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Steele, W.K. & Hockey, P.A.R. 1990. Population size, distribution and dispersal of Kelp Gulls in the southwestern Cape, South Africa. Ostrich 61:97-106.There are indications that the Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus population of the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa, is increasing. It is proposed that decreased post-fledging mortality due to supplementary food from man's activities, at sites such as fishing harbours and refuse dumps, is likely to be the main cause of this population increase. Kelp Gulls aggregate, and juveniles (first-year birds) are disproportionately abundant, at sites where supplementary food is available. Juvenile dispersal from the two largest breeding colonies, 38 km apart, is in opposite directions.

Transmission electron microscopy is used to examine the nature of microcracking about small-scale indentations in two highly brittle solids, sapphire and carborundum. The observed crack geometry is discussed in terms of an earlier model of indentation fracture beneath a point force, in which both loading and unloading half-cycles contribute to the crack growth. The residual interfaces are generally found to exhibit moiré fringe contrast, and occasionally to contain dislocation networks. These observations are discussed in relation to spontaneous closure and healing mechanisms, and the associated “lattice mismatch” is estimated at about one part in a thousand. It is suggested that cleavage steps comprise the main source of obstruction to lattice restoration across the interfaces. Mechanical and thermal treatments of the indented specimens are found to influence the extent of the residual cracking. Some practical implications concerning the strength degradation of brittle solids are discussed.

This paper presents evidence from an initial trial in favor of claims that the liquid seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum, marketed in the UK as ‘Maxicrop’, can reduce numbers of the two-spotted red spider mite Tetranychus urticae on crop plants. Seven applications of Maxicrop Triple over 20 days significantly suppressed the population build-up of two-spotted red spider mites on treated strawberry plants (Fragaria sp. var. Redgauntlet) raised under high polythene tunnels as compared to untreated controls.

We report the neuropathological findings of a 3-year-old boy with Angelman's syndrome. The main abnormalities were macroscopic consisting of small temporal and frontal lobes which also showed disorganised and irregular gyri. The occipital lobes appeared flattened but were otherwise normal as were the parietal lobes. The brain stem and cerebellum appeared normal externally. Microscopically there was irregular distribution of neurons in layer 3 and in the cerebral white matter a few subcortical ectopic neurons were present in the temporal and frontal lobes. A single “Purkinje” cell heterotopia was seen but otherwise the cerebellum appeared normal.

A prospective, randomized, controlled study of adjuvant chemotherapy in operable gastric cancer was commenced in 1976. Four hundred and eleven patients have been randomized into 1 of 3 treatment groups. Group A received a placebo injection of intravenous normal saline (10 ml) at 3-week intervals. Group B received a 5-day induction course of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate followed by 3-week intravenous injections of 5-FU and mitomycin C (MMC). Group C received 3-week intravenous injections of 5-FU and MMC. The treatment was to be given for 2 years. Patients were stratified for age, sex, preoperative duration of symptoms, and clinicopathological stage prior to randomization. At this interim analysis, preoperative duration of symptoms and clinicopathological stage were statistically significant prognostic factors (p=<0.05 and <0.001, respectively).

The effects of pressure on the compaction and subsequent sintering of nano-size Y- γ-Al2O3 powder were studied. Pressures up to 5 GPa were used to compact the powder in a WC piston/cylinder type die and also in a diamond anvil cell. The green body compacts obtained from both methods of compaction were pressureless sintered at temperatures between 1000°C to 1600°C. Results demonstrated that green body density was enhanced with increased compaction pressure. For compaction pressures less than 3 GPa, microstructures containing significant porosity developed at all sintering temperatures studied and is due to the development of a highly porous or vermicular structure during the y too phase transformation, occurring at temperatures between 1000°C and I I50°C. At compaction pressures greater than 3 GPa, however, the formation of the vermicular structure did not occur and near theoretical densities with grain size = 150 nm were obtained.

