171 results on '"Mulder, Raoul A."'
Search Results
152. Timing of prenuptial molt as a sexually selected indicator of male quality in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus)
- Author
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Magrath, Michael J. L. and Mulder, Raoul A.
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- *
MALURUS cyaneus - Published
- 1994
153. The Myth of Monogamy (Book).
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Mulder, Raoul A.
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ANIMAL courtship - Abstract
Reviews the book 'The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People,' by David P. Barash and Judith Eve Lipton.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
154. Transport, Bioaccumulation and Impact of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Birds from South-east Australia
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Szabo, Drew, Clarke, Bradley O, Green, Mark P, and Mulder, Raoul A
- Subjects
Bird ,PFASs ,FOS: Chemical sciences ,Australia ,PhD ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
This presentation is the culmination of over three years of PhD research into the transport, fate, and impact of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to Australian wildlife - particularly birds from the south-east of the country. The story of PFASs in Australia has a relatively short, but complicated history of emission, regulation, and contamination and remediation throughout the country. The study of avian species presents a unique and important perspective to the story of PFASs, as birds occupy many trophic levels in the environment and can be particularly sensitive to organohalogen compound exposure ��� making them important sentinels for environmental contamination. Through the application of leading-edge analytical chemistry techniques, the mobility of PFASs in the environment can be mapped to great accuracy and precision. When such incomprehensibly small amounts of PFASs can lead to adverse effects in birds from laboratory and field-based studies, the continued biomonitoring and toxicological research from around the world provides a rich understanding that we can build models of risk and mitigation. Drew will share a few examples of the sources and occurrence of PFASs in the Australian environment, and then how these compounds are transported throughout the food web. Finally, we can use this new information to assess the potential impacts of PFASs to avian wildlife in Australia by comparing it to current toxicological studies and identify gaps in the literature that need to be addressed in the future. Watch the presentation here: https://youtu.be/2k-jrdUMbdw, {"references":["Dewitt, J.C. (2015) Toxicological effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) Humana Press, Cham. 9783319155173 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0","Munoz, G., Giraudel, J.-L., Botta, F., Lestremau, F., Dévier, M.-H., Budzinski, H. & Labadie, P. 2015. Spatial distribution and partitioning behavior of selected poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater ecosystems: A French nationwide survey. Science of the Total Environment, 517, 48-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.043","Barzen-Hanson, K.A., Roberts, S.C., Choyke, S., Oetjen, K., Mcalees, A., Riddell, N., Mccrindle, R., Ferguson, P.L., Higgins, C.P. & Field, J.A. 2017. Discovery of 40 classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-impacted groundwater. Environmental science & technology, 51, 2047-2057. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05843","Sima, M.W. & Jaffé, P.R. 2021. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793","Butt, C.M., Muir, D.C.G. & Mabury, S.A. 2014. Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33, 243-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2407","Mallory, M.L., Robinson, S.A., Hebert, C.E. & Forbes, M.R. 2010. Seabirds as indicators of aquatic ecosystem conditions: A case for gathering multiple proxies of seabird health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.024","Braune, B.M., Outridge, P.M., Fisk, A.T., Muir, D.C.G., Helm, P.A., Hobbs, K., Hoekstra, P.F., Kuzyk, Z.A., Kwan, M., Letcher, R.J., Lockhart, W.L., Norstrom, R.J., Stern, G.A. & Stirling, I. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: An overview of spatial and temporal trends. Science of the Total Environment, 351-352, 4-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.034","Frederiksen, M., Mavor, R.A. & Wanless, S. 2007. Seabirds as environmental indicators: the advantages of combining data sets. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 352, 205-211. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07071","Thompson, P.M. & Ollason, J.C. 2001. Lagged effects of ocean climate change on fulmar population dynamics. Nature, 413, 417-420. https://doi.org/v10.1038/35096558","Alonso, H., Granadeiro, J.P., Paiva, V.H., Dias, A.S., Ramos, J.A. & Catry, P. 2012. Parent–offspring dietary segregation of Cory's shearwaters breeding in contrasting environments. Marine Biology, 159, 1197-1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-1900-2","Jarman, W.M., Hobson, K.A., Sydeman, W.J., Bacon, C.E. & Mclaren, E.B. 1996. Influence of Trophic Position and Feeding Location on Contaminant Levels in the Gulf of the Farallones Food Web Revealed by Stable Isotope Analysis. Environmental science & technology, 30, 654-660. 10.1021/es950392n","Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K.A. & Norstrom, R.J. 2001. Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web. Environmental science & technology, 35, 732-738. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001459w","Xu, J., Guo, C.-S., Zhang, Y. & Meng, W. 2014. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of perfluorinated compounds in a eutrophic freshwater food web. Environmental Pollution, 184, 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.011","Tomy, G.T., Budakowski, W., Halldorson, T., Helm, P.A., Stern, G.A., Friesen, K., Pepper, K., Tittlemier, S.A. & Fisk, A.T. 2004. Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environmental science & technology, 38, 6475-6481. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049620g","Kelly, B.C., Ikonomou, M.G., Blair, J.D., Surridge, B., Hoover, D., Grace, R. & Gobas, F.a.P.C. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in an Arctic marine food web: Trophic magnification and wildlife exposure. Environmental science & technology, 43, 4037-4043. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9003894","Haukås, M., Berger, U., Hop, H., Gulliksen, B. & Gabrielsen, G.W. 2007. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in selected species from the Barents Sea food web. Environmental Pollution, 148, 360-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.021","Kannan, K., Tao, L., Sinclair, E., Pastva, S.D., Jude, D.J. & Giesy, J.P. 2005. Perfluorinated Compounds in Aquatic Organisms at Various Trophic Levels in a Great Lakes Food Chain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 559-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0133-x","Groffen, T., Eens, M. & Bervoets, L. 2019. Do concentrations of perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) in isopods reflect concentrations in soil and songbirds? A study using a distance gradient from a fluorochemical plant. Science of the Total Environment, 657, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.072","Remucal, C.K. 2019. Spatial and temporal variability of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 21, 1816-1834. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EM00265K","Holmström, K.E., Johansson, A.-K., Bignert, A., Lindberg, P. & Berger, U. 2010. Temporal trends of perfluorinated surfactants in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs (Falco peregrinus), 1974−2007. Environmental science & technology, 44, 4083-4088. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100028f","Thompson, J., Roach, A., Eaglesham, G., Bartkow, M.E., Edge, K. & Mueller, J.F. 2011. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 2869-2875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.002","Tao, L., Kannan, K., Kajiwara, N., Costa, M.M., Fillmann, G., Takahashi, S. & Tanabe, S. 2006. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in albatrosses, elephant seals, penguins, and polar skuas from the Southern Ocean. Environmental science & technology, 40, 7642-7648. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061513u","Coggan, T.L., Moodie, D., Kolobaric, A., Szabo, D., Shimeta, J., Crosbie, N.D., Lee, E., Fernandes, M. & Clarke, B.O. 2019. An investigation into per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in nineteen Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Heliyon, 5, e02316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02316","Gallen, C., Bignert, A., Taucare, G., O'brien, J., Braeunig, J., Reeks, T., Thompson, J. & Mueller, J.F. 2022. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances in an Australian wastewater treatment plant: A ten-year retrospective investigation. Science of the Total Environment, 804, 150211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150211","De Silva, A.O., Spencer, C., Scott, B.F., Backus, S. & Muir, D.C.G. 2011. Detection of a Cyclic Perfluorinated Acid, Perfluoroethylcyclohexane Sulfonate, in the Great Lakes of North America. Environmental science & technology, 45, 8060-8066. https://doi.org/10.1021/es200135c","De Solla, S.R., De Silva, A.O. & Letcher, R.J. 2012. Highly elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids found in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Environment International, 39, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.011","Houde, M., Giraudo, M., Douville, M., Bougas, B., Couture, P., De Silva, A.O., Spencer, C., Lair, S., Verreault, J., Bernatchez, L. & Gagnon, C. 2014. A multi-level biological approach to evaluate impacts of a major municipal effluent in wild St. Lawrence River yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Science of the Total Environment, 497-498, 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.059","Wang, Y., Vestergren, R., Shi, Y., Cao, D., Xu, L., Cai, Y., Zhao, X. & Wu, F. 2016. Identification, Tissue Distribution, and Bioaccumulation Potential of Cyclic Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Isomers in an Airport Impacted Ecosystem. Environmental science & technology, 50, 10923-10932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01980","Macinnis, J.J., French, K., Muir, D.C.G., Spencer, C., Criscitiello, A., De Silva, A.O. & Young, C.J. 2017. Emerging investigator series: a 14-year depositional ice record of perfluoroalkyl substances in the High Arctic. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 19, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00593D","Lescord, G.L., Kidd, K.A., De Silva, A.O., Williamson, M., Spencer, C., Wang, X. & Muir, D.C.G. 2015. Perfluorinated and Polyfluorinated Compounds in Lake Food Webs from the Canadian High Arctic. Environmental science & technology, 49, 2694-2702. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5048649","Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell Sarah, E., Fetzer, I., Bennett Elena, M., Biggs, R., Carpenter Stephen, R., De Vries, W., De Wit Cynthia, A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace Georgina, M., Persson Linn, M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B. & Sörlin, S. 2015. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347, 1259855. 10.1126/science.1259855","Szabo, D., Lavers, J.L., Shimeta, J., Green, M.P., Mulder, R.A. & Clarke, B.O. 2021. Correlations between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Body Morphometrics in Fledgling Shearwaters Impacted by Plastic Consumption from a Remote Pacific Island. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40, 799-810. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4924"]}
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- 2021
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155. A baseline study of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in waterfowl from a remote Australian environment.
