Search

Chusquea calderoniae K.V.A.Vidal & L.G.Clark sp. nov. TYPE:— BRAZIL. Bahia, Mun. Rio de Contas, fragmento de Mata Atlântica próximo à base do Pico das Almas, regi ã o de córrego do rio, nascente do Rio Brumado, ca. 3.5 km de distância da estrada principal (text in Portuguese), 13°31’29’’S, 41°57’24’’W, 1489 m, 13 June 2016 (fl.), Vidal & Clark 241 (holotype HUEFS!, isotypes CEPEC!, ISC!, SP!, SPF!, US!). Figs. 1, 2. Diagnosis:— Chusquea calderoniae differs from C. attenuata mainly by the presence of a white waxy infranodal band (vs. absent), culm leaves with blades triangular to narrow-triangular (vs. triangular to deltate), central bud triangular in outline (vs. circular), longer subsidiary branches [(20.5‒) 31‒45 (‒68.5) cm long vs. (9.1‒) 24‒33.5 cm], as well as foliage leaf sheaths with a longer inner ligule on the underlapping margin [2.5‒9 mm long vs. (0.4‒) 0.5‒1.7 mm]. Reproductively, the new species bears shorter spikelets [5‒6 mm long vs. (5.1‒) 7.1‒8.5 mm] and shorter glumes III [2.7‒3.2 mm long vs. (3.5‒) 5‒6 mm] and IV [3.1‒4 mm long vs. (3.7‒) 4.8‒7 mm], as well as shorter lemmas [4‒5.1 mm long vs. (5.2‒) 6.1‒7.8 mm] and paleas (4.4‒5.2 mm long vs. 5‒6.6 mm). Description: —Rhizomes unknown. Culms 4‒5 m tall, (0.65‒) 0.9‒1.2 cm in diameter, erect at the base then arching or scandent towards the apex; internodes 21.5‒25 cm long, terete, solid, green to vinaceous, glabrous except scabrous with a white waxy band (2‒3 cm long) just below the node. Culm leaves (7.2‒) 8.4‒12.4 cm long, erect, not reaching the next node, the juncture of the sheath and blade abaxially a faint line or obscure; sheaths (6‒) 6.5‒9.8 cm long, (0.8‒) 1.4‒1.8 cm wide, 2.3‒6 (‒12) times as long as the blade, persistent, linear-triangular, margins glabrous, the overlapping one fused to the sheath at the base for (0.2‒) 0.5‒1 cm, abaxially scabrous to slightly scabrous towards the apex, adaxially glabrous and shiny, tessellate; summit extensions absent; girdles (2.8‒) 7‒9 mm long, stramineous to brown, pilose, no prominent skirt but with a slight corky ridge at the juncture with the sheath; outer ligule absent; inner ligule 0.2‒0.5 (‒1) mm long, erect, rigid or sometimes slightly membranous, stramineous to brown, glabrous or less frequently pubescent, apex truncate and long ciliate; blades (0.6‒) 1.2‒2.8 (‒3.5) cm long, 0.3‒0.5 cm wide, triangular to narrow-triangular, non-pseudopetiolate, erect, persistent, abaxially scabrous, adaxially long-pilose to scabrous, slightly tessellate, the midrib evident only at the tip, margins glabrous, apex long setose, 0.3‒0.7 mm long. Nodes at mid-culm with a triangular central bud subtended by 18‒36 smaller, subequal subsidiary buds in 2‒3 rows, in a constellate arrangement; central bud prophyll glabrous with margins long ciliate; nodal line dipping slightly below the bud/branch complement; nodal region 0.5‒0.7 mm long; supranodal ridge visible, slightly raised and prominent; nodal line raised and prominent. Branching infra-extravaginal, being initially infravaginal, often becoming also extravaginal as branches develop, leafy subsidiary branches 18‒36 per node, (20.5‒) 31‒45 (‒68.5) cm long, subequal, non-rebranching, non-geniculate, arching and ascending. Foliage leaves 6‒11 per complement; sheaths 2.9‒4.5 cm long, glabrous to scabrous or hispid at the apex, stramineous, keeled on the upper half, the margins long ciliate on only one side, summit extension on both sides, being fused to the inner ligule on underlapping one, 0.5‒1.2 mm long, subequal, scabrous to hispid; outer ligule asymmetrical and 2-lobed, scabrous (less frequently glabrous), erect and rigid, apically ciliolate, the smaller side 0.2‒0.4 mm long, the bigger one 0.35‒0.8 mm long; inner ligule asymmetrical, membranous, scabrous, glabrous at the apex, towards the overlapping margin, 0.2‒0.4 mm long, truncate and free from the summit extension, on the underlapping one 2.5‒9 mm long, attenuate and fused to the summit extension; pseudopetioles 1‒3 mm long, thick, distinct to somewhat distinct, abaxially glabrescent with widely spaced trichomes, adaxially pilose with deposition of wax, pulvinus brown when present; blades 4.1‒12 cm long, 0.3‒0.8 cm wide, L:W 13.5‒27.6, linear-lanceolate, non-tessellate, abaxially scabrous and rarely with a tuft of trichomes at the base, adaxially pilose, sometimes scabrous only at the base, base attenuate, midrib slightly excentric, abaxially prominent throughout the blade except at the apex, adaxially prominent only on the lower half of the blade, both margins scabrous, apex long setose. Synflorescences (4.5‒) 5‒9.4 cm long, (3‒) 3.6‒8 cm in diameter, paniculate, open, pyramidal, with the lower branches slightly reflexed to reflexed, subtended by 1‒2 spatheate bracts, these slightly scabrous at the base becoming scabrous-pilose towards the apex, the first (lower) one less differentiated, its sheath (2.6‒) 3.8‒7.1 cm long, papyraceous, stramineous to greenish, a band of trichomes around the node, its blade 1.6‒2.1 cm long, green, linearlanceolate, apex long setose, the second (upper) one differentiated, its sheath (3.7‒) 7.4‒9.9 cm long, papyraceous, its blade 0.4‒1.1 cm long, green to stramineous, linear-lanceolate with apex long setose; rachis (3.9‒) 7.5‒10.5 mm long, triquetrous, densely pilose; branches and