AbstractResearch degree student numbers in the United Kingdom have seen considerable growth in recent years. Along with this increase has come a concern to improve the quality of supervision students receive. Whilst there is a growing literature about supervision at this level, much of it is not grounded in empirical research. This article's aim is to add to the stock of empirical knowledge, by portraying the everyday routines of supervisors in the social sciences. These constitute a craftwhich is made up of a number of practices: balancing, foreseeing, timing, critiquing, informing and guiding. The paper depicts these practices in some detail, and then concludes with a discussion about the means by which such craft practice can be effectively transmitted to novice supervisors.

A small breeding population of White-fronted Plovers Charadrius marginatus was studied at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa, between 1974 and 1977. Adults maintained territories throughout the year though territory holders sometimes joined flocks of non-territorial birds, usually outside the breeding season. Territories included sections of sand dune and beach where nests were located, and an area of intertidal sand flat where the birds fed. The species is monogamous and mates are usually faithful to each other for long periods. Divorce was recorded and two birds whose mates disappeared, presumed dead, did not lose their territories. Eggs were found between June and January (eight months). A minimum of two to four days elapsed between the laying of the first and second egg. The mean clutch size was 2·1 eggs and the most frequent clutch was two. Incubating birds moulted some tertials, tail and body feathers. Incubation was shared by the sexes and lasted 26 or 27 days (one record). Breeding success was low, and is believed to be due to predation of eggs by mongooses and Bokmakierie shrikes. Two pairs each produced a minimum of five clutches in one season. The presence of roosting and feeding flocks of non-territorial plovers was tolerated when the flooding tide forced these birds into the territories of breeding birds. The annual survival rate of adults with territories was 0·8757 and the average expectation of further life was 7·5 years. Aspects of the breeding biology of White-fronted and Ringed Plovers are compared. It is suggested that the high predation rate of eggs may have influenced the evolution towards a relatively small clutch.

Most previous studies of the attentional consequences of making saccadic eye movements have used peripheral stimuli to elicit eye movements. It is argued that in the light of evidence showing automatic “capture” of attention by peripheral stimuli, these experiments do not distinguish between attentional effects due to peripheral stimuli and those due to eye movements. In the present study, spatial attention was manipulated by varying the probability that peripheral probe stimuli would appear in different positions, while saccades were directed by a central arrow, enabling the effects of attention and eye movements to be separated. The results showed that the time to react to a peripheral stimulus could be shortened both by advance knowledge of its likely position and, separately, by preparing to make a saccade to that position. When the saccade was directed away from the most likely position of the probe, the targets for attention and eye movements were on opposite sides of the display. In this condition, the effects of preparing to make a saccade proved to be stronger than the effects of attentional allocation until well after the saccade had finished, suggesting that making a saccade necessarily involves the allocation of attention to the target position. The effects of probe stimuli on saccade latencies were also examined: probe stimuli that appeared before the saccade shortened saccade latencies if they appeared at the saccade target, and lengthened saccade latencies if they appeared on the opposite side of fixation. These facilitatory and inhibitory effects were shown to occur at different stages of saccade preparation and suggest that attention plays an important role in the generation of voluntary eye movements. The results of this study indicate that while it is possible to make attention movements without making corresponding eye movements, it is not possible to make an eye movement (in the absence of peripheral stimulation) without making a corresponding shift in the focus of attention.

Five experiments using the "running memory span" (RMS) technique are reported, in which subjects attempt to recall a specified number of items from the end of long sequences of digits, presented at a rate of 2/s. In Experiments I-III critical lists are included in the series which are exactly equal in length to the specified recall series. Despite the RMS set, these critical lists exhibit (I) marked primacy effects, and (2) an impairment in recall of terminal items (a "rebound effect"), compared to the baseline RMS performance. The rebound effect occurs (Experiments IV and V) even when recall of earlier items is not required. These two phenomena are robust: they occur in different experiments in which, rehearsal patterns, report order, expectancies and retrieval load are controlled. The results suggest an origin for primacy which is of a perceptual (i.e. pre-storage) nature, and that selective rehearsal is not a necessary condition for the effect to occur. A possible role of habituation of the orienting response in this phenomenon is discussed.