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Szabo, Drew, Nuske, Madison R., Lavers, Jennifer L., Shimeta, Jeff, Green, Mark P., Mulder, Raoul A., and Clarke, Bradley O.
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- 2022
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156. The function of female and male ornaments in the Lovely fairy-wren
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Leitão, Ana Margarida Vitorino, Mulder, Raoul, and Hall, Michelle
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female and male ornaments ,Lovely fairy-wren - Published
- 2019
157. A conceptual framework linking learning design with learning analytics
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Gregor Kennedy, Paula de Barba, Shane Dawson, Dragan Gašević, Lori Lockyer, Aneesha Bakharia, Raoul A. Mulder, Linda Corrin, David A. Williams, 6th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, LAK 2016 Edinburgh, UK 25-29 April 2016, Bakharia, Aneesha, Corrin, Linda, de Barba, Paula, Kennedy, Gregor, Gašević, Dragan, Mulder, Raoul, Williams, David, Dawson, Shane, and Lockyer, Lori
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learning analytics ,Knowledge management ,Computer science ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Learning analytics ,050301 education ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Data science ,learning design ,Software analytics ,intervention design ,Business analytics ,Conceptual framework ,Analytics ,020204 information systems ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,The Conceptual Framework ,business ,0503 education ,Cultural analytics - Abstract
In this paper we present a learning analytics conceptual framework that supports enquiry-based evaluation of learn- ing designs. The dimensions of the proposed framework emerged from a review of existing analytics tools, the analy-sis of interviews with teachers, and user scenarios to under- stand what types of analytics would be useful in evaluating a learning activity in relation to pedagogical intent. The proposed framework incorporates various types of analyt- ics, with the teacher playing a key role in bringing context to the analysis and making decisions on the feedback pro- vided to students as well as the scaffolding and adaptation of the learning design. The framework consists of five di-mensions: Temporal analytics, tool-specific analytics, cohort dynamics, comparative analytics and contingency. Specific metrics and visualisations are defined for each dimension of the conceptual framework. Finally the development of a tool that partially implements the conceptual framework is discussed. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2016
158. Experimental playback of urban noise does not affect cognitive performance in captive Australian magpies.
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Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Mulder RA, Hall ML, and Lesku JA
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- Animals, Australia, Behavior, Animal, Male, Cognition, Noise adverse effects, Passeriformes physiology
- Abstract
Exposure of wildlife to anthropogenic noise is associated with disruptive effects. Research on this topic has focused on behavioural and physiological responses of animals to noise, with little work investigating links to cognitive function. Neurological processes that maintain cognitive performance can be impacted by stress and sleep disturbances. While sleep loss impairs cognitive performance in Australian magpies, it is unclear whether urban noise, which disrupts sleep, can impact cognition as well. To fill this gap, we explored how environmentally relevant urban noise affected the performance of wild-caught, city-living Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen tyrannica) on a cognitive task battery including associative and reversal learning, inhibitory control, and spatial memory. Birds were housed and tested in a laboratory environment; sample sizes varied across tasks (n=7-9 birds). Tests were conducted over 4 weeks, during which all magpies were exposed to both an urban noise playback and a quiet control. Birds were presented with the entire test battery twice: following exposure to, and in the absence of, an anthropogenic noise playback; however, tests were always performed without noise (playback muted during testing). Magpies performed similarly in both treatments on all four tasks. We also found that prior experience with the associative learning task had a strong effect on performance, with birds performing better on their second round of trials. Like previous findings on Australian magpies tested on the same tasks in the wild under noisy conditions, we could not find any disruptive effects on cognitive performance in a controlled experimental laboratory setting., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2024. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)
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- 2024
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159. Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population.
