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Introduction: Research for management of benign prostate obstruction (BPO) for adult males remains a cornerstone of urology research. This landscape has witnessed the rise and fall of multiple therapies, both surgical and medical. Our aim was to formally evaluate the publication trends for these interventions over the past 20 years., Material and Methods: A systematic search was performed in a Cochrane style. Data was analysed using the independent t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (SPSS version 24). To observe changes in trends more effectively, data was sub-divided into two time periods: 1997 to 2006 and 2007 to 2016., Results: Over the past 20 years, 4236 papers have been published concerning for BPO (surgical, n = 2177 and medical, n = 2059). For surgical treatments, these included articles on monopolar transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) (n = 340), bipolar TURP (n = 260), HoLEP (n = 293) and Greenlight laser (n = 395). For medical therapies, these included alpha blockers (848), 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (n = 618) and PDE5I (n = 91). Between the two time periods the change was +18.8% (p = 0.108) for monopolar TURP, +497.1% (<0.001) for bipolar TURP, -54.5% (p <0.001 for prostatic stents and -81.9% (p <0.001) for transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT). There was over 290% rise in number of publications related to BPO laser surgery (p <0.001). For medical interventions, the change was +11.5% (p = 0.397) for alpha blockers, -1.9% (p = 0.867), +49.0%( 0.122) for phytotherapy, +2075% (p <0.001) for PDEI and +2375.0% (p <0.001) for combined alpha blocker and anti-muscarinics., Conclusions: Interventions for BPO have undergone a high volume of research. In particular, minimally invasive laser surgeries and combined medical therapies have seen significant expansion., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background: Numerous surveys have been performed to determine the competence and the confidence of residents. However, there is no data available on the condition of Italian residents in urology., Objective: To investigate the status of training among Italian residents in urology regarding scientific activity and surgical exposure., Design, Setting, and Participants: A web-based survey that included 445 residents from all of the 25 Italian Residency Programmes was conducted between September 2015 and November 2015., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: The main outcomes were represented by scientific activity, involvement in surgical procedures, and overall satisfaction., Results and Limitations: In total, 324 out of 445 (72.8%) residents completed the survey. Overall, 104 (32%) residents had not published any scientific manuscripts, 148 (46%) published ≤5, 38 (12%) ≤10, 26 (8%) ≤15, four (1%) ≤20, and four (1%) >20 manuscripts, respectively. We did not observe any differences when residents were stratified by sex (p=0.5). Stent positioning (45.7%), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (30.9%), transurethral resection of bladder tumor (33.0%), hydrocelectomy (24.7%), varicocelectomy (17%), ureterolithotripsy (14.5%), and orchiectomy (12.3%) were the surgical procedures more frequently performed by residents. Overall, 272 residents (84%) expressed a good satisfaction for urology specialty, while 178 (54.9%) expressed a good satisfaction for their own residency programme. We observed a statistically decreased trend for good satisfaction for urology specialty according to the postgraduate year (p=0.02)., Conclusions: Italian Urology Residency Programmes feature some heavy limitations regarding scientific activity and surgical exposure. Nonetheless, satisfaction rate for urology specialty remains high. Further improvements in Residency Programmes should be made in order to align our schools to others that are actually more challenging., Patient Summary: In this web-based survey, Italian residents in urology showed limited scientific productivity and low involvement in surgical procedures. Satisfaction for urology specialty remains high, demonstrating continuous interest in this field of study from residents., (Copyright © 2016 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this survey was to explore the dissemination of flexible ureteroscopy (fURS), shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the Italian urological community and to know the real availability of the complex endourological armamentarium all over the country., Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire characterizing the case volume/year of upper urinary tract stone treatment and the availability of flexible ureteroscopes (FUs) armamentarium was sent to all urological Italian centers., Results: The survey was sent to 294 urological centers and 146 responded (49.7%). The case volume/year of fURS was the following: <20 cases in 20 centers (13.7%); 20-50 cases in 40 centers (27.4%), >50- <100 cases in 55 centers (37.8%) and >100 cases in 28 centers (19.2%). The case volume/year of SWL was the following: <50 cases in 18 centers (12.3%); >50- <200 cases in 56 centers (36.4%) and >200 cases in 35 centers (24%). In 37 centers (25.3%) SWL was not utilized at all. The case volume/year of PCNL was the following: <10 cases in 20 centers (14%); >10 - <30 cases in 55 centers (30%), >30- < 50 cases in 33 centers(23%), >50- <100 cases in 13 centers (9%) and >100 procedures in 2 centers (1%). However, 24 centers (16%) did not perform any PCNL procedure.Four centers (3%) did not have any FU at the moment of the survey. The availability of FUs was as follows: 1 FU in 21 (14%) centers, 2 FUs in 61 (42%) centers, 3 FUs in 29 (20%) centers, 4 FUs in 13 (9%) centers and ≥5 FUs in 16 (9%) centers. Only 82 (56%) centers had all of their FUs in working condition., Conclusions: This survey succeeded in providing a complete overview on the Italian endourological panorama.