Preliminary observations during a human factors analysis of a recently automated process plant revealed that operators sometimes assumed control over the production schedule, overriding the process computer. Interviews with senior managers suggested that such behaviour was rare, and only occurred under close supervision. This paper presents an analysis of these actions, which are referred to as 'unscheduled manual interventions' (UMls), through a series of three studies carried out in the plant. A questionnaire study revealed that UMIs occurred much more frequently than were claimed, and that they also imposed a heavy workload on operators. These observations were confirmed by a formal analysis of the process records for a full week's production, which allowed the authors to develop a taxonomy of UMIs according to their role in the control of either plant operations of the automatic schedule. It was hypothesized that such actions were motivated by a need for personal control in the increasingly automated workplace. This explanation was, however, rejected by a factor analysis of motivational items associated with a set of UMI activities. Comparison of factor scores across the different activities identified the desire to enhance production speed and quality as the strongest motivational determinants, although the balance of these differed for plant and sequence interventions. A second analysis showed that operators considered such actions to be mainly discretionary, rather than prohibited (unlike the official managerial perspective found in interviews). The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for system design in process plants, particularly plant reliability and accidents, and the function of tacit shop-floor knowledge and operator involvement in automated manufacturing

A prospective, randomised controlled trial of surgery, surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy and surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and mitomycin C) in operable gastric cancer is described. Four hundred and thirty-six patients were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. With 12 months' minimum follow-up, 334 patients have died, 292 from recurrent cancer. The median survival for all patients was 15 months. Neither form of adjuvant therapy provides any survival advantage. Surgery remains the principal treatment for operable gastric cancer. Care should be taken to standardise surgical treatment and any adjuvant treatments must be compared within the confines of controlled, randomised trials.

Type of study:Descriptive study of trends in the drug therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Setting:Population‐based register of acute coronary events compiled for the years 1984 to 1990 in the course of the Perth MONICA project. Cases: 5294 cases meeting clinical criteria for acute myocardial infarction. Results:Striking changes were seen in the use of aspirin before admission to hospital (from 4% to 18%). During the stay in hospital the use of β‐blockers increased steadily from 52% to 76%, while the use of aspirin increased 3.5‐fold from 25% to 88% and the use of streptokinase increased 13.5‐fold from 2.4% to 32.4%. The proportion of patients prescribed β‐blockers on discharge from hospital increased from 46% to 65% and that for aspirin rose from 16% to 83%. There were also major relative increases in the use of lipid‐lowering agents and declines in the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusion:These trends in the pharmacological management of myocardial infarction mirror the emerging evidence from clinical trials, although the increases in the use of certain types of drugs antedated publication of the results of major randomised studies. The changes in therapy would partly explain observed improvements in case fatality and may have contributed to the decline in coronary mortality observed in the Perth community.

The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed from indentation cracks during annealing at 1600°C. Equilibrium could be reached only for cavities that were smaller than is approximately100 nm. Excessive times were required to achieve equilibrium for cavities larger than is approximately 1μm. Five equilibrium facet planes were observed to bound the cavities: the basal (C) {0001}, rhombohedral (R) {1¯012}, prismatic (A) {12¯10}, pyramidal (P) {112¯3}, and structural rhombohedral (S) {101¯1}. The surface energies for these planes relative to the surface energy of the basal plane were γR = 1.05, γA = 1.12, γP = 1.06, γS = 1.07. These energies were compared with the most recent theoretical calculations of the surface energy of sapphire. The comparison was not within experimental scatter for any of the surfaces, with the measured relative surface energies being lower than the calculated energies. Although the prismatic (M) {101¯0} planes are predicted to be a low‐energy surface, facets of this orientation were not observed.