pedicels angular, densely pilose to hispid, all subtended by a scar or rim or occasionally a scale-like subtending bract, the 1‒3 lowermost branches erect when young and divergent (horizontal) to reflexed at maturity, the lowermost one 1‒4.5 cm long, the second 1.2‒4.3 cm long, and the third 1.2‒4.3 cm long, the next higher 1‒3 branches (fourth through sixth) ascending when young and slightly reflexed at maturity, the fourth (1‒) 2‒2.8 cm long, the fifth (1‒) 1.5‒2.2 cm long, and the sixth 1‒2 cm long, the next higher 1‒3 middleupper branches (seventh through ninth) erect when young and reflexed to strongly reflexed at maturity, the seventh 0.8‒1.5 cm long, the eighth 0.7‒1 cm long, and ninth ca. 1 cm long, the tenth and higher branches and pedicels erect to appressed to the primary branches; pedicels 0.5‒1.3 (‒2.8) mm long. Spikelets 5‒6 mm long, 0.9‒1.2 mm wide, dorsally compressed; glumes I and II scale-like, obtuse, non-nerved; glume I 0.2‒0.35 mm long, Etymology: —The specific epithet honors the Argentinian bamboo researcher Cleofé E. Calderón (1929‒2007), who first collected this species, and who made great contributions to research in bamboos and other grasses worldwide (Clark et al. 2008). Taxonomic notes: —According to the current classification (Clark 2004, Fisher et al. 2014, Andrade et al. 2019, Vidal et al. 2021, Clark et al. 2022), eight species are recognized in the C. meyeriana informal group: C. anelythra, C. anelytroides Ruprecht ex D̂ll (1880: 206), C. attenuata, C. clemirae Mota, Oliveira & Clark in Mota et al. (2013: 95), C. cordata, C. longispiculata Clark (2004: 34), C. meyeriana, and C. parviligulata Andrade, Pianissola & Clark in Andrade et al. (2019: 29), all of them endemic to Brazil, occurring in the Atlantic rainforest from the state of Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia (Clark et al. 2020, Vidal et al. 2021, Clark et al. 2022). This group is recognized by several morphological similarities, such as the presence of a white waxy infranodal band, culm leaves with at least a slight corky ridge at the juncture of the girdle and sheath, at least initially infravaginal branching, synflorescence branches subtended by 1‒4 spatheate bracts, at least the lower two primary synflorescence branches strongly reflexed, and spikelets with very reduced glumes I and II (Clark 2004, Andrade et al. 2019, Vidal et al. 2021, Clark et al. 2022). Chusquea calderoniae is herein included in the C. meyeriana informal group, due to its clear morphological similarities to C. attenuata, considering that samples were previously misidentified as “ C. attenuata ” or annotated as “ C. aff. attenuata ” in herbarium collections. In fact, these two taxa share several vegetative characters (Table 1), such as culm leaves not reaching the next node, with blades of similar length and not very well-differentiated from the sheaths, in addition to subsidiary buds arranged in 1‒3 rows, foliage leaves with similar-sized outer ligules, inner ligules asymmetrical (but these can also be attenuate in C. attenuata), and blades linear-lanceolate. Reproductively, these species can be recognized by the presence of up to 1‒2 spatheate bracts subtending the synflorescences, and spikelets bearing glumes III and IV not reaching the full spikelet length, even though they differ in lengths (Table 1, Fig. 1). ......continued on the next page However, despite these similarities, Chusquea calderoniae exhibits several morphological differences from C. attenuata (Table 1). Vegetatively, it can be recognized by the presence of a white waxy infranodal band 2‒3 cm long (vs. absent); shorter culm leaves [(7.2‒) 8.4‒12.4 cm long vs. 12.4‒16.5 cm], with blades triangular to narrowtriangular (vs. triangular to deltate), in addition to the sheaths shorter [(6‒) 6.5‒9.8 cm long vs. 11‒14.7 cm]; subsidiary branches arching and ascending (vs. straight, geniculate to slightly geniculate at the basal nodes) and longer [(20.5‒) 31‒45 (‒68.5) cm long vs. (9.1‒) 24‒33.5 cm]; foliage leaves with the outer ligule asymmetrical and 2-lobed [vs. U-shaped, less usually asymmetrical, one side truncate (smaller) and other 1-lobed (bigger)], and longer inner ligule on the underlapping margin [2.5‒9 mm long vs. (0.4‒) 0.5‒1.7 mm]; and blades abaxially scabrous and rarely with a tuft of trichomes at the base (vs. pilose, with a tuft of trichomes at the base) and adaxially pilose, sometimes scabrous only at the base (vs. scabrous to hispid-scabrous, sometimes slightly scabrous on the upper half). Reproductively, C. calderoniae presents smaller spikelets [5‒6 mm long vs. (5.1‒) 7.1‒8.5 mm], as well as shorter spikelet bracts: glume III [2.7‒3.2 mm long, ca. 1/2 the length of the spikelet vs. (3.5‒) 5‒6 mm, 3/4 to 4/5 of it], glume IV [3.1‒4 mm long, 3/5 to 2/3 the length of the spikelet vs. (3.7‒) 4.8‒7 mm, 4/5 to 5/6 of it], lemma [4‒5.1 mm long vs. (5.2‒) 6.1‒7.8 mm], and palea (4.4‒5.2 mm long vs. 5‒6.6 mm). Additionally, the new species can also be differentiated by having glume III mucronate to apiculate (vs. awned), glume IV aristulate (vs. awned), and the palea 2-apiculate (vs. 2-awned, less usually 2-apiculate). Characteristics of the culm leaves and the central and subsidiary buds are important features in the taxonomy of Chusquea (Clark 1989, 1992, 1993, 1997, Vidal et