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The clinical symptoms of infectious coryza are multiple and include nasal discharge, facial swelling, lacrimation, and anorexia. In general, the disease is not fatal to chicken; so, in experiments where animals are infected with Avibacterium paragallinarum, there have been debates about conducting the challenge model and evaluating the clinical signs. In this experiment, 150 chickens, aged 30 days, were randomly divided into different groups. Some groups were infected with the 'in-contact' challenge model and others with the artificial intrasinus-injection-route model. The bacterial isolates used were three field isolates of different serogroups of A. paragallinarum, including Hpg-8 (Page serovar A), CCM6075 (Page serovar B) and Hpg-668 (Page serovar C). During this study, a scoring system was used to record the clinical signs of the infected birds and evaluate the pathogenic diversity of the two models. The final results indicated that the 'in-contact' challenge model of the three isolates showed a more reliable representation of the natural infection under field conditions than the artificial intrasinus-injection-route model. Thus, on carrying out animal experiments, the effect of 'in-contact' challenge model is more accurate than the artificial intrasinus-injection-route model.

Acute responses to 65 min exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were tested in 24 healthy non-asthmatic nonsmokers and 16 asthmatic nonsmokers, using an environmental chamber. Each subject was exposed to air (sham), and machine-generated cigarette smoke containing 17 ppm and 31 ppm carbon monoxide (CO). Nonasthmatic subjects exercised intermittently (mean respiratory minute volume (VE) of 44 l/min during each of two 15–min exercise bouts); asthmatic subjects remained at rest. After completion of the exposure, subjects made a 0–5 rating of the severity of symptoms, as well as rating the overall severity of exposure on a 0–100 scale. Both symptoms and exposure severity rating were significantly related to CO concentrations. Ratings for a given ETS exposure tended to be higher for asthmatic than for nonasthmatic subjects. Overall exposure severity rating was significantly (p < 0.05) related to four symptom scores for the asthmatics and three for the nonasthmatic subjects. Symptoms common to both groups included unpleasant odour, and nasal discharge; shortness of breath was unique for nonasthmatics and eye irritation for asthmatk subjects. Although the nonasthmatic subjects were exercising intermittently, and thus received both a higher respiratory exposure (calculated from a CO-based index of ETS concentration, VE, and time) and biological exposure (calculated independently using a rebreathing estimate of the increment in carboxyhemoglobin level), the asthmatic subjects appeared to be more adversely affected by the ETS exposures in terms of their subjective responses.

A study of the incubation period and clinical signs of kennel cough was undertaken by collating and analysing information obtained by postal questionnaires from a random sample of general veterinary practitioners in the United Kingdom. Agent-specific incubation periods were inferred from the vaccinal status of affected dogs. The mean and range of the incubation period for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection were 6-5 days and two to 14 days, respectively; similar descriptive statistics for canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infection were 4–5 days and one to eight days. Local clinical signs (cough, nasal discharge and gagging/retching) were present in animals in all vaccinal categories. One or more systemic clinical signs (pyrexia and anorexia) were identified in 32 per cent of cases. No association was detected between vaccinal status against B bronchiseptica and CPIV, and clinical signs.

Three cases of laryngeal allergy were reported. A 21-year-old female had a 7-month history of persistent dry cough, sneeze and nasal discharge. Both a 32-year-old male and a 58-year-old female had a 2-month history of abnormal sensation in the throat. The arytenoid region in these 3 cases was swollen and pale in color. Antiallergic drug (Azelastine hydrochloride) was administrated for all cases, and their complaints completely disappeared. The clinical finding, such as“swollen and pale”in the arytenoid region was remarkably improved in all cases.

