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Dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi is a diverse group of Ascomycetes fungi that colonize the plants roots, and may facilitate plant growth and fitness, however, their ecological roles need further clarification. This study aimed to evaluate the growth promoting effects of DSE fungi in a medicinal plant, liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), under additional organic residues. First, we isolated, identified and characterized, two DSE fungal species (Acrocalymma vagum and Paraboeremia putaminum) harboring inside the roots of liquorice growing in arid areas of China. Second, we examined the performance and rhizosphere soil parameters of liquorice plants inoculated with these fungi under additional sterilized organic residues and unsterilized organic residue (containing Trichoderma viride population) in a growth chamber. The results showed that two DSE strains could effectively colonize plant roots and formed a strain-dependent symbiosis with liquorice. DSE inoculation alone increased the plant biomass, and glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content. It also improved the root system and N and P absorption by plants, consequently depleting these macronutrients in the soil. Residues alone increased soil organic matter, available phosphorus (P), and available nitrogen (N) content, and plant biomass, N, P, glycyrrhizic acid, and glycyrrhizin content. Mantel test and structural equation model (SEM) analysis demonstrated that DSE associated with residues significantly positively influenced soil organic matter, available P and available N, and plant biomass, glycyrrhizin, N, P, and root surface area. Variation in plant growth and glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin accumulation can be attributed to the effects of DSE inoculation. DSE associated with residues exhibited a general synergistic effect on the growth and accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin of liquorice. We demonstrate for the first time, two DSE fungi in the liquorice roots that have potential use as promoter for the cultivation of medicinal plant.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Abacaxicultura representa como segmento frutícola de maior importância, sendo a terceira frutífera tropical mais produzida no mundo, sendo o Nordeste responsável por grande parte da produção brasileira, entretanto, mais de 58,11% dessa região predomina o clima semiárido, apresentando algumas limitações como solos de baixa fertilidade natural, por sua vez, o abacaxizeiro é relativamente exigente aos aspectos nutricional, tornando a prática de adubação obrigatória para fins comerciais. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar adubação orgânica e o parcelamento de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no abacaxizeiro ‘Pérola’ em condições semiáridas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Pomar Didático, pertencente a UFERSA, Campus Mossoró-RN. No experimento I, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 20 parcelas experimentais. Foram estudados adubação mineral a base de NPK e três fontes orgânicas (esterco bovino, esterco caprino e cama de frango) e a testemunha. Adubação química foi aplicado 320 kg ha-1 de N e 480 kg ha-1 de K, parcelado em seis vezes em cobertura e 80 kg ha-1 de fósforo no sulco. As fontes orgânicas foram colocadas as quantidades de 10 kg por metro linear no sulco, em seguida, as mudas rebentão foram plantados. No experimento II, o delineamento experimental foi DBC, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas experimentais. Os tratamentos constituíram de derivações do tratamento T1 (recomendação de adubação para abacaxizeiro), sendo aplicado no sulco e em cobertura, 320, 480, 80 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, parcelado em seis vezes (0, 30, 90, 150, 210 e 270 dias após o plantio). Aos 18 meses após o plantio foi avaliado os seguintes parâmetros: crescimento da planta, qualidade físico-químico dos frutos e produtividade da cultura. A adubação orgânica com cama de frango promove melhores resultados de crescimento de plantas, nas características físicas e químicas dos frutos, assim como também na produtividade do abacaxizeiro ‘Pérola’. O fracionamento NPK T5 (onde é parcelado 50 % do fósforo no plantio e os outros 50% aos 150 dias após o plantio) proporcionou melhores resultados de qualidade organoléptica e produtividade de frutos de abacaxizeiro ‘Pérola’ em condições semiáridas Pineapple growing represents a major fruit segment, being the third most tropical fruit produced in the world, being the Northeast responsible for much of the Brazilian production, however, more than 58.11% of this region prevails the semi-arid climate, presenting some limitations as low fertility natural soils, in turn, pineapple is relatively demanding to nutritional aspects, making the practice of fertilization mandatory for commercial purposes. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate organic fertilization and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the 'Pérola' pineapple in semi-arid conditions. The experiments were conducted in the Didactic Orchard, belonging to UFERSA, Campus Mossoró-RN. In experiment I, the experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications, totalizing 20 experimental plots. We studied mineral fertilization based on NPK and three organic sources (cattle manure, goat manure and chicken litter) and the control. Chemical fertilization was applied 320 kg ha-1 of N and 480 kg ha-1 of K, divided in six times in coverage and 80 kg ha-1 of phosphorus in the furrow. The organic sources were placed the amounts of 10 kg per linear meter in the groove, then the seedlings were planted. In experiment II, the experimental design was DBC, with six treatments and four replications, totaling 24 experimental plots. The treatments were derived from treatment T1 (fertilization recommendation for pineapple), being applied in the groove and in cover, 320, 480, 80 kg ha- 1 of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, divided in six times (0, 30, 90, 150, 210 and 270 days after planting). At 18 months after planting, the following parameters were evaluated: plant growth, physical-chemical quality of fruits and crop productivity. The organic fertilization with chicken litter promotes better plant growth results in the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits, as well as in the productivity of 'Pérola'. The fractionation NPK T5 (where 50% of the phosphorus in the plantation is parceled out and the other 50% in the 150 days after planting) yielded better results of organoleptic quality and yield of 'Pérola' pineapple fruits in semi-arid conditions

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) that can be involved in the valorization of organic residues use microorganisms able to exchange electrons with an electrode. In the case of microbial fuel cells (MFC), microbial oxidation of organic substrates at the anode generates energy as electric current. In a microbial electrolysis cell, electric energy is provided so that electrons generated by microbial oxidation of organic matter at the anode allow hydrogen production at the cathode. Electrodes can also be used to control fermentation reactions in the electro-fermentation process. Other applications include the production of methane or organic molecules by microbiological carbon dioxide reduction at the cathode, i.e. microbial electrosynthesis. It is also possible to use these BES to recover nutrient from specific effluents.

International audience; AbstractAs the human population continues to grow, so too do the concerns regarding the sustainability of waste management from our food production systems. Faced with limited environmental resources for food production, issues related to food loss and waste are critical in mitigating challenges stemming from projected population growth and long-term food security and sustainability. The potential for using insects to consume organic waste materials and convert them into feed for animal, biofuels, and other valuable secondary products is gaining momentum as both a research discipline and as a business opportunity. Here, this ecosystem service is referred to as “insects as bioconverters of organic waste.” Scientific reviews of this topic have mainly focused on the challenges associated with development of commercial scale systems. To compliment existing reviews, we address this exciting topic from an artificial selection perspective, as we review and discuss aspects associated with targeted breeding and adaptation of both gut microbial communities and host insects themselves. We describe the “ideal insect bioconverter,” insects uniquely equipped to convert wastes into biomass and other valuable secondary products, and we present the current knowledge and existing research gaps towards the development of such organisms. We conclude that (1) targeted breeding of insects and their gut microbes can produce tailored insect lineages for bioconversion of specific waste streams; (2) research is needed to take full advantage of the existing insect diversity to identify new candidate species for bioconversion; and (3) further research into insect-gut microbial complexes will likely provide important insight into ways insects can be used as sustainable bioconverters of highly specialized waste streams.

Приведены новые данные по распространению на островах северной Земли четвертичного чехла. Определены виды морских моллюсков из террас на островах Пионер, Самойловича и Известняковый. Новыми наблюдениями на островах подтверждается слабое развитие четвертичных отложений на архипелаге, которые встречаются лишь в долинах рек и других понижениях., New data on the distribution of the Quaternary cover on the islands of the Northern Earth are presented. Types of marine mollusks from terraces on the islands of Pioneer, Samoilovich and Limestone have been determined. New observations on the islands confirm the weak development of Quaternary sediments in the archipelago, which are found only in river valleys and other depressions.

