 1s lines. The peak locations and full widths at half maximum are also given. The binding energies of the Ba 3d and W 4f lines are 0.7 eV higher for BaWO 4 than for Ba 2 CaWO 6 . The Ca 2p spectrum contains two sets of Ca 2p doublets that were attributed to Ba 2 CaWO 6 and CaCO 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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