al. 2018, 2021, Andrade et al. 2019, Ruiz-Sanchez et al. 2021 b, 2022, Clark et al. 2022, McMurchie et al. 2022). We observed two main morphological groups within the C. meyeriana group based on the shape of the central bud: circular and triangular.Although C. calderoniae shares a triangular central bud with C. clemirae, C. cordata, C. longispiculata, and parviligulata, the new species differs from those four by having culm leaves not reaching the next node (vs. reaching or surpassing the next node), and with the blade nondifferentiated (vs. blades easily differentiated). On the other hand, these characters bring C. calderoniae closer to C. anelythra, C. anelytroides, C. attenuata, and C. meyeriana, which all have circular central buds. Distribution and habitat: — Chusquea calderoniae is currently known from only three populations distributed throughout the Espinhaço Range, one from Pico das Almas, which is part of the Chapada Diamantina province, in the state of Bahia, and the other two from the Diamantina Plateau district, located in the Southern Espinhaço province, in the state of Minas Gerais (Colli-Silva et al. 2019) (Fig. 3). These specimens were collected in forest fragments, at 1100–1500 m.a.s.l, and always around rivers. The flora where this species occurs is usually rich in trees, with a partially closed canopy and herbaceous substrate, occurring together with representatives of Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, and ferns. Analysis of the herbarium samples of Chusquea attenuata indicates the occurrence of this species in Atlantic rainforest fragments of eastern Brazil, mostly in Meridional Espinhaço Range towards campos de altitude, from the eastern portion of Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro states (Campos et al. 2017, Vidal et al. unpubl. data). Although both C. calderoniae and C. attenuata occur towards the southern limit of the Espinhaço Range (municipalities of Ouro Branco and Ouro Preto in Minas Gerais state), they occupy different bioregions and phytophysiognomies in this region (Colli-Silva et al. 2019). The new species is restricted to the Espinhaço Range, mainly in forest fragments associated with campo rupestre vegetation, whereas C. attenuata occurs in the Atlantic rainforest domain, being restricted to southeastern Brazil, and generally associated with forests or campos de altitude from Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais) to the state of Rio de Janeiro (Clark et al. 2020). Conservation status: —The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of Chusquea calderoniae is 12 km ², whereas the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,183 km ². Following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022), this new species should be considered Endangered (EN) [B1, B2ab(iii)] since it has a reduced number of documented populations (only three) and an AOO less than 500 km ² and an EOO less than 5,000 km ², in addition to being restricted to forest fragments associated with campo rupestre vegetation, whose areas are under intensely anthropic actions, even in environmental protection areas (Mota et al. 2013, Clark et al. 2022). According to CNCFlora (2022), C. attenuata is also considered Endangered (EN) [A2c] (Clark et al. 2020); however, the circumscription of this species is under study to provide accurate information about its conservation status (Vidal et al. unpubl. data). Phenology: —Two flowering collections of Chusquea calderoniae from the state of Bahia were found, collected in June 2016 (Vidal & Clark 241) and April 2017 (Pianissola & Clark 174). The collections from the state of Minas Gerais were in the vegetative stage: one in February 1990 (Clark & Morel 711) and another in April 2016 (Vidal et al. 210, 211, 212), the latter in the same year as the flowering one from Bahia state (Vidal & Clark 241). Even in the vegetative stage, the characters were enough to confirm their identification. These data make it difficult to accurately infer anything about the flowering cycle of this new species. Thus, we cannot discard the possibility of an asynchronous or sporadic flowering event in this species. In any case, a flowering event extending for up to two years may be inferred. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia: municipality of Rio de Contas, Pico das Almas, “Campo do Queiros” 19 km by car of Rio de Contas and 4 km walking, 1400 m, 11 April 1977 (veg.), Calderón 2458 (SP, US); idem, 10 August 2000 (veg.), Oliveira 606 (HUEFS); idem, 22 January 2017 (veg.), Mascarenhas 315 (HUEFS); idem, 13°31’29’’S, 41°57’24’’W, 1489 m, 19 April 2017 (fl.), Pianissola & Clark 174 (HUEFS). Minas Gerais: municipality of Diamantina, road west from Diamantina to Biribiri, on the other side of Riber ã o das Pedras about 0.5 km from Biribiri, 18°10’S 43°38’W, 1100 m, 27 February 1990 (veg.), Clark & Morel 711 (BHCB, ISC, RB, SJR, SP, US); same municipality, estrada Diamantina/Datas, caminho a esquerda antes da placa de limite de município Diamantina-Datas, cerca de 1 km dentro da trilha, córrego debaixo de ponte em uma bifurcaç ã o, pegando o caminho a esquerda, 19 April 2016 (veg.), Vidal et al. 210, 211, 212 (HUEFS)., Published as part of Vidal, Kaio Vinicius De A., Souza, Murilo José O., Dorneles Welker, Cassiano A., Oliveira, Iasmin Laiane C., Clark, Lynn G. & Oliveira, Reyjane P., 2023, Chusquea calderoniae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Espinhaço Range, Brazil, pp. 255-266 in Phytotaxa 579 (4) on pages 257-264, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7563941, {"references":["Clark, L. G., Judziewicz, E. J., Londono, X. & Filgueiras, T. (2008) Cleofe E. Calderon (1929 - 2007). Bamboo Science and Culture 21: 1 - 8.","Clark, L. G. (2004) New species of Aulonemia and Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 27: 31 - 36. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 84042004000100004","Fisher, A. E., Clark, L. G. & Kelchner, S. A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny estimation of the bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and description of two new subgenera. Systematic Botany 39: 829 - 844. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364414 X 681554","Andrade, R. S., Pianissola, E. M., Vidal, K. V. A., Mota, A. C., Clark, L. G. & Oliveira, R. P. (2019) Chusquea parviligulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae): a new species of C. subg. Chusquea endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 405 (1): 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 405.1.3","Vidal, K. V. A., Welker, C. A. D., Silva, A. P., Santos-Goncalves, A. P., Clark, L. G. & Oliveira, R. P. (2021) Revisiting the circumscription of Chusquea anelythra (Poaceae - Bambusoideae - Bambuseae): lectotypification, redescription, geographic distribution, and conservation status. Phytotaxa 529 (1): 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 529.1.5","Clark, L. G., Vidal, K. V. A., Oliveira, R. P. & Leandro, T. D. (2022) A new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) in the C. meyeriana informal group from southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 45: 1249 - 1260. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40415 - 022 - 00838 - 9","Mota, A. C., Oliveira, R. P. & Clark, L. G. (2013) Chusquea clemirae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new woody bamboo from the Montane Atlantic Rainforest of Bahia state, Brazil. Systematic Botany 38: 92 - 96. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364413 X 661962","Clark, L. G., Machado, E. P., Vidal, K. V. A., Mota, A. C. & Oliveira, R. P. (2020) Chusquea. In: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Available from: http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 13085 (accessed 10 June 2022)","Clark, L. G. (1989) Systematics of Chusquea sect. Swallenochloa, sect. Verticillatae, sect. Serpentes, and sect. Longifoliae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 27: 1 - 127. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 25027724","Clark, L. G. (1992) Chusquea sect. Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and allies in Brazil. Brittonia 44: 387 - 422. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2807190","Clark, L. G. (1993) Five new species of Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a new combination. Novon 3: 228 - 238. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3391459","Clark, L. G. (1997) Diversity, biogeography, and evolution in Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). In: Chapman, G. (Ed.) The Bamboos. Academic Press, London, pp. 33 - 44.","Vidal, K. V. A., Welker, C. A. D., Oliveira, I. L. C., Mota, A. C., Oliveira, R. P. & Clark, L. G. (2018) A new species of Chusquea subg. Chusquea (Poaceae - Bambusoideae - Bambuseae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: morphological evidence and phylogenetic placement within the Euchusquea clade. Phytotaxa 365 (1): 73 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 365.1.3","Ruiz-Sanchez, E., Romero-Guzman, R., Flores-Arg ¸ elles, A., Ortiz-Brunel, J. P. & Clark L. G. (2021 b) Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 497 (3): 285 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 497.3.7","Thiers, B. (2022, continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http: // sweetgum. nybg. org / science / ih / (accessed 21 June 2022)","McMurchie, E. K., Peterson, B. J., Leandro, T. D., Londono, X. & Clark, L. G. (2022) A revision of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Bambuseae, Bambusoideae, Poaceae), including two new species from South America. Systematic Botany 47: 363 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364422 X 16512572275007","Colli-Silva, M., Vasconcelos, T. N. C. & Pirani, J. R. (2019) Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723 - 1733. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13585","Campos, L., Guedes, M. L. S., Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. & Roque, N. (2017) Contributions to the floristic and vegetation knowledge of Espinhaco Septentrional, Bahia, Brazil. Brazilian. Journal of Botany 40: 427 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40415 - 016 - 0347 - y","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 15.1. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 15 August 2022)"]}