The nematicidal effect of different organic materials was evaluated in order to develop a non-chemical alternative soil treatment for control of the free-living stages of small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. The selected organic materials were residues from the juice industry of acerola, cashew, grape, guava, papaya and pineapple, as well as castor residue from the biodiesel industry. LC90 results showed that pineapple residue was the most efficient inhibitor of larval development, followed by castor, grape, cashew, acerola, guava and papaya. Castor residue was also a good source of nitrogen and was used in a greenhouse experiment to prevent larval development in contaminated goat faeces that was deposited in pots containing the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) or Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). Castor residue caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction (85.04%) in Paiaguás grass contamination (L3.dry mass-1) and a reduction of 17.35% in Massai grass contamination (P > 0.05), with an increase in the biomass production of Massai (251.43%, P < 0.05) and Paiaguás (109.19%, P > 0.05) grasses. This strategy, called Econemat?, with good results in vitro shows to be promising on pasture increasing phytomass production. [Atividade de resíduos de culturas contra os estágios de vida livre de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes]. Resumo: O efeito nematicida de diferentes materiais orgânicos foi avaliado, com o objetivo de desenvolver um tratamento alternativo não químico do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Os materiais orgânicos selecionados foram resíduos da indústria de suco de acerola, caju, uva, goiaba, mamão e abacaxi, além do resíduo de mamona da indústria de biodiesel. Os resultados da LC90 mostraram que o resíduo de abacaxi foi o mais eficiente inibidor do desenvolvimento larval, seguido pela mamona, uva, caju, acerola, goiaba e mamão. O resíduo de mamona também se mostrou uma boa fonte de nitrogênio, sendo usado em experimento em casa de vegetação para prevenir o desenvolvimento larval em fezes contaminadas, depositadas em vasos, contendo as gramíneas Brachiaria brizantha (var. Paiaguás) ou Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestum (var. Massai). O resíduo de mamona reduziu (85,04%) significativamente (P < 0,05) a contaminação no capim-Paiaguás (L3.dry massa-1), 17,35% no capim Massai (P> 0,05), e aumentou a produção de biomassa das gramíneas Massai (251,43%, P 0,05). Essa estratégia, chamada Econemat?, com bons resultados in vitro, mostra-se promissora nas pastagens aumentando a produção de fitomassa. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-14T00:45:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2019Crop.pdf: 1056240 bytes, checksum: aacb3a6f8bdf872c12869b6d74e57672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The spread of early farming across Europe from its origins in Southwest Asia was a culturally transformative process which took place over millennia. Within regions, the pace of the transition was probably related to the particular climatic and environmental conditions encountered, as well as the nature of localized hunter–gatherer and farmer interactions. The establishment of farming in the interior of the Balkans represents the first movement of Southwest Asian livestock beyond their natural climatic range, and widespread evidence now exists for early pottery being used extensively for dairying. However, pottery lipid residues from sites in the Iron Gates region of the Danube in the northern Balkans show that here, Neolithic pottery was being used predominantly for processing aquatic resources. This stands out not only within the surrounding region but also contrasts markedly with Neolithic pottery use across wider Europe. These findings provide evidence for the strategic diversity within the wider cultural and economic practices during the Neolithic, with this exceptional environmental and cultural setting offering alternative opportunities despite the dominance of farming in the wider region.

Pathways to food production in Holocene north Africa are complex and varied and, for the human groups living there, are likely heavily influenced by varying factors such as local ecosystems and available resources. Molecular and isotopic analysis of absorbed food residues from 140 pottery vessels from Neolithic Gueldaman Cave site confirms that the exploitation of domesticated animals (sheep and goat), for their carcass fats, and their secondary products, e.g. dairy, began in Mediterranean north Africa in the 5th millennium BC. Findings from organic residue analyses are confirmed by the slaughter profiles from the faunal assemblage which suggest a mixed meat/milk economy.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar duas proporções de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e casca de arroz na eficiência do processo de compostagem e na qualidade final do composto. Foram comparados dois tratamentos: T1 – 3kg de casca de arroz e 1kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho e T2 – 3 kg de casca de arroz e 3 kg de resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. A eficiência do processo de compostagem foi avaliada através das análises de temperatura da biomassa, umidade, cinzas, pH, índice de mineralização do composto, relação carbono/nitrogênio e os teores totais de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, carbono, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student Newman Keuls a 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que a casca de arroz proporcionou compostos imaturos ao final de 90 dias de compostagem, não devendo ser utilizada como agente de estruturação quando o objetivo for produzir fertilizante orgânico. O agente de estruturação pode ser reutilizado um maior número de vezes na compostagem dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho, permitindo que uma maior proporção seja decomposta através da compostagem. O processo de compostagem é uma alternativa tecnológica eficiente para a decomposição dos resíduos da filetagem de pescado marinho. SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate two proportions of marine fish residues and rice hulls on both the efficiency of composting process and the final quality of compost. Two treatments were tested: T1 – 3kg of rice husks and 1kg of marine fish residues; and T2 – 3 kg of rice husks and 3kg of marine fish residues. The following analysis were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process: biomass temperature, moisture, ash, pH, mineralization index of compost, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and the total concentration of organic matter, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and polynomial regression and the averages were compared by SNK test at 5%. The results showed that rice husks provided immature composts at the end of 90 days of composting. Therefore, they should not be used as a structuring agent if the goal is to producing organic fertilizer. The structuring agent may be reused a larger number of times for composting of residues of marine fish, allowing that a higher proportion suffer decomposition through composting. The composting process is a technological efficient alternative to the decomposition of marine fish residues.

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) is a diverse group of Ascomycetes fungi involved in a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots, however, their ecological roles need further clarification. This study aimed to investigate how DSE (Acrocalymma vagum and Paraboeremia putaminum) affect liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) growth under additional sterilized fermented and unfermented organic residues. Two DSE strains could establish a positive symbiosis with the host plants depending on DSE species and residue availability. Specifically, A. vagum inoculation mainly promoted the development of lateral roots, whereas P. putaminum inoculation mainly improved the taproot development. Mantel test and structural equation model (SEM) analysis demonstrated that DSE associated with residues significantly positively influenced the plant biomass, taproot length, total root length, root diameter, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content. The greatest benefits of DSE inoculation occurred in fermented residue treatment. Variation in root growth can be attributed to the effects of DSE inoculation. As A. vagum exhibited positive effects on the plant biomass, root growth, and active ingredient content in liquorice plants under organic residues treatment, it was considered to be the best combination of A. vagum and fermented residues for the liquorice cultivation. These results contribute to the understanding of the ecological function of DSE fungi in nutrient deficiency lands.