In treating nasal allergies, desensitization is widely used on a daily basis, and its efficacy has been highly valued. With the purpose of predicting therapeutic efficacy before carrying out immunotherapy, we compared whole blood histamine release rate and various subjective symptoms before and after immunotherapy. We also compared the degrees of efficacy. Immunotherapy brought about a tendency for a reduction in the whole blood histamine release rate. This tendency appeared most marked in those patients in whom an improvement of subjective symptoms was considerable. Among subjective symptoms, the reduction in whole blood histamine release rate was strongest against nasal discharge and sneezing. In patients with a low histamine release rate prior to the initiation of immunotherapy, the improvement in subjective symptoms tended to be low.

Azeptin® was administered to 48 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis for prolonged periods to determine its efficacy and safety.1) The rate of improvement, as determined by a final general improvement rating, was 60.5% when “moderately improved” or better evaluations were included. The rate of usefulness was 66.0% when “moderately or more useful” evaluations were included.2) The rate of improvement, as determined by a general improvement rating for subjective symptoms, was 61.4% when “moderately improved” or better evaluations were included. The rate of disappearance was high for sneezing (82.2%), nasal discharge (66.7%), and nasal obstruction (46.7%).3) The rate of improvement, as determined by a general improvement rating for objective symptoms, was 56.8% when “moderately improved” or better evaluations were included.4) The side effect elicited in this study was mild sleepiness which was experienced by one patient. This symptom disappeared without any particular procedure, although the drug was continued.In conclusion, Azeptin®, even when administered for extended periods of time, can maintain its beneficial effect on perennial allergic rhinitis, with safety as evidenced by only mild side effects. It is concluded that Azeptin® is a very useful drug.

The effect of fosfomycin on the nasal ciliary activity of the C3H mouse was examined by a photo-electric method.Ciliary activity was observed from 30 min to 24 hrs after incubation in RPMI-1640 including fosfomycin (1% to 5%). Ciliary activity was affected time- and dose-dependently. Investigation with several osmotic pressures suggested that the major impediment factor was osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure of about 3, equivalent to 5% fosfomycin in water, did not severely affect the ciliary activity for at least 2 hrs after the incubation. Therefore, 5% fosfomycin in water is clinically advisable for in vivo concentration in consideration of dilution with nasal discharge and retention-time in the nasal cavity.

Clinical disease caused by feline herpesvirus type-1 in wild felid species is similar to that in domestic cats. Herpesviruses are endemic in free-ranging lions in South Africa but actual clinical disease due to them has not been reported in free-ranging felids. The first reports of feline herpesvirus infection associated with clinical disease in wild felids came fromAustralia and the USA in 1970. Subsequent reports of clinical disease in cheetahs and other wild felid species were limited to captive animals. This report deals with clinical disease in a group of semi-captive cheetahs in which 18 animals were affected, and included 12 adult males, 4 adult females and 2 subadults. No mortalities occurred in this group, the most common clinical signs being sneezing, nasal discharge and loss of appetite.

Objective: To assess whether saline reduces postoperative signs following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Design: Within subject, single blinded randomised controlled trial. Setting: Single secondary referral centre. Participants: Adults undergoing bilateral ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis. Intervention: Saline douching of one side of the nasal cavity, three times per day for 6 weeks. Main outcome measures: Presence of adhesions, polyps, crusting, discharge or oedema under endoscopic examination at 3 weeks and 3 months postoperative. Results: Twenty-three patients were recruited. Attendance was 22 patients at 3 weeks and 17 patients at 3 months. At 3 weeks saline douching significantly improved the presence of discharge (P = 0.046) and non-significantly improved the presence of oedema (P = 0.059) with minimal difference with regard to polyps (P = 0.32) and no difference with adhesions or crusting. At 3 months there was minimal difference with regard to crusting (P = 0.18) and oedema (P = 0.32) and no difference with adhesions, discharge and polyps. Conclusions: Saline douching reduces nasal discharge and may improve oedema during the healing phase following ESS which may represent a possible anti-inflammatory role. No long-term effect was found.