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Szabo D, Moodie D, Green MP, Mulder RA, and Clarke BO
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- Bioaccumulation, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Water, Alkanesulfonic Acids analysis, Fluorocarbons analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
The field-based distribution and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in residential Black Swans ( Cygnus atratus ) from an urban lake (Melbourne, Australia). The concentrations of 46 aliphatic and cyclic PFASs were determined by HPLC-MS/MS in serum and excrement from swans, and water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes, soil, and grass samples in and around the lake. Elevated concentrations of ∑
46 PFASs were detected in serum (120 ng mL-1 ) and excrement (110 ng g-1 dw) were strongly related indicating a potential noninvasive sampling methodology. Environmental concentrations of PFASs were consistent with a highly impacted ecosystem and notably high concentrations of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS, 67584-42-3; C8 HF15 SO3 ) were detected in water (27 ng L-1 ) and swan serum (16 ng mL-1 ). In the absence of credible putative alternative sources of PFECHS input to the lake, we propose that the use of high-performance motorsport vehicles is a likely source of contamination to this ecosystem. The BAF of perfluorocarboxylic acids increased with each additional CF2 moiety from PFOA (15.7 L kg-1 ww) to PFDoDA (3615 L kg-1 ww). The BAF of PFECHS was estimated as 593 L kg-1 ww, which is lower compared with that of PFOS (1097 L kg-1 ww).- Published
- 2022
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160. Evaluation and validation of methodologies for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum of birds and mammals.
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Szabo D, Marchiandi J, Green MP, Mulder RA, and Clarke BO
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- Animals, Birds, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Humans, Mammals, Solid Phase Extraction methods, Fluorocarbons analysis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
Advances in analytical techniques have allowed greater detection of environmental contaminants from small volumes of sample. Four methodologies were evaluated for the extraction of 53 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from eight classes in 200 µL of avian and mammal serum. Spiked serums at four concentrations (0, 0.5, 5.0 and 25 ng mL
-1 ) were prepared by protein precipitation (PPT), enhanced matrix removal (EMR), weak anion exchange (WAX), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction cartridges. The extract from each methodology was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and concentrations were compared with known concentrations in the spiked media. EMR performed the best overall, with 40 of 53 compounds effectively recovered at 5 ng mL-1 . Furthermore, EMR was effective overall at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 25 ng mL-1 for 39 out of 53. Similarly, PPT was effective for 35 of 53 compounds at all spiked serum concentrations. There was a negative correlation between internal standard recovery for compounds with increasing octanol-water coefficients (Kow ) for WAX (R = - 0.65, p = 0.0043) and HLB (R = - 0.62, p = 0.0077) extractions, indicating methanol may not be a suitable solvent for long-chain PFAS extraction from protein-rich tissues. EMR and PPT represent fast and effective methodologies for the extraction of PFASs from low volumes of serum which allows greater accuracy and precision that can be applied to future human and wildlife biomonitoring programmes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2022
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161. Sex role similarity and sexual selection predict male and female song elaboration and dimorphism in fairy-wrens.
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Odom KJ, Cain KE, Hall ML, Langmore NE, Mulder RA, Kleindorfer S, Karubian J, Brouwer L, Enbody ED, Jones JA, Dowling JL, Leitão AV, Greig EI, Evans C, Johnson AE, Meyers KK, Araya-Salas M, and Webster MS
- Abstract
Historically, bird song complexity was thought to evolve primarily through sexual selection on males; yet, in many species, both sexes sing and selection pressure on both sexes may be broader. Previous research suggests competition for mates and resources during short, synchronous breeding seasons leads to more elaborate male songs at high, temperate latitudes. Furthermore, we expect male-female song structure and elaboration to be more similar at lower, tropical latitudes, where longer breeding seasons and year-round territoriality yield similar social selection pressures in both sexes. However, studies seldom take both types of selective pressures and sexes into account. We examined song in both sexes in 15 populations of nine-fairy-wren species (Maluridae), a Southern Hemisphere clade with female song. We compared song elaboration (in both sexes) and sexual song dimorphism to latitude and life-history variables tied to sexual and social selection pressures and sex roles. Our results suggest that song elaboration evolved in part due to sexual competition in males: male songs were longer than female songs in populations with low male survival and less male provisioning. Also, female songs evolved independently of male songs: female songs were slower paced than male songs, although only in less synchronously breeding populations. We also found male and female songs were more similar when parental care was more equal and when male survival was high, which provides strong evidence that sex role similarity correlates with male-female song similarity. Contrary to Northern Hemisphere latitudinal patterns, male and female songs were more similar at higher, temperate latitudes. These results suggest that selection on song can be sex specific, with male song elaboration favored in contexts with stronger sexual selection. At the same time, selection pressures associated with sex role similarity appear to favor sex role similarity in song structure., Competing Interests: This study was supported by funding sources cited in the Acknowledgments. The authors have no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
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162. Urban noise restricts, fragments, and lightens sleep in Australian magpies.