Agricultural residues pose a valuable resource. Through microbial fermentations, a variety of products can be obtained, ranging from fuels to platform chemicals. Depending on the nature of the organic residue, pretreatment and hydrolysis are needed prior to fermentation in order to release fermentable sugars. Continuous set-ups are common for the production of methane or ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, however, this does not apply for the fermentative generation of biochemicals, an approach that conserves chemical functionality present in biomass. Certainly, continuous set-ups could beneficially contribute to bioeconomy by providing techniques allowing the production of biochemicals in a sustainable and efficient way. This review summarizes research conducted on the continuous pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass, and particularly towards the production of the biobased molecules: Succinic and lactic acid.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-07-01 The evaluation of the chemical leaching potential from soils amended with biosolid is of extreme importance for environmental safety of agricultural use of these residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the polluting potential and possible risks associated with the agricultural use of biosolids generated by the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber and resin industry through ionic speciation and analysis of the activity of chemical species present in the leached solution from Inceptisol treated with rates 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, and 144Mgha(-1) on dry basis. The experiment was conducted in a lysimeter and the treatments with three replications were distributed at random. Chemical leaching was made by application of CaC1(2) 0.01molL(-1) solutions in a volume fourfold higher than the water retention capacity of the soil, divided into five leaching events: 210, 245, 280, 315, and 350days of incubation. Chemical species concentrations in collected leachates were used for ionic speciation by geochemical software Visual MINTEQA2 version 4.0. Impact factor of chemical species was calculated as the ratio between maximum concentration in the leach solution in the treated soil and control. Dissolved organic carbon had strong influence on Pb+2 and Cu+2 leaching, but these elements in free or complexed forms presented low activities in solution. Leaching of NO3-, Zn+2, and Na+ represents the main environmental risk of agricultural use of this residue. However, these risks can be minimized if technical criteria and critical limits for the agronomic use of biosolids were observed. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Civil Engn, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Ceara, Soil Sci Dept, Av Mister Hull 2977,Campus Pici, BR-60021970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil Inst Tecnol Vale, Belem, PA, Brazil Univ Fed Lavras, Soil Sci Dept, Lavras, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Civil Engn, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the decomposition and release of nutrients and carbon from leaves and pruned stems deposited in the rows and in the spacing between rows of vineyards, throughout the vegetative and productive cycle of the grapevines in a vineyard in Santana do Livramento, Southern Brazil, from May to November 2009. Senescent leaves and new stems that were pruned and enriched with 15N were collected, analyzed chemically and biochemically, and placed in litter bags, which were deposited in the vine rows and in the spacing between them. After 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days of the deposition of the litter bags, these residues were collected, dry matter was determined, and the residues were analyzed for total contents of N, 15N, P, K, and C. The rate of decomposition and release of C and nutrients from the leaves and pruned stems deposited on the soil surface was not affected by the place of deposition, row or spacing between rows, of the grapevines. The rate of decomposition and release of C and nutrients from the leaves deposited in the row and in between rows of the vineyard was greater than that of the pruned stems throughout the period evaluated. KEYWORDS Vitis vinifera Organic residues Nutrient cycle Litter bags O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a decomposição e liberação de carbono e nutrientes de folhas e ramos do ano depositados nas linhas e entrelinhas de vinhedos da região da Campanha Gaúcha, ao longo do ciclo vegetativo e produtivo de videiras. O estudo foi conduzido em um vinhedo em Santana do Livramento (RS) no período de maio a novembro de 2009. Folhas senescentes e ramos do ano podados enriquecidos com 15N foram coletados, submetidos às análises químicas e bioquímicas e acondicionados em litter bags, posteriormente depositados na linha e entrelinha das videiras. Em 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 e 210 dias após a deposição dos litter bags os resíduos foram coletados e preparados, sua matéria seca foi determinada e eles foram submetidos à análise dos teores totais de C, N, 15N, P e K. A taxa de decomposição e liberação de C e nutrientes das folhas e ramos do ano depositados sobre a superfície do solo não foi afetada pela posição de deposição, linha e entrelinha, de plantio das videiras. A taxa de decomposição e liberação de C e nutrientes das folhas depositadas na linha e entrelinha do vinhedo foi maior que a dos ramos do ano em todo o período avaliado. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Vitis vinífera Resíduos orgânicos Ciclagem de nutrientes Sacos de decomposição Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-09T23:54:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Decompositionandreleaseofnutrientsfromleavesandprunedstemsinvineyard.pdf: 1795666 bytes, checksum: a1ed3cbd99afee0ccd03ad8346184f82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-09

This work presents the economic assessment of an integrated biorefinery process for sequential fermentative production of lactic acid and biogas from food waste. The integrated biorefinery process was compared to single processes for either lactic acid or biogas production. The economic assessment, considering catchment areas from 2000 to 1 million inhabitants, was based on data from real biorefinery plants and carried out using SuperPro Designer® 8.0. The consistency of the approach was evaluated through a set of composite indicators. The integrated biorefinery process was investigated for its economic feasibility of producing lactic acid and biogas, the impact of process scale as well as energy use. Outcomes revealed that an integrated biorefinery process contributes more to optimal use of energy and material flows than single processes. Profitability was confirmed for catchment areas larger than 20,000–50,000 inhabitants. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

This paper presents the results of an inorganic and organic approach to Roman amphorae found at the rural Roman site of Sa Mesquida (Mallorca). A set of amphorae were discovered in some rooms of the earlier phases of the villa. These amphorae were assigned to a general Tarraconensian and Italic provenance on a macroscopic level. In order to verify this and to accurately determine the provenance an archaeometric characterization was carried out on twelve amphorae. The analytical approach combined wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) for the chemical analysis, as well as powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy by thin-section analysis (OM) for the mineralogical and petrographic characterization. In addition, organic residue analysis by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to investigate the content of some of the amphorae for which wine was suggested on an archaeological basis. The results have allowed for a better provenance determination identifying some amphorae from specific workshops or micro-regions within ancient Tarraconensis, as well as a better definition of the Italic materials. The organic analysis has confirmed the presence of wine in the analysed samples.

Resumen Los residuos generados en la producción de café son fuentes potenciales de sustancias que pueden ser aprovechadas en la industria química o alimentaria como antioxidantes. En el caso de los granos verdes de café que son removidos de las plantas durante la recolección, y equivalen al 3% de la producción nacional, por ser frutos que no terminan su maduración al ser separados de la planta; es decir, frutos no climatéricos, ya que no alcanzan el valor máximo de intensidad respiratoria [1]. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la obtención de polifenoles por dos métodos de extracción, asistida por ultrasonido y agitación mecánica, el solvente usado fue la acetona seleccionada por sus características de recuperación, el tiempo empleado en la destilación y el potencial de reuso, previa evaluación de cuatro solventes para la extracción. La técnica de análisis para la determinación de fenoles totales fue Folin y Ciocalteu. La evaluación de las técnicas de extracción de manera individual y combinada mostraron que en la técnica de ultrasonido a 60 kHz, durante 30 minutos se puede obtener una concentración de fenoles equivalentes de 129,2 mg GAE/g de material en base seca, a partir de un extracto de granos verdes de café de la especie Coffea arábica. Abstract The waste generated in the production of coffee, sources that may be useful in the chemical industry or food as antioxidants. In the case of green coffee beans that are removed from the plants during harvesting, it is equivalent to 3% of the national production, because they are fruits that do not finish ripening when separated from the plant, that is, non-climacteric fruits, since they do not reach the maximum value of respiratory intensity [1]. In this article we present the results of obtaining the extraction methods, assisted by ultrasound and mechanical agitation, the solver used was the elimination by selection of the recovery characteristics, the time used in the distillation and the reuse potential. previous evaluation of four solvents for extraction. The analysis technique for the determination of total phenols was Folin and Ciocalteu. The evaluation of the extraction techniques combined and individually that the ultrasound technique at 60 kHz, for 30 minutes you can obtain a concentration of equivalent phenols of 129.2 mg GAE / g of dry base material, from an extract of green coffee beans of the Coffea arabica species. Resumo Os resíduos gerados na produção de café, fontes que podem ser úteis na indústria química ou alimentos como antioxidantes. No caso dos grãos de café verde que são retirados das plantas durante a colheita, equivale a 3% da produção nacional, pois são frutos que não finalizam o amadurecimento quando separados da planta, ou seja, frutos não climatéricos, já que eles não atingem o valor máximo da intensidade respiratória [1]. Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados da obtenção dos métodos de extração, auxiliados por ultra-som e agitação mecânica, o solver utilizado foi a eliminação por seleção das características de recuperação, o tempo utilizado na destilação e o potencial de reutilização. avaliação prévia de quatro solventes para extração. A técnica de análise para determinação dos fenóis totais foi Folin e Ciocalteu. A avaliação das técnicas de extração combinada e individualmente que a técnica de ultrasom a 60 kHz, por 30 minutos você pode obter uma concentração de fenóis equivalentes de 129,2 mg GAE / g de material de base seca, de um extrato de grãos de café verde da espécie Coffea arabica.