This study compared the efficacy of spiramycin with that of amoxicillin in treating patients with acute community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). The study was an open, randomised, comparative parallel design and patients received either spiramycin 3 MIU (2 tablets, 500mg or 1.5 MIU per tablet) twice daily after meals, i.e. 6 MIU/day for 7 days or amoxicillin (500 mg/capsule) 1 capsule three times daily after meals, i.e. 1500 mg/day for 7 days. Patients attending the ENT outpatient clinic at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok for treatment of acute URTIs were included in the study after giving their informed consent. Eligible patients comprised those aged 18 years and over, of either gender, who had at least two of the following symptoms: fever (/=38 degrees C oral), nasal discharge/obstruction, sore throat, cough and/or hoarseness of voice that did not require parenteral drug therapy or hospitalisation. A total of 99 patients were included in this study, 49 patients received spiramycin and 50 received amoxicillin. Of the 45 assessed patients treated with spiramycin, 40 were judged by the investigators as a 'success' (89%), and five were judged a 'non-success' (11%), compared with 48 assessed patients in the amoxicillin group where 40 patients were classified as a 'success' (83.3%) and 8 were judged a 'non-success' (16.7%). No statistically significant differences between treatments were demonstrated regarding the overall efficacy of treatment. This study demonstrated that the prescribed regimens of spiramycin and amoxicillin were similarly effective in the treatment of adult acute URTIs. The tolerability of both drugs was also similar. Furthermore, it was noted that the convenient twice-daily dosage regimen of spiramycin may allow better patient compliance.

Dogs with brachycephalic conformation frequently suffer from stenotic nares. This study investigated the clinical effects of stenotic nares resection in shih tzu puppies using an amputation technique first described in 1949. The authors hypothesized that surgical correction of the stenotic nares would result in improvement of nasal discharge/noise, breathing difficulty (dyspnea), and exercise limitations (exercise intolerance), and that the technique would provide a cosmetic result. Based on the results of this study, the authors recommend early surgical correction (amputation) of stenotic nares in shih tzu puppies as an effective and cosmetic technique.

STRANGLES, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi , is initially marked by fever, followed by nasal discharge, depression and mandibular lymphadenopathy. Horses with actinomycosis may present with similar clinical signs that are indistinguishable from strangles. This short communication

156 patients of vasomotor rhinitis were treated with cryodestruction of nasal branches of vidian nerve. These patients were divided into two groups A and B. In Group ‘A’ intermittent partial nasal obstruction-was the main symptom (82 patients) and in Group ‘B’ watery nasal discharge was the predominant symptom (74 patients).

Summary The WHO trachoma control strategy includes promotion of facial cleanliness to interrupt transmission. However, scant data exist on measuring a clean face. Our goals were to determine reliable indicators of a clean face in a child, and disparities between the assessments of faces at a clinic versus at home. Five hallmarks of a clean face were assessed on 50 children in Tanzania. In five districts, 973 children (age 1–5 years) were evaluated for facial cleanliness at home, and again 2 days later at a central location for a trachoma examination. Data on environmental risk factors were collected. Only three signs, ocular and nasal discharge, and flies on the face, were reliable indicators of facial cleanliness (kappa > 0.6); dust and food were less reliable. Unclean faces were more prevalent when measured at home (62%) than at the clinic (51%), although both were related to trachoma. The environmental markers of absence of latrines and tin roofs were consistent markers across all districts of households at risk of poor facial cleanliness. We conclude that for accurate estimates of clean faces, some assessment strategy outside the clinical environment is necessary. Additionally, behavior change programs in these districts in Tanzania should especially target families without tin roofs or latrines.