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Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Aulsebrook AE, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, and Lesku JA
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- Australia, Noise adverse effects, Wakefulness, Sleep, Sleep, REM
- Abstract
Urban areas are inherently noisy, and this noise can disrupt biological processes as diverse as communication, migration, and reproduction. We investigated how exposure to urban noise affects sleep, a process critical to optimal biological functioning, in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen). Eight magpies experimentally exposed to noise in captivity for 24-h spent more time awake, and less time in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep at night than under quiet conditions. Sleep was also fragmented, with more frequent interruptions by wakefulness, shorter sleep episode durations, and less intense non-REM sleep. REM sleep was particularly sensitive to urban noise. Following exposure to noise, magpies recovered lost sleep by engaging in more, and more intense, non-REM sleep. In contrast, REM sleep showed no rebound. This might indicate a long-term cost to REM sleep loss mediated by noise, or contest hypotheses regarding the functional value of this state. Overall, urban noise has extensive, disruptive impacts on sleep composition, architecture, and intensity in magpies. Future work should consider whether noise-induced sleep restriction and fragmentation have long-term consequences., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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163. White and Amber Light at Night Disrupt Sleep Physiology in Birds.
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Aulsebrook AE, Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Jones TM, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, and Lesku JA
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- Animals, Color, Female, Male, Sleep radiation effects, Circadian Rhythm, Light, Passeriformes physiology, Sleep physiology
- Abstract
Artificial light at night can disrupt sleep in humans [1-4] and other animals [5-10]. A key mechanism for light to affect sleep is via non-visual photoreceptors that are most sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light [11]. To minimize effects of artificial light on sleep, many electronic devices shift from white (blue-rich) to amber (blue-reduced) light in the evening. Switching outdoor lighting from white to amber might also benefit wildlife [12]. However, whether these two colors of light affect sleep similarly in different animals remains poorly understood. Here we show, by measuring brain activity, that both white and amber lighting disrupt sleep in birds but that the magnitude of these effects differs between species. When experimentally exposed to light at night at intensities typical of urban areas, domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and wild-caught Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica) slept less, favored non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep over REM sleep, slept less intensely, and had more fragmented sleep compared to when lights were switched off. In pigeons, these disruptive effects on sleep were similar for white and amber lighting. For magpies, however, amber light had less impact on sleep. Our results demonstrate that amber lighting can minimize sleep disruption in some birds but that this benefit may not be universal. VIDEO ABSTRACT., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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164. Exploring mechanisms and origins of reduced dispersal in island Komodo dragons.
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Jessop TS, Ariefiandy A, Purwandana D, Ciofi C, Imansyah J, Benu YJ, Fordham DA, Forsyth DM, Mulder RA, and Phillips BL
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- Animals, Ecosystem, Islands, Lizards genetics, Male, Selection, Genetic, Animal Distribution, Lizards physiology
- Abstract
Loss of dispersal typifies island biotas, but the selective processes driving this phenomenon remain contentious. This is because selection via, both indirect (e.g. relaxed selection or island syndromes) and direct (e.g. natural selection or spatial sorting) processes may be involved, and no study has yet convincingly distinguished between these alternatives. Here, we combined observational and experimental analyses of an island lizard, the Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis , the world's largest lizard), to provide evidence for the actions of multiple processes that could contribute to island dispersal loss. In the Komodo dragon, concordant results from telemetry, simulations, experimental translocations, mark-recapture, and gene flow studies indicated that despite impressive physical and sensory capabilities for long-distance movement, Komodo dragons exhibited near complete dispersal restriction: individuals rarely moved beyond the valleys they were born/captured in. Importantly, lizard site-fidelity was insensitive to common agents of dispersal evolution (i.e. indices of risk for inbreeding, kin and intraspecific competition, and low habitat quality) that consequently reduced survival of resident individuals. We suggest that direct selection restricts movement capacity (e.g. via benefits of spatial philopatry and increased costs of dispersal) alongside use of dispersal-compensating traits (e.g. intraspecific niche partitioning) to constrain dispersal in island species., (© 2018 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2018
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165. Reflection of near-infrared light confers thermal protection in birds.