Дана оценка в многолетнем стационарном опыте Географической сети опытов с удобрениями РФ влиянию различных способов утилизации соломы и пожнивных остатков, азотных удобрений и агрометеорологических условий на микробиологическую активность выщелоченного чернозема. Выявлено, что запашка всей незерновой части урожая на начальных этапах проведения опытов ингибирует активность микробиологических процессов в почве., In a long-term stationary experiment of Russian Geographical network of experiments with fertilizers the assessment about microbiological activity of the leached chernozem under the influence of agrometeorological conditions, various ways of utilization of straw, crop residues and organic residues is given. The study revealed that the plowing of all tailings at initial stages of carrying out experiences inhibits activity of microbiological processes in the soil., №2(101) (2018)

Submitted by Lívia Cristina Ribeiro null (lcribeiro@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T17:48:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoLivia2018FINALrevisado.pdf: 3287641 bytes, checksum: 272285a876fee2636fe8b642c0886890 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T18:13:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_lc_me_botfca.pdf: 3287641 bytes, checksum: 272285a876fee2636fe8b642c0886890 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T18:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_lc_me_botfca.pdf: 3287641 bytes, checksum: 272285a876fee2636fe8b642c0886890 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O uso do lodo de esgoto na agricultura é uma alternativa ambiental e economicamente viável para o resíduo. A compostagem propicia a eliminação de patógenos nocivos à saúde humana, viabilizando o uso do lodo de esgoto como fertilizante orgânico. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho caracterizar o processo de compostagem de lodo de esgoto misturado com diferentes fontes de carbono (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de arroz e casca de eucalipto) e analisar a bioestabilização dos compostos produzidos. A compostagem foi realizada em estufa durante 90 dias, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. A partir dos 40 dias de compostagem, foram realizadas coletas a cada 10 dias para avaliar as características químicas, físicas e biológicas dos compostos. As misturas de lodo de esgoto com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e lodo de esgoto com casca de eucalipto proporcionaram a compostagem e a bioestabilização dos compostos no período de 90 dias, sendo verificado ao final do processo temperatura dos materiais próxima a temperatura ambiente, ausência de odor, presença de macronutrientes e micronutrientes disponíveis para as plantas, relação C/N abaixo de 20 e índices favoráveis no teste de germinação. A mistura de lodo de esgoto e casca de arroz não proporcionou a compostagem e o material não foi bioestabilizado no período de 90 dias. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture is an environmentally and economically viable alternative. Composting can promote the elimination of pathogens harmful to human health, making possible the use of sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer. This study aimed at characterize the process of composting sewage sludge mixed with different carbon sources (sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and eucalyptus bark) and to analyze the biostabilization of the compounds produced. The composting was carried out in a greenhouse for 90 days in a randomized block design with four repetitions. From 40 days of composting, samples was colected every 10 days to evaluate the quimical, physical and biological characteristics of the compounds. The mixtures of sewage sludge with sugarcane bagasse and sewage sludge with eucalyptus bark provided the composting and biostabilization of the compounds in the period of 90 days. At the end of the process, the temperature of the materials was close to room temperature, absence of odor, presence of macronutrients and micronutrients available to the plants, C/N ratio below 20 and favorable rates in the germination test. The mixture of sewage sludge and rice husk did not provide composting and the material was not biostabilized within 90 days.

International audience; Agricultural utilization of organic residues is often included in Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on livestock and crop production as well as waste and wastewater treatment. A review on the current state-of-the-art practices in agricultural use of organic residues in LCA studies is presented. This reveals that agricultural use of organic residues in LCA studies can be represented in several ways and at different levels of detail. About 100 published references were thoroughly analyzed showing that agricultural use of organic residues usually replaces the use of a mineral fertilizer (substitution of avoided mineral fertilizer). The mineral fertilizer equivalents (MFE) applied are rarely documented, although LCA results can be significantly affected by the way avoided impacts are modeled. Accounting of field emissions from organic residue application varies with the topic of the LCA study. To facilitate nitrogen MFE and field emission calculations, an Excel-tool is proposed for determining the nitrogen MFE of organic residues, direct nitrogen field emissions from organic residue applications, as well as avoided emissions (avoided mineral fertilizers). Computation of the nitrogen MFE of organic residues is based on their nitrogen content and composition, and on nitrogen emissions from field applications of the organic residues. Nitrogen field emissions were estimated using simple models and average climate and soil conditions. A global sensitivity analysis revealed that the choice of the application method, which determines the extent of incorporation into the soil, is the main cause of uncertainty in calculated nitrogen MFE values.

Depending on the source, the composition of organic waste can be heterogeneous. A mixture of organic waste and food waste appearing in urban areas was estimated to contain in average 550 kg t−1 carbohydrates (including 400 kg t−1 starch), 119.1 kg t−1 lipids and 54 kg t−1 proteins. Contrarily, the organic waste produced by fruits and vegetables processing industry is predictable in quality and quantity. This study considers the production of lactic acid from waste organic material using one-step or two-step approaches. One-step approaches are based on simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, while in two-step approaches both are carried out sequentially. It is recommended to implement one-step and two-step processes for an on- and off-site utilization of organic waste, respectively. The scenarios sketched are based on organic waste produced by hotels and in urban areas, and organic waste produced by fruits and vegetables processing industries. It is argued that a decentralized one-step process is appropriate at locations, such as food and vegetables processing industries, where sufficient organic waste is formed and interest in using the bio-based products exists. While two-step processes are to implement at locations where organic and inorganic waste streams are mixed and quality and quantity vary. It is further argued that a decentralized utilization may not end with a final product, but with an easy transportable solution containing either convertible nutrients or the lactic acid containing fermentation broth serving as feedstock to relevant industries. The sketched scenarios are not limited to lactic acid, but can be considered for other biobased products whose production contributes to sustainability and bioeconomy.