Objective—To identify the most common etiologic diagnosis and any historical, physical, or other diagnostic variables associated with a definitive etiologic diagnosis for chronic nasal discharge in cats. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—75 cats with nasal discharge of ≥ 1 month's duration. Procedures—Medical records of affected cats were reviewed for information on signalment, clinical signs, duration and type of nasal discharge, results of clinical examination, laboratory findings, and advanced imaging findings. Results—A specific etiologic diagnosis for nasal discharge was identified in only 36% of cats. Neoplasia (carcinoma or lymphoma) was the most common etiologic diagnosis. Character and location of nasal discharge did not contribute greatly toward a specific etiologic diagnosis. Sneezing and vomiting were the most common concurrent clinical signs. Routine CBC, serum biochemical panel, and urinalysis did not contribute to a specific etiologic diagnosis. An etiologic diagnosis was more likely in older cats and cats that underwent advanced imaging studies and nasal biopsy. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although advanced diagnostic testing, including imaging studies and biopsy, increases the likelihood of achieving an etiologic diagnosis, the cause of chronic nasal discharge in cats often remains elusive.

International audience; Sporotrichosis is a chronic, granulomatous and usually lymphocutaneous infection of humans and animals caused by the dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. This study reports a case of lymphocutaneous and nasal sporotrichosis in a hunting dog with a three month history of non-healing skin lesions. Cytological examination of nasal discharge and of the material collected from ulcerated skin surfaces showed a few cigar-shaped organisms within macrophages. Fungal cultures of nasal and ulcerated skin swabs yielded colonies of S. schenckii. The dog received oral itraconazole but died of unrelated causes. Necropsic examination was not performed.

A 71-year-old woman presented after 5 days of right retroauricular pain radiating to the retrobulbar area with accompanying putrid nasal discharge, body chills, double vision, and swelling of the right eye. MRI contrast images showed a partially occlusive thrombus.

We present a rare case of intranasal tooth in 22 years old male who was operated before 21 years for cleft lip. This patient presented to otolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaint of long standing unilateral right nasal discharge. It is a rare complication of cleft lip and palate. There are only 7 cases reported in literatures and we believe this is the first case reported in adult patient.

The study was conducted from October 2013 to April 2014 in ELFORA export abattoir. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the major causes of organ and carcass condemnation and to estimate financial losses attributed to the condemned organs and carcasses from sheep and goats slaughtered in the abattoir. Standard antemortem and postmortem inspection procedures were followed throughout the study. Antemortem inspection was carried out in the lairage. There were higher record of nasal discharge, coughing, depression and lameness in both species. Postmortem examinations were conducted through their identification number to detect gross abnormalities and aesthetic reasons that rendered each organ to be rejected from the view of local and international markets. A total of 384 sheep and 384 goats slaughtered in the abattoir were included in the study. From these slaughtered animals, 768 organs and carcasses were examined. The study revealed that a total of 325 (42.3%) livers, 285 (37%) lungs, 40 (5.20%) hearts, 76 (9.90%) kidneys and 42 (5.46%) carcasses were rejected due to various causes. Stelesia hepatica (38.3%), pneumonia (60%), pericarditis (54.3%) and nephritis (35.3%) were found to be the major causes responsible for rejection of respective organs and carcass. The annual loss due to the rejection of organs and carcasses from the small ruminants slaughtered in ELFORA export abattoir is estimated to be 79,894.58 USD. In conclusions results of the present study justify immediate need of prevention of various pathogens that causes organ and carcass condemnation and pathological abnormalities through development of animal health delivery, enforcement of slaughter policy, education on animal welfare/humane slaughter, and training of slaughterhouse personnel on standard slaughter operations.

Cytologically and histologically confirmed nasal melanosis was detected by rostrocaudal rhinoscopic evaluation of three dogs with unilateral nasal discharge caused by a chronic and severe odontopathic rhinitis. The extraction of affected teeth and prolonged antibiotic therapy led to a complete resolution of nasal disease. The nasal melanosis could be considered a partial metaplastic transformation of mucosal respiratory cells with accumulation of intracytoplasmic melanin.