While there is a literature on PhD supervision, little research has been undertaken upon the intricacies of the actual relationship between the PhD student and supervisor. One particular facet of this relationship was examined, namely the strategies supervisors choose to implement when supervising social science students at this level. Two general overarching strategies were found to exist in this context: a relatively unstructured approach, giving students a large degree of intellectual freedom, and a much more structured approach within which close operational control was maintained by the supervisor. The selection and implementation of these two strategies, and associated tactics, were found to be more effective in cases where supervisors were able to balance involvement with their students with a degree of professional detachment. Effective supervision was also found to be correlated with the possession of certain skills, including the ability to foresee the general direction of the student's research, to communicate clearly with the student about the supervisory relationship, and to facilitate that relationship intellectually and emotionally. Such skills were in turn found to hinge upon the possession of particular qualities, such as flexibility and sensitivity.

Recent changes to social science doctoral educational policy, instigated by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and endorsed by central government, have begun radically to alter the nature of the UK social science PhD. Perhaps the most fundamental change has been the introduction of the training-model doctorate, with its concomitant taught research methods component. Underlying the move towards this model can be discerned an assumption of the doctoral student body as homogeneous. This article challenges the validity of this assumption and subsequently charts what is known about doctoral students' responses to the current pro research training climate. The article concludes with a call for greater flexibility of provision to meet the needs of a wider range of research students than are currently catered for.

ABSTRACT From a cohort of all 5760 male and 4979 female patients who were admitted to WA hospitals and were discharged with a diagnosis of asthma between 1976 and 1980,265 deaths in men and 189 deaths in women were identified by the end of 1982. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes of death for this cohort was 1.6 for men (P< 0.001) and 1.7 for women (P<0.001). Both sexes showed a significant increase in deaths that were attributable to asthma (SMR, 57.9), chronic airflow obstruction (SMR, 9.3) and ischaemic heart disease (SMR, 1.3). The excess death rates for asthma were observed in all age groups, but those for chronic airflow obstruction and ischaemic heart disease were present in older age groups only. These findings indicate that asthma remains a potentially fatal disease in the Australian community. The excess mortality ratios for chronic airflow obstruction that were observed in patients who were admitted to hospital with asthma also suggest that asthma may result in irreversible airflow obstruction.

Velasquez, C.R., Kalejta, B. & Hockey, P.A.R. 1991. Seasonal abundance, habitat selection and energy consumption of waterbirds at the Berg River estuary, South Africa. Ostrich 62:109-123.The distribution and abundance of waterbirds at the Berg River estuary were studied between September 1987 and April 1989. The estuary supports an unusually high density of waterbirds, especially of Pale-arctic migrant waders, and is a site of subregional importance for at least nine species. Intertidal mudflats are the favoured feeding habitat of the majority of species on the estuary during the low tide period. Low tide feeding densities on saltmarshes are mud less than on mudflats, but saltmarshes are important as roost sites, high tide feeding sites, and in counteracting the negative hydrological consequences of development. The current conservation status of the estuary is not commensurate with its importance as a waterbird habitat and, given the current threats facing the estuary, enhanced protection at the national level is considered a greater priority than registration with, for example, the RAMSAR Convention.

Whiplash or indirect injuries to the neck as a consequence of motor vehicle collisions are a common occurrence in which the frequency of ocular complications is largely unknown. Ophthalmic and oculomotor function was investigated in a longitudinal study of 39 cases who had their initial ophthalmological assessment within one week of the whiplash injury. Ten of 39 cases had ocular symptoms and signs which developed shortly after the accident. The principal abnormality in 6 of these was decreased convergence and accommodation, superior oblique muscle paresis in 2, decreased stereoacuity in 1 and bilateral vitreous detachments in 1 patient. All but 2 had complete resolution of their symptoms within 9 months. Four other patients were asymptomatic but had ophthalmic signs which resolved within 3 months. Oculomotor abnormalities following whiplash injuries are generally mild, have a good prognosis, and would appear from this study to be commoner than hitherto expected.