International audience; The use of pottery in the Early Neolithic communities of Western Mediterranean has begun to be addressed by recent studies concerning the residues of dietary commodities in potsherds. In order to contribute to a broader perspective on the issue of pottery function, we investigate pottery assemblages through an integrated methodology, combining the study of vessel morphology and morphometry, use-wear analysis, biomolecular and compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis of residues. We focus on the use of pottery containers by advanced Middle Neolithic societies of Sardinia (Italy, 4500-4000 cal BC), protagonists of significant technical, economic and cultural changes in the completion of Neolithisation in this island. The aims are to elucidate the role of whole pottery assemblages in technical and socioeconomic systems of Middle Neolithic communities and to provide data on animal and plant resources exploitation during this phase. Based on the integrated combination of data, six categories of vessel use are identified. The results reveal a differential integration of vessels in activities related to the exploitation of distinct kinds of resources (ruminant adipose/dairy fats and plant foods vs. non-ruminant and aquatic products) and highlight specific behaviours of Middle Neolithic societies in selecting pottery morphotypes for different uses, notably in processing products with heating

Fil: Chaile, Cecilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Argentina Fil: Lantos, Irene Johanna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de las Culturas; Argentina Fil: Maier, Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica; Argentina Fil: Cassiodoro, Gisela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Ministerio de Cultura. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Pensamiento Latinoamericano; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Tessone, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; Argentina. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio sobre los usos de la tecnología cerámica en los grupos cazadores recolectores del centro-oeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina, hacia fines del Holoceno tardío. Para tal fin se realizaron análisis de isótopos estables de C y N mediante análisis elemental-espectrometría de masa de relaciones isotópicas (EA-IRMS), y la caracterización química de residuos orgánicos recuperados de tiestos cerámicos arqueológicos mediante cromatografía gaseosa-espectrometría de masa (CG-EM). Los resultados de los análisis isotópicos indicaron que el origen de los restos adheridos son los animales de estepa. Por otra parte, los perfiles de ácidos grasos de las muestras arqueológicas son similares al guanaco (Lama guanicoe), en particular la presencia de ácidos grasos impares tanto lineales como ramificados, potenciales biomarcadores de rumiante o pseudorrumiante. Además se detectó colesterol en la mayoría de las muestras. En ninguno de los casos se observó un aporte vegetal en los residuos. De esta manera, toda la evidencia arqueométrica apunta a que las cerámicas fueron usadas para la extracción de grasa de guanaco por los grupos cazadores recolectores del centro-oeste de Santa Cruz. In this paper the results of a study of the use of pottery technology by hunter-gatherers from central-west Santa Cruz, Argentina, towards the end of the Late Holocene are presented. The results of C and N stable isotope (EA-IRMS) and chemical (GC-MS) analyses of organic residues recovered from archaeological sherds are reported. Stable isotope data indicates that the origin of the adhered organic residues is from steppe animals. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of the archaeological samples were very similar to guanaco (Lama guanicoe), particularly linear and branched odd fatty acids, which are potential lipid biomarkers of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants. Most samples had cholesterol. None showed vegetable oils in the absorbed lipid residues. Hence, the archaeometrical evidence points towards the use of pottery for the extraction of guanaco fat by hunter-gatherer groups of central-west Santa Cruz. Chaile C., Lantos I., Maier M., Cassiodoro G. y Tessone A. (2028). Análisis de residuos orgánicos en tecnología cerámica durante el Holoceno tardío en el centro-oeste de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Intersecciones en Antropología, 19(2), 133-143.

Soil amendment with exogenous organic matter (EOM) represents an effective option for sustainable management of organic residues and enhancement of soil organic C (SOC) content. Optimization of soil amendment is hampered by the high variability in EOM quality and pedoclimatic conditions. A possible solution to this problem could be represented by spatially explicit soil C modeling. The aim of this study was the evaluation at regional level of the long term C storage potential of EOM added to the soil under climate change by using a modified version of the RothC specifically developed for C simulation in amended soil. To achieve this goal a spatially explicit version of the modified RothC model was deployed to assess at a national scale the potential for C storage of agricultural soils amended with different EOMs. Long term model simulations of continuous amendment (100 years) indicated that EOMs greatly differ for their soil C sequestration potential (range 0.110¿0.385 t C ha¿1 y¿1), mainly depending to their degree of stabilization. Spatial explicit modeling of amended soil, taking into account the different combinations of EOMs and application sites, indicated a high variability in the potential of SOC accumulation at the national level (range: 0.06¿0.62 t C ha¿1 y¿1). EOM quality showed a larger impact on long term SOC accumulation than variability in pedoclimatic conditions. Model simulations predicted that the contribution of soil amendment in tackling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is limited: soil C sequestration potential of compost applied to all Italian agricultural land corresponded to 5.3% of the total annual GHG emissions in Italy. Large scale modeling enables areas with the largest potential for EOM accumulation to be identified, therefore suggesting ways for optimizing resources. The spatially explicit version of the modified RothC model improves the predictive power of SOC modeling at regional scale in amended soils, because it takes into account, besides variability in pedoclimatic conditions, the large differences in EOMs quality., This study was performed under the framework of the EU project FP7 KBBE.2011.1.2-02 FERTIPLUS “Reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and bio-char” (EC Grant Agreement n. 289853) co-funded by the European Commission, Directorate General for Research & Innovation, within the 7th Framework Programme of RTD, Theme 2 - Biotechnologies, Agriculture & Food. This publication reflects the author's views, findings and conclusions and the European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. MC is supported by a Ramón y Cajal research contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary investigation of the diet and subsistence strategies of populations living in the North-Pontic region during the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3800 BC to the 2500 BC). New organic residue analyses of >200 sherds from five Eneolithic sites and two Early Bronze Age settlements are presented. The molecular and stable isotope results are discussed in relation to zooarchaeological evidence. Overall, the findings suggest that each community relied on either a hunting- or a husbandry-based subsistence strategy dependent upon the ecosystem in which they settled; horses and wild animals dominated subsistence in the forest-steppe communities in contrast to ruminant husbandry in the steppe.

Комплексные исследования многослойных стоянок каменного века, расположенных в предгорьях Северо-Западного Кавказа (Губское ущелье), позволили получить представительные коллекции археологических материалов конца верхнего палеолита, мезолита и энеолита, включающие каменный и костяной инвентарь, а также фаунистические остатки. В раннемезолитических и позднемезолитических слоях были зафиксированы крупные скопления раковин наземных брюхоногих моллюсков Helix sp. (виноградных улиток), которые, безусловно, были объектами собирательства и составляли значительную долю пищевого рациона первобытных сообществ. Находка крупных скоплений виноградных улиток сближает исследованные кавказские стоянки с целым кругом синхронных памятников Средиземноморья, Леванта и Загроса. Кроме пищевых ресурсов, на основании данных трасологии каменных орудий, микрохимического и ИКспектроскопического анализа микроостатков на поверхности каменных орудий было установлено, что древние обитатели Губского ущелья занимались сбором и обработкой различных растительных ресурсов, в том числе древесины, травянистых волокон, смол хвойных и плодовых растений с целью изготовления и крепления рукоятей, оправ и древков стрел. Из раковин речных моллюсков Theodoxus danubialis изготавливались украшения в виде бус или пронизок. Более 30 раковин этих моллюсков с намеренно пробитыми или просверленными отверстиями были найдены в самом нижнем слое пещеры Двойная., Complex studies of multi-layer Stone Age sites located in the foothills of the North-Western Caucasus (Gubs Gorge) made it possible to obtain fairly representative collections of archaeological materials including stone and bone artifacts and faunal remains, dating from the end of the Late Palaeolithic to Mesolithic and Eneolithic periods. Large concentrations of terrestrial gastropods Helix sp. shells were found in the Early and Late Mesolithic layers. These gastropods were the objects of collecting and probably composed a significant part of the primitive communities’ diet. Dvoinaya Cave and Chygai Rockshelter belong to series of synchronous Mediterranean, Levant and Zagros sites with large concentrations of grape snails in the late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic layers. The data of the use-wear analysis of stone tools, micro-chemical and IR-spectroscopic analysis of the residues on the stone tools surfaces allow to conclude that the ancient inhabitants of the Gubs Gorge collected and processed various plant resources, including wood, grass fibers, resin of coniferous and fruit plants with the purpose of manufacturing and fastening of handles, frames and shafts of arrows. The river mollusks Theodoxus danubialis shells were used for making beads. More than 30 shells with punched or drilled holes were found in the lowest layer of the Dvoinaya Cave.