Saturday morning. My birthday. We had planned to go away for the night but not before morning chores. I walked out to feed the horses and immediately sensed something was amiss. Our 2-year-old, Duke, short for Countess’ Menacing Duke, was not menacing at the fence. Duke usually appreciates food like I do. I threw the hay over the fence and he made no move toward it. Big problem. I moved him into a stall and noted he was lethargic. I took his temperature; no fever. He was tachypneic with flaring nostrils but no cough or nasal discharge. No teeth baring, restlessness, biting at his sides, lying down or other signs of pain. Out of my league, time to call the vet. The answering service picked up, the original transfer center. My vet’s partner was on-call and would call me back. Note to self: it sure is nice to talk directly to the doctor. He would be there as soon as he could. How many times have I said this to someone? What does it mean? Give them a number for God’s sake. But alas, the house call is magical. I suppose emergency medicine was born when the house call was dying so we never had a chance to give it a try. This was the original emergency department (ED). Or in this case, emergency stall. The vet came, did a history and physical and drew blood. Himself. Why don’t I ever draw my own blood? It’s quick, efficient and very impressive to the patient – well, to the patient’s family at least. Duke could have cared less. Not a good sign. The vet said he wasn’t sure what it was but suspected it was gastrointestinal. He gave some analgesia and sedation and performed the disappearing arm trick in Duke’s rectum. So the vets use procedural sedation for a rectal and I still must convince doctors to do it for an LP. Things that make you say “Hmmm.” He found the colon was distended with gas. “Isn’t there a medicine for that?” my wife asked. He stares at her with disbelief as if she had just asked if there was a cure for a cold. “I don’t understand?” he said. Clearly he had lost the ability to think like a normal person. Why do we allow and encourage that in medicine? “Could it be contagious to the other horses?” my wife asked next. “I don’t think it’s infectious. I think it is mechanical.” My wife gave him a blank stare. Apparently using English does not mean it makes sense to anyone else. As doctors we believe we have communicated successfully as long as we leave

This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of exposure to cold environments on workers operating a forklift inside and outside a cold storage warehouse. A time-motion study was done for each worker from the start to the end of the work shift. Health conditions were checked by subjective symptoms, circulatory functions before work and at the end of the work shift, and by continuously monitoring blood pressure during the work, shift. Moreover, seasonal changes in the effects of work were examined. The mean total frequency of entering the warehouse was 52 times a day. The mean total time spent inside the warehouse was 3 h and 42 min. The maximum length of a stay was 60 min and 35 s. Many subjective symptoms were reported. Amongst them, nasal discharge and hand coldness and/or pain were reported by more than 60% of the subjects. There were large changes in blood pressure during work shifts. The longer the total time spent inside the warehouse, the greater the change in blood pressure. The plasma noradrenalin concentration was significantly higher at the end of the work shift. It increased significantly as the total time spent inside the warehouse increased. The changes in blood pressure in the warehouse increased with increasing plasma noradrenalin concentrations. The sublingual temperature significantly decreased at the end of the work shift. The effects of the work were greater in winter than in summer. This study shows that work management is one of the most important aspects in occupational health for workers in a cold storage facility.

ObjectiveReporting a rare case of impacted foreign body (wood piece) in the nasopharynx in a 3-year-old female child of 6 cm size and its endoscopic removal.Case reportA 3-year-old female child was brought by her parents with history of purulent right nasal discharge, nasal obstruction and fever for the past 3 months. Anterior rhinoscopic examination shows purulent right nasal discharge. Diagnostic endoscopy showed a foreign body in the nasopharynx. Under GA using nasal endoscope a foreign body was found to be wooden piece and the same was removed. The removed foreign bo dy was measu red and fou nd to be of 6 c m in size. Postoperative period was uneventful.ConclusionForeign body of 6 cm size in the nasopharynx in a 3-year-old child has not been reported in ‘world medical literature’. This case has been reported due to its rarity, difficulty in diagnosis and removal.How to cite this articleKrishnappa BD. Endoscopic Removal of an Unusual Foreign Body in the Nasopharynx in a 3-Year-Old Child. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(3):140-141.

Summary A two-year-old Thoroughbred gelding presented eighty-one days after a left-sided prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL). The horse had a continual bilateral foamy ingesta stained nasal discharge as a consequence of dysphagia. An endoscopic examination revealed permanent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), which appeared to be associated with a degree of laryngo-pharyngeal mucosal desensitization. The left arytenoid was fixed in a neutral position. It was postulated that the desensitization and thence pharyngeal dysfunction had resulted from surgical trauma to the cranial laryngeal nerve (CLN).