In recent years, as global warming, the sea-ice extent of North Arctic undergoes an evident decrease and Arctic channel has attracted the attention of shipping industry. Ice crystals existing in the seawater of Arctic channel which enter the seawater system of the ship with the seawater were found blocking the seawater pipe. The appearance of cooler paralysis, auxiliary machine error and even ship power system paralysis may be happened if seriously. In order to reduce the effect of high temperature in auxiliary equipment, seawater system will use external ice-water to participate in the cooling cycle and achieve the state of its flow. The distribution of ice crystals in seawater pipe can be achieved. As the ice slurry system is solid liquid two-phase system, the flow process of ice-water mixture is very complex and diverse. In this paper, the flow process in seawater pipe of ice slurry is simulated with fluid dynamics simulation software based on k-ε turbulence model. As the ice packing fraction is a key factor effecting the distribution of ice crystals, the influence of ice packing fraction on the flowing process of ice slurry is analyzed. In this work, the simulation results show that as the ice packing fraction is relatively large, the distribution of ice crystals is uneven in the flowing process of the seawater which has such disadvantage as increase the possibility of blocking, that will provide scientific forecasting methods for the forming of ice block in seawater piping system. It has important significance for the reliability of the operating of polar ships in the future., {"references":["Cui Juan Sui, Zhanhai Zhang, Dinghui Wu, \"Interannual and decadal variation analysis of Arctic sea ice extent between 1979 and 2012,\" J. Chinese Journal of Polar Research. vol.2, 2015, pp. 174-182.","Dan Wang, Jie Zhang, Hao Zhang, W.-K. Chen, \"Study of arctic water transit policy and its development on circumpolar nation and regions\", J. Chinese Journal of Polar Research. no.1, 2015.","Peterson B J, McClelland J, Curry R, et al. \"Trajectory shifts in the Arctic and Subarctic freshwater cycle\". J. Science, vol. 313. no. 5790, pp.061-1066.","B. S. Kim, H. T. Shin, Y. P. Lee, \"Study on ice slurry production by water spray\". J, International Journal of Refrigeration, 2001, pp.176~184.","Andrej Kitanovski, Didier Vuarnoz, Derrick Ata-Caesar, et al. \"The fluid dynamics of ice slurry\". J, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 28, 2005, pp. 37~50.","Shengchun Liu, Ling Hao, Jinghong Ning, \"Review on the flow and thermal characteristics of ice slurry in resistance components\" J. Refrigeration. Vol.11, 2015. pp.59-65+77."]}

Recent perceived climate variability raises concerns with unprecedented hydrological phenomena and extremes. Distribution and circulation of the waters of the Earth become increasingly difficult to determine because of additional uncertainty related to anthropogenic emissions. The world wide observed changes in the large-scale hydrological cycle have been related to an increase in the observed temperature over several decades. Although the effect of change in climate on hydrology provides a general picture of possible hydrological global change, new tools and frameworks for modelling hydrological series with nonstationary characteristics at finer scales, are required for assessing climate change impacts. Of the downscaling techniques, dynamic downscaling is usually based on the use of Regional Climate Models (RCMs), which generate finer resolution output based on atmospheric physics over a region using General Circulation Model (GCM) fields as boundary conditions. However, RCMs are not expected to capture the observed spatial precipitation extremes at a fine cell scale or at a basin scale. Statistical downscaling derives a statistical or empirical relationship between the variables simulated by the GCMs, called predictors, and station-scale hydrologic variables, called predictands. The main focus of the paper is on the need for using statistical downscaling techniques for projection of local hydrometeorological variables under climate change scenarios. The projections can be then served as a means of input source to various hydrologic models to obtain streamflow, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and other hydrological variables of interest., {"references":["Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S. and Palutikof, J. P., Climate\nChange and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on\nClimate Change, 2008, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, pp 210.","Jolley, T. J. and Wheater, H. S., A large-scale grid-based hydrological\nmodel of the Severn and Thames catchments. Water Environ. J., 1996,\n10, 253-262.","Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.\nB., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L., IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007:\nThe Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the\nFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate\nChange, 2007.","Carter, T. R., Parry, M. L., Harasawa, H. and Nishioka, S., IPCC\ntechnical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptions.\nIPCC special report to Working Group II of IPCC,1994, University\nCollege, London. 1994, pp.59.","Acreman, M. C., The hydrology of the UK: A study of change. 1st\nedition. London, Routledge, 2000.","Wheater, H. S., Progress in and prospects for fluvial flood modelling.