Relationships between organisms at all trophic levels are influenced by the primary productivity of the ecosystem, and factors which enhance rates of primary production may modify trophic relationships and community structure. Nutrient enrichment of intertidal and nearshore waters leads to enhanced production by intertidal algae, and it was hypothesized that where rocky shores are washed by nutrient-rich upwelled waters, the intertidal communities should show a characteristic functional structure, based on the effects of enhanced primary production. Study sites were chosen on rocky shores in southern Africa, central Chile and the Canary Islands, in areas with and without coastal upwelling, and mid-shore community structure at these sites was analysed in terms of the abundance of certain functional guilds of organisms.

Rates of algal production were measured at 6 rocky intertidal sites on the southwestern Cape coast, South Africa, where populations of the limpet Patella granularis occur. Rates of algal production and limpet mortality were recorded at each site and both factors affected limpet reproductive fitness. Limpet growth rates and biomass at different sites were significantly correlated with rates of algal production, and limpet mortality was related to the density of African Black Oystercatchers, important predators of P. granularis. Life-time gametic output of a hypothetical cohort of limpets at each site was modelled using the measurements of growth, reproduction and mortality made at each site. Limpet cohorts at sites with rapid rates of algal production were predicted to have a larger life-time production of gametic material than cohorts at sites with slow algal production rates, except in instances of acute predatory pressure. In the light of the overriding influence of food supply on the expression of limpet life-history parameters, it is imperative that researchers consider food availability before assuming that local, population-specific differences in life-history patterns are due to genetic differences.

This paper considers the impact of working with computer-based systems in terms of mental workload and the well-being of operators. In particular, the paper focuses on issues of controllability in human-computer systems as they relate to operator stress. Through the adoption of a state control model of stress regulation, it becomes apparent that while general usability criteria are necessary for the design of controllable systems, they may not be sufficient to guarantee controllability. The implications tot research and system design are discussed, with reference to the assessment of operator workload, controllability and stress. A methodology for assessing computer stress is described, based on the analysis of stressful computer-related episodes and their accompanying affective and cognitive states. This technique allows the relationship between workload and controllability to be studied in particular computer work environments, in relation to individual work goals and coping strategies.

Our recent clinical experience suggested that bacteremia may interfere with the detection of concomitant fungemia when standard blood culture methods are used. To determine the extent to which bacteria may interfere with fungal isolation from blood cultures, an in vitro model simulating blood cultures taken during concomitant fungemia and bacteremia was created. Each of six bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was combined with each of three pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata) in vented blood culture bottles containing enriched brain heart infusion broth and fresh normal human blood. Blood culture bottles were analyzed at 1, 2, and 7 days of incubation. Gram strains and subcultures onto chocolate and MacConkey agars failed to detect fungi in 37.0, 66.7, and 100% of samples, respectively. However, subcultures onto Sabouraud dextrose agar failed in only 13% of the samples (occurring only with P. aeruginosa). In a rabbit model of concomitant fungemia with C. albicans and bacteremia with P. aeruginosa, no yeasts were recovered from blood cultures despite 100% detection of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, the usual microbiological techniques may be inadequate to detect fungemia when concomitant bacteremia is present.

Summary.Weaned Romney ewe lambs were grazed at two levels of nutrition from 20 December to 12 April. Both groups were grazed together at a high level of nutrition thereafter. Vasectomized rams were introduced on 1 April. Oestrus occurred in 62/84 (74%) of the low nutrition group and in all 24 of the high nutrition group. The mean date of first oestrus was 3 June for the former and 28 May for the latter. The non-oestrous ewes were killed on 17 July and the others within 5 days of showing oestrus. From each carcass, certain organs (i.e. adrenals, ovaries, thyroid, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, stomach and uterus) and various fat depots were dissected out and weighed. In addition, half of the carcass was minced and subsampled for protein and fat analysis.The weight of uterus discriminated between oestrous and non-oestrous animals, as did a linear combination of the weights of lungs, spleen and stomach. The data suggest that fatness or protein content, or the weights of the other organs, are not important indicators of sexual maturity in female sheep.