Laser rhinoscopy was used to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The rehabilitated, adult, female sea lion developed mucopurulent, intermittent, bilateral nasal discharge and functional nasal obstruction 20 mo after acquisition by the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California. A 3-mm-thick soft tissue structure spanning the region between the soft and hard palates, a deviated nasal septum, and several nasopharyngeal polyps were identified. Biopsies and cultures of the obstructive web showed ulcerative granulation tissue with suppurative inflammation, bacterial infection, and a partial section of an arthropod larva (not speciated). Laser rhinoscopy was performed to relieve the caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction and ablate the polyps. The sea lion appeared to breathe through the nares with lessened nasal discharge for a period of 6 wk after laser therapy, but within 8 wk the mucopurulent nasal discharge returned, the obstruction had reformed, and the sea lion was euthanized. Postmortem examination confirmed antemortem diagnoses of caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction secondary to inflammatory tissue; however, no additional sections of arthropod parasites were located microscopically.

Pasteurella multocida group B, serotype 3, was isolated from sinusitis-affected khaki Campbell ducks. To study the role of P. multocida in sinusitis, commercial khaki Campbell ducks were experimentally infected with P. multocida alone or combined with Escherichia coli. In Expt. 1, experimental ducks were infected with P. multocida intranasally or ocularly. A comparison was done by intranasal inoculation with pooled nasal discharge from the affected ducks or phosphate-buffered saline. The ducks intranasally inoculated with the nasal discharge or P. multocida showed sinusitis. In Expt. 2, E. coli alone or a combination of P. multocida and E. coli was intranasally inoculated into experimental ducks. The ducks intranasally inoculated with the combination of P. multocida and E. coli had sinusitis, the same as found in the field but less severe than that of the field cases. Pasteurella multocida was already present in litter/floor of duck farms. We concluded that P. multocida played a role in induction of sinusitis. However, the sinusitis in ducks may be initiated by poor management, especially in the brooding period of ducks.

This clinical report describes an unusual situation of nasal discharge that was initially considered to be caused by a leaking obturator prosthesis in a partially repaired cleft palate patient. Ultimately, the diagnosis was rhinorrhea induced by the loading of dental implants that supported the obturator. The differential diagnoses of nasal irritation, blocking of nasal drainage posterior or anterior through a premaxillary defect, vasomotor rhinitis, and gustatory rhinorrhea are presented and discussed, as well as the measures taken to reach the final diagnosis.

Objective: The Harmonic Scalpel (HS) (Johnson & Johnson K.K.) is a surgical tool that allows cutting and coagulation using ultrasonic mechanical vibrations. Its use in the field of otolaryngology has recently been attracting interest. In this study we applied the HS on the inferior nasal concha using a sword shaped blade (‘KATANA’). Methods: Subjects were 20 patients with intractable, perennial allergies that resisted conservative therapy. Subjective symptoms were evaluated as one of five stages, ‘symptoms disappeared’ ‘markedly improved’, ‘improved’, ‘unchanged’, and ‘aggravated’. Results: At the 12th week, 18 patients (90%) with nasal congestion, 16 (80%) with nasal discharge, and 15 (75%) with sneezing had shown at least ‘markedly improved’. Conclusion: Based on the improvement in subjective symptoms, local and histopathological findings, the HS is an effective surgical modality for these cases. We believe the HS is a safe and useful tool for nasal surgery.

The existence of a relationship between allergic rhinitis and upper respiratory tract infection (URI) has not yet been verified. In a prospective study, 64 patients with allergic rhinitis and 23 non-allergic individuals were followed for 11.4 months. All participants kept a diary in which they recorded symptoms of URI, nasal discharge, blocked nose, sneezing and sinusitis. The allergic individuals did not have more frequent or more long lasting URI or sinusitis more frequently than non-allergic subjects.