The late Eneolithic and early Bronze Age period (4500 to 2300 BC) of the Dnieper region of Ukraine is considered a key period for the understanding of the prehistoric Pontic steppe (Rassamakin, 1999). For this reason, it has been subject of considerable research over the past decades. Unfortunately, a number of issues, such as the isolation of Eastern Europe and Central Asia during the twentieth century and a lack of evidence with much literature unpublished, means Eurasian prehistory is poorly understood. In particular, problems with the reconstruction of Eurasian prehistory relate to the subsistence economy, the extent of the exploitation of domesticates and, overall, the lifestyle of prehistoric Eurasian people associated with this region. It is known that domesticated ruminants appeared in the North-Pontic region at around the 6th millennium BC (Bunyatyan, 2003; Kotova, 2003), and other evidence, such as faunal remains and previous isotopic analysis, suggested that animal exploitation was driven by local environmental conditions (e.g. Bunyatyan, 2003; Rassamakin, 1999; Kuzmina, 2003). Furthermore, archaeological and archaeobotanical evidences from sites across the North Black Sea suggested that the gathering and processing of wild and domesticated plants was a significant component of local subsistence strategies (e.g. Bibikova, 1969; Levine, 1999a; Pashkevich, 2003; Velichko et al., 2009; Bendrey, 2011). This thesis aimed to resolve these difficulties by using an interdisciplinary approach to determine the subsistence economy of the populations living along the Dnieper River. Significantly, it comprises the first study of diet and subsistence practices in the North-Pontic region during the Eneolithic and early Bronze Age, through the application of a combined archaeological, molecular and isotopic approach. Lipid extracts of >200 potsherds from 5 Ukrainian settlements were analysed by gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC-combustion isotope ratio-MS, revealing excellent preservation of animal fats. The carbon isotope results confirmed that the North-Pontic communities practised a various economy especially in relation to regional needs, developing a flexible system (Bunyatyan, 2003). Interestingly, the exploitation of secondary products, e.g. dairy fats, played a significant role only in the subsistence strategies of the steppe populations, reinforcing the idea of a full pastoral economy, as sheep, goats and cattle were intensively exploited for their secondary products. In contrast, the forest-steppe sites showed a high exploitation of wild animals, horses and aquatic products. These results also revealed that the animals raised in the steppe environment subsisted on a range of different forages composed mainly by a predominant C3 environment with some C4 plant input. In conclusion, this research has clarified some of the aspects related to both the extent of the exploitation of domesticates and the subsistence economic strategies of prehistoric people living in the area of the North-Pontic region. The information obtained from molecular and compound- specific stable carbon analysis, generally reflects both existing botanical and zooarchaeological records confirming (i) the archaeological theory of a subsistence economy mainly driven by environmental regional differences and (ii) the predominance of ruminant husbandry in the steppe sites and hunting and fishing in forest-steppe settlements.

Late Neolithic settlements dating to around 7000 cal. BC are widespread in Upper Mesopotamia, however, the site of Tell Sabi Abyad is unique in the scale and quality of excavation, revealing an extensive architecture, huge numbers of domesticated animal bones, stone tools and potsherds. A previous study reported lipid residues in nearly 300 potsherds as part of a wider investigation of the origins of dairying in the Near East and Southeastern Europe. The aim of this paper is to interpret the organic residue findings in more detail, addressing such factors as the association of lipids in pottery with particular phases, ware types, and the faunal record. Overall, the recovery rate of lipids in sherds is low (14% of the sherds investigated in this study yielded detectable lipids) and the mean lipid concentration for sherds containing lipids is ca. 82 m gg � 1 . These results are typical of sites from this period and general region (southern Mediterranean and Near East). Our interpretations indicate: (i) the use of specific ceramic categories of vessel for “cooking”, (ii) clear evidence of the extensive heating of vessels is deduced from the presence of ketones, formed from the condensation of fatty acids, in some vessels, (iii) strong differences in recovery rates possibly reflecting differences in use between different pottery types, (iv) in particular the Dark-Faced Burnished Ware (DFBW) contained the highest frequency of residues (46% yielded detectable lipids), (v) degraded animal fats were detectable, as evidenced by fatty acids with C18:0 in high abundance and in few cases tri-, di- and monoacylglycerols, (vi) the presence of abundant carcass fats is consistent with interpretations based on faunal assemblage of extensive meat exploitation, and (vii) four vessels dated to 6400 to 5900 cal BC yielded milk fat residues. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Glazed ceramics have not typically been sampled for organic residue analysis because the glaze is not porous; therefore, it is commonly believed that these ceramics cannot absorb substances. Although this is partially true, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the glaze may exhibit imperfections due to the production process or the use of ceramics and that these imperfections allow the ceramic matrix to trap residues of the food contained in the vessels. The absorption of organic residues in glazed ceramics is demonstrated by analyses of modern vessels experimentally enriched with wine and vegetable oils (olive and lentisk oils) and archaeological vessels obtained from post-medieval Florence (Italy) and medieval Pla d’Almata (Balaguer, Lleida, Spain). The analyses were conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following different extraction protocols aimed at identifying lipids and wine residues preserved in the ceramic vessels. Images of the glazed ceramic coating were recorded using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope to verify the presence of imperfections. In addition to providing information about the use of the studied vessels, the obtained results demonstrate how glazed ceramics can be studied to recover information regarding ceramic use and dietary practices in medieval and post-medieval periods when glazed wares were very common.

The emergence of agriculture in Greece denotes the start of the Neolithic in Europe, however, little is known about dietary practices in the region. Archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological remains indicate reliance on cereals and pulses, together with meat-based subsistence practices, including sheep/goat and pig husbandry. Preliminary investigations of dietary practices obtained through lipid residue analysis of pottery of a small number of sites in the region have confirmed primarily carcass products were processed. The weak evidence for dairy products contrasts with finding of dairy-based subsistence strategies in NW Anatolia, which is surprising given its close proximity. This paper aims to build on this earlier work to provide a more detailed model for the dietary changes throughout the region, both chronologically and spatially. To achieve this >900 potsherds from 11 sites spanning the Early (EN) to Late Neolithic (LN) periods from the north of Greece have been investigated using the lipid biomarker approach involving high temperature-gas chromatography (HT-GC), GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS) to determine the nature and origins of organic residues preserved in the fabric of pottery vessels. Lipid residue analysis of pottery vessels revealed ruminant and non-ruminant carcass fats comprise the majority of animal fat types identified, reflecting the high abundance of sheep/goat and pig in faunal assemblages. The emergence of dairying in northern Greece can now be dated to the site of EN/Middle Neolithic (MN) Ritini (5900/5700 - 5500 cal. B.C.E.), 32 however, the frequency of dairy fat residues was low, overall, indicating that dairying was not intensively practised. The δ13C values of the fatty acids extracted from potsherds reflect a predominately C3 diet, however, in the EN and MN there is greater variation with some lipids exhibiting enriched δ13C values indicating a significant abundance of C4 plants in the ecosystem(s) covered by the study. Significantly, plant-derived n-alkanes (C22 to C34) detected in pottery vessels provide the first evidence for plant processing identified in lipid residues from ceramic vessels in Neolithic northern Greece, supporting the abundant archaeobotanical evidence for the processing of cereals and pulses.

The Neolithic in north-east Asia is defined by the presence of ceramic containers, rather than agriculture, among hunter-gatherer communities. The role of pottery in such groups has, however, hitherto been unclear. This article presents the results of organic residue analysis of Neolithic pottery from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. Results indicate that early pottery on Sakhalin was used for the processing of aquatic species, and that its adoption formed part of a wider Neolithic transition involving the reorientation of local lifeways towards the exploitation of marine resources.