\nPhil. Trans. R. Lond. A., 2002, 360, 1409-1431.","Huntington, T. G., Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle:\nReview and synthesis. J. Hydrol., 2006, 319, 83-95.","Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Hegerl, G. C., Lambert, F. H., Gillett, N. P.,\nSolomon, S., Stott, P. A. and Nozawa, T., Detection of human influence\non twentieth-century precipitation trends. Nature, 2007, 448, 461-465.","Milly, P. C. D., Dunne, K. A. and Vecchia, A. V., Global pattern of\ntrends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate.\nNature, 2005, 438, 347-350.\n[10] Wilby, R. L., Beven, K. J. and Reynard, N. S., Climate change and\nfluvial flood risk in the UK: more of the same? Hydrol. Process., 2008,\n22, 2511-2523.\n[11] Maurer, E. P., Uncertainty in hydrologic impacts of climate change in\nthe Sierra Nevada, California under two emissions scenarios. Clim.\nChange, 2007, 82, 309-325.\n[12] Harrison, G. P., Whittington, W. and Wallace, R. A., Climate change\nimpacts on financial risk in hydropower projects. IEEE Trans. on Power\nSys., 2003, 18, 1324-1330.\n[13] Christensen, N., Wood, A., Voisin, N., Lettenmaier, D. and Palmer, R.,\nThe effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of\nthe Colorado river basin. Clim. Change, 2004, 62, 337-363.\n[14] Wheater, H. S., Flood hazard and Management a UK perspective. Phil.\nTrans. of the Royal Soc., 2006, 364, 2135-2145.\n[15] Mortsch, L., D. and Quinn, F. H., Climate change scenarios for great\nlakes basin Ecosystem Studies. Limnol. Oceanogr., 1996, 41, 903-911.\n[16] Probst, J. L. and Tardy, Y., Long range streamflow and world\ncontinental runoff fluctuations since the beginning of this century. J.\nHydrol., 1987, 94, 289-311.\n[17] Guetter, A. K. and Georgakakos, K. P., River outflow of the\nconterminous United States, 1939- 1988. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 1993,\n74, 1873-1891.\n[18] Lammers, R. B., Shiklomanov, A. I., Vorosmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M.\nand Peterson, B. J., Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff\nbased on observational discharge records. J. Geophys. Res., 2001, 106,\n3321-3334.\n[19] Mauget, S. A., Multidecadal Regime Shifts in US Streamflow,\nPrecipitation, and Temperature at the End of the Twentieth Century. J.\nClim., 2003, 16, 3905-3916.\n[20] Labat, D., Godderis, Y., Probst, J. L. and Guyot, J. L., Evidence for\nglobal runoff increase related to climate warming. Adv. Water Resour.,\n2004, 27, 631-642.\n[21] Legates, D. R., Lins, H. F. and McCabe, G. J., Comments on Evidence\nfor global runoff increase related to climate warming by Labat et al. Adv.\nWater Resour., 2005, 28, 1310-1315.\n[22] Lettenmaier, D. and Gan, T., Hydrologic Sensitivities of the\nSacramento-San Joaquin River Basin, California, to Global Warming.\nWater Resour. Res., 1990, 26, 69-86.\n[23] McCabe Jr, G. J. and Wolock, D. M., Climate change and the detention\nof trends in annual runoff. Clim. Res., 1997, 8, 129-134.\n[24] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Climate models\nand their evaluation Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis.\nContribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of\nthe Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (ed. Solomon, S., et al.),\nCambridge University Press, 2007.\n[25] Mondal, A., and Mujumdar, P. P., On the basin-scale detection and\nattribution of human-induced climate change in monsoon precipitation\nand streamflow. Water Resour. Res., 2012, 48, W10520,\ndoi:10.1029/2011WR011468.\n[26] Steinschneider, S., Polebitski, A., Brown, C. and Letcher, B. H., Toward\na statistical framework to quantify the uncertainties of hydrologic\nresponse under climate change. Water Resour. Res., 2012, 48, W11525,\ndoi:10.1029/2011WR011318.\n[27] Peterson, T. C. and Vose, R. S., An overview of the Global Historical\nClimatology Network temperature database. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,\n1997, 78, 2837-2849.\n[28] Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D., An improved method of constructing a\ndatabase of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution\ngrids. Int. J. Climatol., 2005, 25, 693-712.\n[29] Kripalani, R. H., Oh J. H., Kulkarni, A., Sabade, S. S., and Chaudhari,\nH. S., South Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability: Coupled\nclimate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theor.\nAppl. Climatol., 2007, 90, 133–159.\n[30] Goswami, B. N., Venugopal, V., Sengupta, D., Madhusoodanan, M. S.\nand Xavier, P. K., Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a\nwarming environment. Science, 2006, 314, 1442–1445.\n[31] Rajeevan, M., Bhate, J. and Jaiswal A. K., Analysis of variability and\ntrends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of gridded\ndaily rainfall data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008, 35, L18707,\ndoi:10.1029/2008GL035143.\n[32] Ojha, R., Kumar, D. N., Sharma, A., and Mehrotra, R., Assessing Severe\nDrought and Wet Events over India in a Future Climate Using a Nested\nBias-Correction Approach. J. Hydrol. Engg., 2013, 18, 760-772.\n[33] Gosain, A. K., Sandhya, R., Srinivasan, R. and Gopal R., N., Climate\nChange Impact Assessment of water resources of India. Curr. Sci., 2011,\n101, 356-371.