Background Allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis are two common diseases that have similar symptoms and physical findings. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of electrophoretic analysis of nasal discharge for the differential diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Methods Two different groups of patients with allergic rhinitis (n = 18) and with vasomotor rhinitis (n = 18) diagnosed by current methods and 10 healthy subjects as a control group were included in this study. Component analyses of proteins in nasal wash were made by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results The mean levels of total protein, 66-kDa proteins and 26-kDa proteins (277.2 ± 9 μ/mL, 114.5 ± 9 μg/mL, and 67.0 μ 4 μg/mL, respectively), in nasal washing samples of patients with allergic rhinitis were found to be higher than in the samples, (222.0 ± 6 μg/mL, 65.6 ± 6 μg/mL, and 42.9 ± 4 μg/mL, respectively) obtained from patients with vasomotor rhinitis. The control group showed the lowest rate of these proteins (167.8 ± 7 μg/mL, 34.3 ± 3 μg/mL, and 25.0 ± 3 μg/mL, respectively). The differences between mean levels of these proteins in all groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that electrophoretic analysis of nasal discharge can be used for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. However, further studies are needed to standardize the technique of nasal wash and to determine the range of proteins in nasal secretions that will confirm the diagnosis.

Summary Suppurative lower airway disease is a common debilitating disease in performance horses and, while rarely fatal, is often recalcitrant to conventional therapy. A variety of treatments have been used to combat this condition and we conducted two types of studies to determine if caprine serum fraction - immunomodulator (CSFI), a nonspecific immunomodulator, improved recovery from lower respiratory disease. Two dose response studies were performed to ascertain the efficacy of CSFI. Horses were maintained daily on conventional antibiotic therapy. Respiratory tract exudate, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, chest auscultation and cough frequency were monitored weekly. One hundred percent of the horses treated with 2 i.m. injections of either 60 or 120 mg CSFI one week apart showed significant improvement with each weekly evaluation and were fully recovered by week 3. Horses treated with 15 or 30 mg CSFI did not differ significantly from the control group. Only 10% of the control horses responded to conventional antibiotic therapy. An expanded field trial utilising 80 horses diagnosed with lower respiratory disease and housed at 4 equine clinics was conducted. Thirty-five percent of the 40 control horses, treated solely by conventional antibiotic therapies, recovered while 75% of the horses treated with a supplemental administration of 60 mg CSFI as described above recovered. The combined data from these studies showed that CSFI was able to promote an overall recovery from lower respiratory disease of 86%.

This report describes the clinical signs of equine influenza (EI) during an epidemic in a closed, predominantly immunologically naive population of horses. It included 254 study horses, few of which exhibited all three signs of pyrexia, nasal discharge and cough simultaneously. We conclude that although the majority of affected horses exhibit temperature patterns resembling those most often described in the published literature, clinicians should be aware that other profiles are quite common.

Several clinical scoring systems for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves have been proposed. However, such systems were based on subjective judgment, rather than statistical methods, to weight scores. Data from a pair-matched case-control study on a California calf raising facility was used to develop three novel scoring systems to diagnose BRD in preweaned dairy calves. Disease status was assigned using both clinical signs and diagnostic test results for BRD-associated pathogens. Regression coefficients were used to weight score values. The systems presented use nasal and ocular discharge, rectal temperature, ear and head carriage, coughing, and respiratory quality as predictors. The systems developed in this research utilize fewer severity categories of clinical signs, require less calf handling, and had excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8) when compared to an earlier scoring system. The first scoring system dichotomized all clinical predictors but required inducing a cough. The second scoring system removed induced cough as a clinical abnormality but required distinguishing between three levels of nasal discharge severity. The third system removed induced cough and forced a dichotomized variable for nasal discharge. The first system presented in this study used the following predictors and assigned values: coughing (induced or spontaneous coughing, 2 points), nasal discharge (any discharge, 3 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C or 102.5°F, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized "BRD positive" if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 95.4% cases and 88.6% controls. The second presented system categorized the predictors and assigned weights as follows: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), mild nasal discharge (unilateral, serous, or watery discharge, 3 points), moderate to severe nasal discharge (bilateral, cloudy, mucoid, mucopurlent, or copious discharge, 5 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 1 point), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized "BRD positive" if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 89.3% cases and 92.8% controls. The third presented system used the following predictors and scores: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), nasal discharge (any, 4 points), ocular discharge (any, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized "BRD positive" if their total score was ≥5. This system correctly classified 89.4% cases and 90.8% controls. Each of the proposed systems offer few levels of clinical signs and data-based weights for on-farm diagnosis of BRD in dairy calves.