The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gastric malignancies has been assessed using a monoclonal antibody in an immunoperoxidase technique. Of 119 primary tumours examined, 92% reacted with the antibody. Metastases were available for 81 of the patients and 83% were CEA positive. A noteworthy observation was the detection of malignant cells in the lymph nodes of two patients, as a result of the presence of CEA, who were originally reported to be free of metastases. Of those patients whose primary tumours expressed CEA, 86% had at least one CEA positive metastasis. Two or more metastases were available from 60 of the patients and in 20% the secondaries were a mixture of positive and negative for CEA. Consequently, the CEA status of a single lesion does not enable confident prediction of expression in other metastases. In addition to variation between multiple lesions removed from the same patient phenotypic diversity of expression was observed between tumour cells of a given mass. Such distribution of the CEA detected by this monoclonal antibody may impose certain restrictions on its application. However, the high frequency of expression by gastric cancers indicate that it is a potentially useful antigen as a target for radiolocalisation or therapeutic agents.

The Palearctic mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis has recently invaded the southern African coast. Its present range extends from central Namibia to Hermanus, with an outlying population between Port Elizabeth and the Great Fish River. It is most abundant on the southern Benguela coast, where it occurs intertidally. It grows vigorously on suspended mussel ropes, but is absent from subtidal benthic substrata where the silt-tolerant Choromytilus meridionalis predominates. Intertidally, it outcompetes the indigenous mussel Aulacomya ater, by reason of its superior reproductive output, faster growth rate and greater tolerance to desiccation. It is a superior competitor to the intertidal limpet Patella granularis for primary rock space, which is a favoured settlement and recruitment medium for this species. The rate of Mytilus invasion in the Saldanha region between 1979 and 1988 was rapid, as evidenced by major changes in the diets of African black oystercatchers Haematopus moquini. Although at present largely confined to the cold temperate coasts of southern Africa, Mytilus grows rapidly in warm water and its eventual colonization of the warm temperate and subtropical coasts seems inevitable, as does consequent competition with the indigenous brown mussel Perna perna. No control measures are in operation. This species must be considered as out of control and uncontrollable, and research into its potential for commercial exploitation is needed.

The effects of cigarette-smoking in an immediate memory task were studied in two groups of 25 female students (habitual smokers) tested either under a control (no smoking) condition or after smoking one cigarette. The memory task, requiring immediate serial recall of eight words, showed no differences between the two groups. Subjects were, however, also tested on recall of the position of words on the screen (each word could appear in any of the four corners). On this measure of incidental recall, the non-smoking group was far superior to the smoking group. This finding is in agreement with results obtained with noise-induced arousal and with the view that attentional selectivity is greater during increased arousal.

The C86 line of female embryonal carcinoma cells contains one active and one inactive X chromosome. Following methylnitrosourea mutagenesis, a clone called C86AGM2 was isolated that carries a mutated hprtgene on the active X chromosome. This hprtmallele encodes an HPRT enzyme that has less than 1% normal enzyme activity, is thermolabile, and has an altered isoelectric point. Following treatment with drugs that demethylate DNA, the hprt+gene from the inactive X chromosome in C86AGM2 cells became active as determined by the appearance of HPRT activity with the thermodenaturation and electrofocusing characteristics of the normal enzyme. No expression of this hprt+gene occurred if C86AGM2 cells were induced to differentiate prior to DNA demethylation. Stable lines of C86AGM2 cells expressing both the hprtmand hprt+genes did not inactivate either gene following differentiation.