Feasting was an important aspect of the domination strategy designed by the Inca Empire in the provinces. Hospitality banquets were the setting for negotiations between Cuzco and the annexed populations. Consumption of food and drink played a fundamental role in these feasts. In this paper we present the first study of organic residues recovered from ceramic vessels from the archaeological site of Fuerte Quemado-Intihuatana (Catamarca, Argentina), an important settlement of the Collasuyu province. Earlier functional studies proposed that these vessels were used to store and serve food and drink in commensal contexts. Results from this preliminary molecular study support this hypothesis because all the containers yielded organic residues. Chemical and isotopic studies suggest that food and different kinds of beers were held in these containers during festive events. Fil: Lantos, Irene Johanna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica; Argentina Fil: Orgaz, Martín Alfonso. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Escuela de Arqueología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Panarello, Hector Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; Argentina Fil: Maier, Marta Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica; Argentina

Fruit and vegetable residue (FVR) can be used for the production of organic compost, which when mineralized may provide nutrients to fruit trees, such as the Pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wang) K.). The objective of the study was to produce an organic compound from the mixture of different ratios of fruit and vegetable residue (FVR), rice husk (RH) and poultry manure (PM) that meets the minimum quality requirements demanded by legislation, as well as to evaluate the N mineralization of the organic compound used in the composition of the substrates to be used in the production of Pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wang) K.) rootstock cultivar. This study was divided into two studies: Study 1 (Composition and mineralization of organic compounds derived from the composting of fruit and vegetable residues) and Study 2 (Growth and nutritional status of Pecan rootstock cultivar subjected to the application of an organic compound-based substrate). In Study 1, four treatments (piles) were assembled with different ratios of mixtures of FVR:RH:PM (v:v): 2:1:0, 1:1:1, 1.5:1:0 and 1.2:1:0. The treatments were submitted to the composting process for a period of 95 days. Four organic compounds were obtained (C1, C2, C3 and C4) and analyzed using the following parameters: TOC Nt, C/N CEC/C, EC, pH, moisture content, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, and contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, S, Mn and Zn. The second stage of this study was to perform the N mineralization test of the organic compound (C2) produced in the first stage of the study, used together with agricultural peat (AP) and carbonized rice husk (CRH) in the composition of the following treatments: 40%AP+60%CRH (control), 20%AP+80%C2, 30%AP+70%C2, 40%AP+60%C2, 50%AP+50%C2, 60%AP+40%C2, 70%AP+30%C2 and 80%AP+20%C2. The contents of N-NH4+, N-NO3-, mineral N and mineralized N were analyzed in relation to the total added at each time (0, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days). In Study 2, the 40%AP+60% CRH (control), 20%AP+80%C2, 30%AP+70%C2, 40%AP+60%C2, 50%AP+50%C2, 60%AP+40%C2, 70%AP+30%C2 and 80%AP+20%C2 treatments were analyzed in relation to the development and nutritional status of Pecan rootstock cultivar in the period of 112 days. In Study 1, the constant additions of fruit and vegetable residues showed no significant difference in the temperature pattern developed in the compost piles. The composting of fruit and vegetable residues and rice husk requires an external source of nutrients to produce an organic compound within the minimum standards of quality required by organic fertilizer legislation. The compost (C2) exhibited excellent performance and the results were within the standards required by legislation in the following maturation and quality parameters: C/N ratio, TOC, N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, CEC/C, pH, and moisture%. The use of organic compound in substrate composition favored N mineralization in comparison to the control treatment, especially the 40%AP+60%C2 mixture, which exhibited the highest NH4+ value at all the evaluated times, and the 60%AP+40%C2 mixture with the highest NO3-, mineral N and mineralized N at 28 days after incubation, as well as the highest N mineralization during the evaluation period. In Study 2, rootstocks grown in the 80%AP+20%C2 and 60%AP+40%C2 treatments exhibited greater accumulation of dry shoot mass (DSM). The 50%AP+50%C2, 40%AP+60%C2 and 30%AP+70%C2 treatments showed a greater increase in height and in the accumulation of total dry matter (TDM). The 40%AP+60%C2 treatment promoted the highest accumulation of dry root mass (DRM) and Dickson quality index (DQI) in the Pecan rootstock cultivar. The doses of organic compound (C2) did not affect the concentration of nutrients in the leaves of pecan, except N, which exhibited a lower concentration in the leaves in all the treatments. Thus, the organic compound produced from residues of fruits and vegetables, rice husk and poultry manure is efficient in the production of pecan rootstock cultivar. Resíduos de frutas e hortaliças (RFH) podem ser utilizados para a produção de composto orgânico que quando mineralizado pode disponibilizar nutrientes às plantas frutíferas como a Nogueira-Pecã (Carya illinoinensis (Wang) K.). O objetivo do estudo foi produzir um composto orgânico a partir da mistura de diferentes proporções de resíduo de frutas e hortaliças (RFH), casca de arroz (CA) e dejeto de aves (DA), que atenda aos requisitos mínimos de qualidade exigidos pela legislação de fertilizantes orgânicos, avaliar a mineralização de N do composto orgânico utilizado na composição de substratos para ser utilizado na produção de cultivar de porta-enxerto de Nogueira-Pecã (Carya illinoinensis (Wang) K). O presente trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos: Estudo 1(Composição e mineralização de compostos orgânicos derivados da compostagem de resíduos de frutas e hortaliças) e Estudo 2 (Crescimento e estado nutricional de cultivar de porta-enxerto de Nogueira-Pecã submetido a aplicação de substrato à base de composto orgânico). No Estudo 1, foram montados quatro tratamentos (pilhas), com diferentes proporções de misturas de RFH:CA:DA (v:v): 2:1:0, 1:1:1, 1,5:1:0 e 1,2:1:0. Os tratamentos foram submetidos ao processo de compostagem por um período de 95 dias. Foram obtidos 4 compostos orgânicos (C1, C2, C3 e C4), que foram analisados nos seguintes parâmetros: COT, Nt, C/N, CTC/C, CE, pH, teor de umidade, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, teor de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, S, Mn e Zn. A segunda etapa deste estudo foi a realização de teste de mineralização de N do composto orgânico (C2), produzido na primeira etapa do estudo, utilizado juntamente com a turfa agrícola (TA) e casca de arroz carbonizada (CC) na composição dos seguintes tratamentos: 40%TA+60%CC (controle), 20%TA+80%C2, 30%TA+70%C2, 40%TA+60%C2, 50%TA+50%C2, 60%TA+ 40%C2, 70%TA+30%C2 e 80%TA+20%C2. Foram analisados os teores de N-NH4+, N-NO3-, N mineral e N mineralizado em relação ao total adicionado nos tempos (0, 7, 14, 28, 56 e 112 dias). No Estudo 2, foram avaliados os tratamentos 40%TA+60%CC (controle), 20%TA+80%C2, 30%TA+70%C2, 40%TA+60%C2, 50%TA+50%C2, 60%TA+ 40%C2, 70%TA+30%C2 e 80%TA+20%C2 no desenvolvimento e estado nutricional de cultivar de porta-enxerto de Nogueira-Pecã no período de 112 dias. No Estudo 1, as constantes adições de resíduos de frutas e hortaliças não demonstraram diferença significativa no padrão de temperatura desenvolvido nas pilhas de compostagem. A compostagem de resíduos de frutas e hortaliças e casca de arroz, necessita de uma fonte externa de nutrientes para produzir um composto orgânico dentro dos padrões mínimos de qualidade exigidos pela legislação de fertilizantes orgânicos. O composto (C2) apresentou desempenho superior com resultados conforme exige a legislação nos seguintes parâmetros de maturação e qualidade: relação C/N, COT, teores de N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, CTC/C, pH e umidade%. A utilização de composto orgânico na composição do substrato, favoreceu a mineralização de N em relação ao tratamento controle, com destaque para a mistura 40%TA+60%C2 que apresentou a maior valor de NH4+ em todas as datas avaliadas, 60%TA+40%C2 com maior valor de NO3- , N mineral e N mineralizado aos 28 dias após a incubação, assim como também apresentou a maior mineralização do N no período avaliado. No Estudo 2, os porta-enxertos cultivados nos tratamentos 80%TA+20%C2 e 60%TA+40%C2 apresentaram maior acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Os tratamentos 50%TA+50%C2, 40%TA+60%C2 e 30%TA+70%C2, apresentaram maior incremento em altura e acúmulo de massa seca total (MST). O tratamento 40%TA+60%C2 favoreceu o maior acúmulo de massa seca de raiz (MSR) e o índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD) em cultivar de porta-enxerto de Nogueira-Pecã. As doses de composto orgânico (C2) não afetaram a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas de nogueira-pecã, exceto o N que apresentou menor concentração nas folhas em todos os tratamentos avaliados. Assim, o composto orgânico produzido a partir de resíduos de frutas e hortaliças, casca de arroz e dejeto de aves é eficiente na produção de cultivar de porta-enxerto de nogueira-pecã.