Several symptoms may be present in the case of a nasal foreign body. These symptoms include nasal discharge, epistaxis, infection, halitosis, foul breath or body odor, and chronic sinusitis. However, the presence of a nasal foreign body without these symptoms remains unreported. In this study, we present a case in which the foreign body stayed inside the patient's nose for 17 years after a trauma without symptoms like nasal discharge, epistaxis, infection, halitosis, foul breath or body odor, and chronic sinusitis.

One of the plasmids present in a Haemophilus somnus strain isolated from nasal discharge of a cattle with respiratory disease was purified and cloned for DNA sequencing. The plasmid was found to be 1065 base pairs long with 39.2% G+C content, and showed no homology to any DNA sequenced so far. It has no capacity to code any protein longer than 43 residues. It is not clear yet if this plasmid codes Haemophilus somnus specific factors.

A nine-year-old, intact female Afghan hound was presented for evaluation of an intermittent, mucopurulent, unilateral nasal discharge with a three-year duration. Radiographs showed the ipsilateral canine tooth within the rostral nasal cavity. The tooth was removed through an alveolar mucosal rhinotomy. There has been no recurrence of the nasal discharge or complications associated with the surgical procedure during the 20-month follow-up period.

Nineteen sheep which were anorexic, pyrexic, coughing, dyspnoeic and had a nasal discharge and symptomatic thoracic sounds on auscultation, received a single subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight of tilmicosin. The clinical signs were eliminated within four to six days. The kinetic profiles of the drug after a single subcutaneous injection were compared in five healthy sheep and five infected sheep. More of the drug was absorbed by the infected animals and its concentration remained higher for significantly longer. The drug was well tolerated and no local or systemic side effects were observed.

Equine flu is highly contagious and causes a range of respiratory signs, coughing, nasal discharge and fever. When it occurs in young, unprotected horses it can be particularly severe.

Medical records of eight dogs and one cat with congenital palatine defects were reviewed retrospectively. Five of the dogs had nasal discharge and seven had radiographic signs of middle ear disease, but no clinical signs of ear disease were identified in any of the dogs, nor were any reported by their owners during a one- to five-year follow-up period. One dog had an ipsilateral impairment of hearing detected by brainstem auditory evoked responses. The cat had clinical and radiographic signs of middle ear disease. These findings suggest that, as in humans, congenital palatine defects in dogs and cats may predispose to middle ear disease. Any associated deafness could cause problems for working dogs.

While the frequency of benign tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses is not known, malignant tumors in this region are said to make up approximately 0.1-1% of all malignancies and 3-5% of all head and neck carcinomas in the world [9, 23]. The history and symptoms are non-specific for long periods of time. Nasal obstruction, blood-stained nasal discharge or a vague feeling of pressure or headache may be the first symptoms. When these symptoms occur unilaterally, it may be the first suggestion of a tumor. Extension of symptoms beyond the limits of the nose or sinuses further suggests a tumor (Table 40.1).

CHRONIC nasal discharge and other signs of chronic nasal disease are frequently encountered in feline practice. There are a number of underlying causes, and establishing a specific diagnosis is crucial for managing the disease appropriately. Even when a complete diagnostic procedure is performed