\n[34] Hughes, J., Guttorpi, P. and Charles, S., A non-homogeneous hidden\nMarkov model for precipitation occurrence. Appl. Stat., 1999, 48, 15-30.\n[35] Prudhomme, C., Reynard, N. and Crooks, S., Downscaling of global\nclimate models for flood frequency analysis: where are we now? Hydrol.\nProcess., 2002, 16, 1137-1150.\n[36] Brands, S., Herrera, S., Fernández, J. and Gutiérrez, J. M., How well do\nCMIP5 Earth System Models simulate present climate conditions in\nEurope and Africa? Clim. Dynam., 2013, 41, 803-817.\n[37] Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. and Meehl, G. A., An overview of CMIP5\nand the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 2012, 93, 485–498.\n[38] Ghosh, S., and Mujumdar, P. P., Climate change impact assessment:\nUncertainty modeling with imprecise probability. J. Geophys. Res.,\n2009, 114, D18113, doi:10.1029/2008JD011648.\n[39] Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S.\nK., van Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T.,\nMeehl, G. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J.,\nStouffer, R. J., Thomson, A. M., Weyant, J. P. and Wilbanks, T. J., The\nnext generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment.\nNature, 2010, 463, 747–756.\n[40] Jones, R. G., Murphy, J. M., Noguer, M. and Keen, A. B., Simulation of\nclimate change over Europe using a nested regional-climate model. II:\nComparison of driving and regional model responses to a doubling of\ncarbon dioxide. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 1997, 123, 265-292.\n[41] Hewitson, B.C. and Crane R.G., Climate downscaling: techniques and\napplication. Clim. Res., 1996, 7, 85-95.\n[42] Giorgi, F. and Mearns, L., Approaches to the simulation of regional\nclimate change: A review. Rev. Geophys., 1991, 29, 191-216.\n[43] Giorgi, F. and Mearns, L., Introduction to special section: Regional\nclimate modelling revisited. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104, 6335-6352.\n[44] von Storch, H., Langenberg, H. and Feser, F., A spectral nudging\ntechnique for dynamical downscaling purposes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 2000,\n128, 3664-3673.\n[45] Christensen, J. H. and Christensen, O. B., A summary of the\nPRUDENCE model projections of changes in European climate by the\nend of this century. Clim. Change, 2007, 81, 7-30.\n[46] Buonomo, E., Jones, R., Huntingford, C. and Hannaford, J., On the\nrobustness of changes in extreme precipitation over Europe from two\nhigh resolution climate change simulations. Quarterly Q. J. R. Meteorol.\nSoc., 2007, 133, 65–81.\n[47] Fowler, H. J., Blenkinsop, S. and Tebaldi, C., Linking climate change\nmodelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques\nfor hydrological modelling. Int. J. Climatol., 2007, 27, 1547-1578.\n[48] Rauscher, S. A., Coppola, E., Piani, C. and Giorgi, F., Resolution effects\non regional climate model simulations of seasonal precipitation over\nEurope. Clim. Dynam., 2010, 35, 685- 711.\n[49] Maraun, D., Rust, H. W. and Osborn, T. J., The annual cycle of heavy\nprecipitation across the United Kingdom: a model based on extreme\nvalue statistics. Int. J. Climatol., 2010, 29, 1731-1744.\n[50] Durman, C. F., Gregory, J. M., Hassell, D. C., Jones, R. G. and Murphy,\nJ. M., A comparison of extreme European daily precipitation simulated\nby a global and a regional climate model for present and future climates.\nQ. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2001, 127, 1005-1015.\n[51] Mujumdar, P. P. and Kumar, D. N., Floods in a changing Climate,\nHydrological Modeling, Cambridge University press, 2012.\n[52] Frei, C., Scholl, R., Fukutome, S., Schmidli, J. and Vidale, P. L., Future\nchange of precipitation extremes in Europe: Intercomparison of\nscenarios from regional climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06105,\ndoi:10.1029/2005JD005965.\n[53] Christensen, J., Raisanen, J., Iversen, T., Bjorge, D., Christensen, O. and\nRummukainen, M., A synthesis of regional climate change simulations.\nA Scandinavian perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2001, 28, 1003–1006.\n[54] Jenkins, G., Murphy, J., Sexton, D., Lowe, J., Jones, P. and Kilsbu, C.,\nUKCP09 Briefing report. UK Climate projections. 2009, Exeter, UK,\nMet Office Hadley Centre.\n[55] Lenderink, G. and Van Meijgaard, E., Increase in hourly precipitation\nextremes beyond expectations from temperature changes. Nature\nGeosci., 2008, 1, 511-514.\n[56] Fowler, H. J. and Ekstrom, M., Multi-model ensemble estimates of\nclimate change impacts on UK seasonal precipitation extremes. Int. J.\nClimatol., 2009, 29, 385-416.\n[57] Bachner, S., Kapala, A. and Simmer, C., Evaluation of daily\nprecipitation characteristics in the CLM and their sensitivity to\nparameterizations. Meteorol. Z., 2008, 17, 407-420.\n[58] Murphy, J. M., Sexton, D. M. H., Jenkins, G. J., Booth, B. B. B., Brown,\nC. C., Clark, R. T., Collins, M., Harris, G. R., Kendon, E. J., Betts, R.\nA., Brown, S. J., Boorman, P., Howard, T. P., Humphrey, K. A.,\nMcCarthy, M. P., McDonald, R. E., Stephens, A., Wallace, C., Warren,\nR., Wilby, R. and Wood, R. A., Climate change projections. UK Climate\nprojections, 2009. Exeter, UK.\n[59] Chen, C. T. and Knutson, T., On the verification and comparison of\nextreme rainfall indices from climate models. J. Clim., 2008, 21, 1605-\n1621.