In Paraná, most of the sludge generated in sewage treatment plants is subjected to the prolonged alkaline stabilization process. Although it is known that the alkaline sewage sludge contains micronutrients such as Zn, Cu and Mn, little is known about the availability of these elements in soils treated with this type of sewage sludge. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of alkaline sewage sludge from Paraná on Zn, Cu and Mn availability in soils. Twenty sewage treatment plants were selected throughout Paraná, where alkaline sewage sludge and the most representative agricultural soil of the each region were collected. Each soil was incubated for 60 days with alkaline sewage sludge rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1) from their region. Subsequently, Zn, Cu and Mn availability was determined using the Mehlich-1 extractant. The alkaline sewage sludge increased Zn availability and decreased Mn availability in most soils. Cu showed intermediate results, with increased availability, primarily in medium texture soils and decrease in most of the clayey soils. In soils with pH close to ideal for the plant growth, the alkaline sewage sludge rate should be carefully calculated so that there is no excessive increase in the pH and Zn, Cu and Mn imbalance. RESUMO No Paraná, a maioria do lodo de esgoto gerado em estações de tratamento é submetida ao processo de estabilização alcalina prolongada. Embora seja conhecido que o lodo de esgoto alcalinizado contém micronutrientes como Zn, Cu e Mn, pouco se conhece sobre a disponibilidade desses elementos em solos tratados com esse tipo de lodo de esgoto. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de lodos de esgoto alcalinizados do estado do Paraná sobre a disponibilidade de Zn, Cu e Mn no solo. Foram selecionadas vinte estações de tratamento de esgoto ao longo do Paraná, onde foram coletadas amostras de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado e amostras do solo agrícola mais representativo da região. Cada solo foi incubado por 60 dias com doses de lodo de esgoto (0, 10, 20, 40, e 80 Mg ha-1) da sua região. Posteriormente, foi determinada a disponibilidade de Zn, Cu e Mn no solo usando o extrator Mehlich-1. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado ao solo aumentou a disponibilidade de Zn e diminuiu a disponibilidade de Mn na maioria dos solos. Já o Cu apresentou resultados intermediários, com aumento de disponibilidade basicamente em solos de textura média e com diminuição para a maioria dos solos muito argilosos. Em solos com pH próximo ao ideal para o cultivo agrícola, a dose de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado deve ser cuidadosamente calculada para que não ocorra o aumento excessivo do pH e desbalanço nos teores de Zn, Cu e Mn.

9 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 2 tablas.-- 56 referencias.-- Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.024., Sorption, persistence, and leaching of the enantiomers of the herbicide imazaquin, S-imazaquin and R-imazaquin, in two soils under different application regimes were studied. Imazaquin dissipation was evaluated after a single application of the racemic herbicide and the pure enantiomers, and after a repeated application of the racemic herbicide. The effects of adding two olive-mill wastes (ALP and ALPc), biochar (BC), and organoclay (SA-HDTMA) on sorption, dissipation, and leaching of imazaquin enantiomers applied as racemic herbicide to the soils was also evaluated. For all treatments, sorption, dissipation, and leaching of imazaquin in the soils were either non-enantioselective or scarcely enantioselective. No interconversion of R-imazaquin to S-imazaquin or vice-versa was observed in the experiments with the pure isomers. Addition of ALP, ALPc, or BC did not enhance the negligible sorption of imazaquin enantiomers by the soils, but accelerated their dissipation. Addition of SA-HDTMA increased sorption of both enantiomers and delayed their dissipation and leaching. The results illustrate how agricultural practices can impact the behavior of imazaquin enantiomers in soils and support the suitability of replacing currently used racemic formulations of imazaquin with formulations based on the single biologically-active (R) enantiomer to reduce the environmental impact of this chiral pesticide., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO grants AGL2011-23779 and AGL2014-51897-R) and Junta de Andalucía (JA Research Group AGR-264), co-financed with FEDER-FSE funds. The authors thank L. Cox for kindly supplying samples of ALP and ALPc. R. López-Cabeza also thanks MINECO for a pre-doctoral fellowship (grant BES-2012-059945).

Twenty three samples of Egyptian organic materials, spanning from the Old Kingdom to the Copto-Byzantine Period, were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sample set was comprised of ten balm samples from human mummies, three balms from shrews, and ten samples of residues scraped from jars and amphora from storehouses. This research program was undertaken with two main goals: Firstly to provide complementary data on the mummification balms from both humans and animals with an emphasis on the occurrence of bitumen in mummification mixtures. Secondly to explore whether the jar residues were mixtures that were used for mummification purposes or whether they were pure ingredients stored for various uses including ritual practices. The analysis highlighted that the most abundant constituents of the mummification balms were: fats or oils, waxes, conifer resin, pitch, mastic resin, castor oil, and bitumen. Balms from animal mummies were not found to be significantly different from the balms from human mummies. Residues from potsherds appeared to belong to two categories: pure products (fats and castor oil) and mixtures containing fats, Pinaceae resin and pitch, mastic resin, and castor oil, i.e. the constituents also identified in mummification balms. The mixtures were thus residues of preparations for ritual practices and embalming. This study demonstrates that bitumen is underestimated by the chemical approach currently applied in most archaeometric studies of Egyptian organic residues, which are better suited for the identification of lipids and resinous materials. We thus applied a specific analytical design, targeted at bitumen. Bitumen from the Dead Sea was conclusively identified using as reference materials for comparison, i.e. the present day bitumen from the Dead Sea floating blocks, as well as several bitumens from mummification balms and bitumen lumps unearthed from the archaeological site of Tell Yarmouth near Jerusalem in Israel.

Insights into the diets of early societies can be gained, indirectly, from the cultural evidence of artefacts related to food procurement, preparation and consumption and human skeletal remains. However, more direct evidence for dietary constituents derives from the identification of intact plant and animal remains collected during the excavations but also from the exam of the amorphous remains of foodstuff associated with artefacts. Organic residues adhering to the surface or absorbed into the porous fabric of an unglazed cooking vessel should provide important information both about the usage of the vessel and dietary practices. This contribute deals with the results of a combined analytical research via 1 H- 1 H NMR 2D-TOCSY, ATR FT-IR and SEM-EDX on organic residues on pottery from two Sicilian prehistoric sites of Monte Kronio and Sant'Ippolito. The goal was that to shed new light on the use of certain ceramic shapes and infer some hypothesis about ancient dietary habits.