This paper presents a review of the research methods literature examining the benefits and pitfalls of doing research in familiar settings and amongst peers, and encompasses educational literature, and material from the disciplines of anthropology and sociology within which very similar problems are encountered.The advantages of researching in familiar settings, for example the relative lack of culture shock or disorientation, the possibility of enhanced rapport and communication, the ability to gauge the honesty and accuracy of responses, and the likelihood that respondents will reveal more intimate details of their lives to someone considered empathetic are juxtaposed with the problems that proponents of insider research nevertheless acknowledge. In addition to the oft-cited problems of over-familiarity and taken-for-granted assumptions, large amounts of impression management may be required of the insider researcher in order to avoid manifesting out-group or undesirable characteristics. There may be greater expectations of an insider than of a stranger, particularly with regard to active participation in the social world of those under study. The relativity of insider status is also discussed, for researchers need to be aware of the partialness of their insider knowledge and to be wary of assuming that their views are more widespread or representative than is the case. The strategies employed by researchers in order to deal with problems of researching familiar settings are outlined, together with the costs incurred, for while strangers may risk 'going native', there are also dangers in the obverse possibility of a native 'going stranger'.The second section of the paper deals with the problems of researching peers. In contrast to the relative abundance of literature on researching in familiar settings, there is scant literature on this related area. The specific difficulties of undertaking this kind of research are highlighted, including the blurring of roles of researcher and researched, and deciding which role to adopt: researcher, friend, or a combination. A particular problem of conducting research on trained social scientists is their tendency to offer a version of the world already filtered through the lens of their particular discipline. The potential discomfort of being subjected to peer assessment confronts those who research their peers, who are therefore open to professional scrutiny of their research competence. The impact of structural differences between researcher and researched is discussed, together with problems of antipathy towards the researcher. Given the relatively small and closed occupational world of academia, confidentiality, both in relation to researcher and researched, is an important issue also examined.

Information Technology is often heralded as the key feature of employment in so-called post-industrial regions. If this is the case then it is vital that education and training for IT is properly conceived and based on a knowledge of actual working patterns involving IT in industry.The research reported in this article, based on interviews and case-studies of a range of employers using and developing IT, examines current practices with a view to their implications for education, training and recruitment. By studying IT in the workplace in one city undergoing many changes we hope to highlight some of the general issues in the relationship between education, training, and employment. More specifically, the words of the employees interviewed contain many important messages for both employers and trainers, particularly on recruitment practices, curriculum design and training strategies for the development of information technology.

Historical observations of Jupiter were studied in a search for descriptions or depictions of spots of a magnitude comparable to that produced by the impacts of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments with Jupiter in July 1994. No such record was found. With the possible exception of the Great Red Spot, the Shoemaker-Levy 9 “G“ spot appears to be the most prominent jovian spot in history.

In the face of ever-increasing requests for the proclamation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in South Africa, there is a need to develop an objective protocol for their evaluation. To achieve this, a methodology is described for which the acronym "COMPARE" (Criteria and Objectives for Marine Protected ARea Evaluation) is coined. COMPARE also allows existing MPAs to be evaluated in terms of their efficacy, and can assess the effects of changes to either legislation or management of existing MPAs. As a first step, 14 objectives are defined that may be met by MPAs. These fall into three categories: biodiversity protection, fisheries management and human utilization. A series of criteria were then proposed which can be used selectively to quantify the degree to which MPAs meet these objectives. Each of the objectives is scored against the appropriate criteria in a semi-quantitative manner that allows areas to be compared, either overall or in terms of specific objectives. Simply by comparing the degree to which different types of MPAs might meet these objectives, it is clear that fishery reserves, proclaimed for the protection of individual commercial species, meet an extremely limited suite of objectives compared with marine sanctuaries that protect all species, or marine reserves, which protect all but a few species. Prominent among the advantages of COMPARE are that it compels an examination of all possible objectives, pinpoints the reasons for decisions, identifies issues that need resolution and requires development of management plans. Its primary strategic advantage is that its implementation should lead to a rationally planned and defensible network of MPAs that will contribute to the conservation of marine biodiversity in South Africa.