\n[60] Wilby, R. L., Charles, S. P., Zorita, E., Timbal, B., Whetton, P., Mearns,\nL. O., Guidelines for Use of Climate Scenarios Developed from\nStatistical Downscaling Methods. IPCC Task Group on Data and\nScenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA), 2004,\nhttp://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk/gu-idelines/ StatDown_Guide.pdf\n[61] Wilby, R. L., Hassan, H. and Hanaki, K., Statistical downscaling of\nhydrometeorological variables using general circulation model output, J.\nHydrol., 1998, 205, 1–19.\n[62] Xu, C., From GCMs to river flow: a review of downscaling methods and\nhydrologic modelling approaches. Prog. Phys. Geog., 1999, 23, 229-\n249.\n[63] Wilby, R. L. and Wigley, T. M. L., Downscaling general circulation\nmodel output: a review of methods and limitations. Prog. Phys. Geog.,\n1997, 21, 530-548.\n[64] Zorita, E. and von Storch, H., Analog method as a simple statistical\ndownscaling technique: comparison with more complicated methods. J.\nClim.,1999, 12, 2474-2489.\n[65] Chandler, R. E. and Wheater, H. S., Analysis of rainfall variability using\ngeneralized linear models: A case study from the west of Ireland. Water\nResour. Res., 2002, 38, 1192.\n[66] Mehrotra, R., and Sharma, A., Development and application of a\nmultisite rainfall stochastic downscaling framework for climate change\nimpact assessment. Water Resour. Res., 2010, 46, W07526,\ndoi:10.1029/2009WR008423.\n[67] Wilby, R. L., Dawson, C. W. and Barrow, E. M., SDSM - a decision\nsupport tool for the assessment of regional climate change impacts.\nEnviron. Modell. Softw., 2002, 17, 147-159.\n[68] Chandler, R. E., GLIMCLIM: Generalized Linear Modelling for Daily\nClimate Time Series (Software and User guide). Research Report\nNo.227, Department of Statistical Science, University College London.\n[69] Kilsby, C. G., Jones, P. D., Burton, A., Ford A. C., Fowler, H. J.,\nHarpham, C., James, P., Smith, A. and Wilby R. L., A daily weather\ngenerator for use in climate change studies. Environ. Modell. Softw.,\n2007, 22, 1705–1719.\n[70] Wilks, D. S., Multi-site downscaling of daily precipitation with a\nstochastic weather generator. Clim. Res., 1999, 11, 125- 136.\n[71] Korawan, A., Chaleeraktrakoon, C. and Nguyen, V., Modeling and\nanalysis of rainfall processes in the context of climate change for\nMekong, Chi and Mun River Basins (Thailand). J. Hydro-Env. Res.,\n2013, 7, 2-17.\n[72] Kannan, S. and Ghosh, S., Prediction of daily rainfall state in a river\nbasin using statistical downscaling from GCM output. Stoch. Environ.\nRes. Risk Assess., 2011, 25,457-474.\n[73] Ghosh, S., SVM‐PGSL coupled approach for statistical downscaling to\npredict rainfall from GCM output. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115, D22102,\ndoi:10.1029/2009JD013548.\n[74] Kannan, S. and Ghosh, S., A nonparametric Kernel regression model for\ndownscaling multisite daily precipitation in the Mahanadi basin, Water\nResour. Res., 2013, 49, 1360-1385.\n[75] Salvi K., Kannan, S. and Ghosh, S., High resolution multisite daily\nrainfall projections in India using statistical downscaling for climate\nchange impact assessment. J. Geophys. Res., 2013, 118, 3557-3578.\n[76] Jha, S. K., Mariethoz, G., Evans, J. P. and McCabe, M. F.,\nDemonstration of a geostatistical approach to physically consistent\ndownscaling of climate modeling simulations. Water Resour. Res., 49,\n245-259.\n[77] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\n1992. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Text.\nGeneva: UNEP/WMO."]}

Extracellular ATP stimulates acute changes in paracellular permeability across cultures of human uterine cervical epithelial cells [G. I. Gorodeski, D. E. Peterson, B. J. De Santis, and U. Hopfer. Am. J. Physiol. 270 ( Cell Physiol. 39): C1715–C1725, 1996]. In this paper, we characterize mRNA for a P2Y2nucleotide receptor in human cervical cells. Using oligonucleotide primers based on the sequence of human airway epithelium P2Y2receptor, a single 632-bp cDNA band was identified in RT-PCR experiments in extracts of human endocervical and ectocervical tissues and in lysates of human cervical CaSki cells, but not in 3T3 fibroblasts. The nucleotide sequence was homologous to the corresponding human airway epithelium P2Y2receptor. Northern blot analyses revealed hybridization of the P2Y2receptor probe to a 2.0-kb mRNA fragment, as well as to 2.2-, 3.0-, and 4.6-kb species, indicating that human cervical cells express P2Y2receptor mRNA. Incubation of CaSki cells in retinoid-free medium abolished the ATP-induced changes in permeability and decreased the expression of the P2Y2receptor mRNA; treatment with retinoids restored the responses to ATP and upregulated the P2Y2receptor mRNA, suggesting that the receptor mediates ATP-related changes in permeability. Treatment with actinomycin D decreased the expression of the P2Y2receptor RNA, but the ratio density of the receptor RNA relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase RNA remained unchanged, suggesting that retinoids upregulate transcription of the receptor mRNA. We conclude that retinoid-dependent modulation of the P2Y2receptor expression, and hence of the responses to ATP, may be an important mechanism for the regulation of secretion of cervical mucus in vivo.