The induction of neutropenia and immunosuppression by the administration of nitrogen mustard (HN2) decreased the frequency and altered the morphology of clinically detectable hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis in the rabbit model of disseminated candidiasis. Whereas 95% of eyes in rabbits infected with Candida albicans without pretreatment with HN2 developed typical lesions of hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis, only 6.2% of eyes in rabbits that had been given 3.0 mg of HN2 per kg developed clinically detectable endophthalmitis. Lesions that developed in the severely immunocompromised and neutropenic rabbits were small and atypical in appearance. From these data, we conclude that ophthalmoscopic examination may not be a sensitive diagnostic modality for disseminated candidiasis in severely immunocompromised, neutropenic patients.

An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of presentation rate on recall, as a function of the kind of input-processing carried out by the subject during a running memory task. Subjects listened to long sequences of digits (16–35 items in length), and attempted to recall as many as possible of the last 10 items presented during a 15 s break between successive sequences. Digits were presented at rates of 1, 2 or 3/s in different sequences, distributed randomly throughout a 60-sequence test. Separate groups of 16 subjects were instructed to use one of the following strategies in listening to the digits: Active—rehearsing and grouping digits by threes; Passive—avoiding all forms of organization of the input. The results demonstrate clear and reliable differences between strategies in the effect of rate. Activeis best at 1/s and deteriorates monotonically with increases in rate, while Passiveshows the opposite trend, improving from 1 to 3/s. The operation of an important input-processing factor is evident in these findings, and is probably at least partly responsible for the previous lack of agreement in studies of the effect of presentation rate in immediate recall.

This paper describes a recently started programme for the biochemical and psychological assessment of phenylketonurics and their families, done as an extension of the diagnosis and management already undertaken over the past 14 years at the Irrabeena Centre.

It was previously found that noise increased both performance on a primary tracking task and the detection of centrally located signals in a secondary multi-source monitoring task. The present experiment examines the effect of changing the distribution of signals across the monitoring display. When equal numbers are seen at all locations there is no differential effect of noise for central and peripheral locations. Such an effect only occurs when central signals are seen to have greater probability. This result points to the selectivity effect in noise being a function of task priorities and not of physical location.

The effects of loud noise are examined by observing its influence upon a combined tracking and multi-source monitoring task. Tracking (the primary task) improves in noise, as does the detection of centrally located signals in the monitoring task. Peripheral signals are detected less often in noise. The data are interpreted in terms of increased selectivity of attention with arousal.

The experiment studied the separate effects of sleep and time period of retention interval on forgetting. A free recall task was given to independent groups of subjects either at night or in the morning, and a second recall demanded 5 h later, after an intervening period of sleeping or waking activity. Oral body temperatures (BT) were measured at each session. The data were analysed in terms of (a) immediate recall at test 1, and (b) amount forgotten from test 1 to test 2. Immediate recall was higher for morning groups, in agreement with previous findings, serial position analysis indicating that the effect is confined to enhancement of the primary memory component. Long-term retention was higher over the night interval, irrespective of sleeping conditions, though having slept at night produced better retention than having stayed awake. Sleep during the morning was not effective in reducing forgetting. BT showed a marked drop for both night groups and rise for day groups over the retention interval. Alternative explanations for the classical sleep/memory findings are suggested in terms of (a) differential effects of sleep stages on memory, and (b) the underlying diurnal variation in BT and other processes.

The growth of the social sciences has necessitated the development of formal systems of information storage, retrieval and dissemination over and above any informal and personal contact between individuals. The contribution of information scientists, in their attempts to structure social science information, raises certain questions about the epistemology of the social sciences. The writers examine these and some of the major problems related to the communication of information in sociology. They postulate a model derived from recent thinking in the sociology of knowledge, i.e., that the construction and validation of knowledge is itself a social process. Some possible implications of this approach are investigated.