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Medina I, Newton E, Kearney MR, Mulder RA, Porter WP, and Stuart-Fox D
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- Adaptation, Biological, Animals, Australia, Body Size, Climate, Ecosystem, Female, Male, Models, Biological, Sunlight, Biophysical Phenomena, Birds physiology, Phylogeny
- Abstract
Biologists have focused their attention on the optical functions of light reflected at ultraviolet and human-visible wavelengths. However, most radiant energy in sunlight occurs in 'unseen' near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The capacity to reflect solar radiation at NIR wavelengths may enable animals to control heat gain and remain within their critical thermal limits. Here, using a continent-wide phylogenetic analysis of Australian birds, we show that species occupying hot, arid environments reflect more radiant energy in NIR wavelengths than species in thermally benign environments, even when controlling for variation in visible colour. Biophysical models confirm that smaller species gain a greater advantage from high NIR reflectivity in hot, arid environments, reducing water loss from compensatory evaporative cooling by up to 2% body mass per hour. These results highlight the importance of NIR reflectivity for thermal protection, which may become increasingly critical as the frequency of extreme climatic events increases.
- Published
- 2018
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166. Personality and innate immune defenses in a wild bird: Evidence for the pace-of-life hypothesis.
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Jacques-Hamilton R, Hall ML, Buttemer WA, Matson KD, Gonҫalves da Silva A, Mulder RA, and Peters A
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- Animals, Biological Evolution, Corticosterone blood, Risk-Taking, Songbirds blood, Behavior, Animal physiology, Environment, Immunity, Innate physiology, Personality, Songbirds immunology
- Abstract
We tested the two main evolutionary hypotheses for an association between immunity and personality. The risk-of-parasitism hypothesis predicts that more proactive (bold, exploratory, risk-taking) individuals have more vigorous immune defenses because of increased risk of parasite exposure. In contrast, the pace-of-life hypothesis argues that proactive behavioral styles are associated with shorter lifespans and reduced investment in immune function. Mechanistically, associations between immunity and personality can arise because personality differences are often associated with differences in condition and stress responsiveness, both of which are intricately linked with immunity. Here we investigate the association between personality (measured as proactive exploration of a novel environment) and three indices of innate immune function (the non-specific first line of defense against parasites) in wild superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus. We also quantified body condition, hemoparasites (none detected), chronic stress (heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) and circulating corticosterone levels at the end of the behavioral test (CORT, in a subset of birds). We found that fast explorers had lower titers of natural antibodies. This result is consistent with the pace-of-life hypothesis, and with the previously documented higher mortality of fast explorers in this species. There was no interactive effect of exploration score and duration in captivity on immune indices. This suggests that personality-related differences in stress responsiveness did not underlie differences in immunity, even though behavioral style did modulate the effect of captivity on CORT. Taken together these results suggest reduced constitutive investment in innate immune function in more proactive individuals., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
167. MHC class II β exon 2 variation in pardalotes (Pardalotidae) is shaped by selection, recombination and gene conversion.
- Author
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Balasubramaniam S, Mulder RA, Sunnucks P, Pavlova A, and Melville J
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Species Specificity, Exons genetics, Gene Conversion genetics, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II genetics, Passeriformes genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Recombination, Genetic genetics, Selection, Genetic genetics
- Abstract
The high levels of polymorphism and allelic diversity which characterise genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are thought to be generated and maintained through the combined effects of different evolutionary processes. Here, we characterised exon 2 of the MHC class II β genes in two congeneric passerine species, the spotted (Pardalotus punctatus) and striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus). We estimated the levels of allelic diversity and tested for signatures of recombination, gene conversion and balancing selection to determine if these processes have influenced MHC variation in the two species. Both species showed high levels of polymorphism and allelic diversity, as well as evidence of multiple gene loci and putative pseudogenes based on the presence of stop codons. We found higher levels of MHC diversity in the striated pardalote than the spotted pardalote, based on the levels of individual heterozygosity, sequence divergence and number of polymorphic sites. The observed differences may reflect variable selection pressure on the species, resulting from differences in patterns of movement among populations. We identified strong signatures of historical balancing selection, recombination and gene conversion at the sequence level, indicating that MHC variation in the two species has been shaped by a combination of processes.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
168. Geographically pervasive effects of urban noise on frequency and syllable rate of songs and calls in silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis).
- Author
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Potvin DA, Parris KM, and Mulder RA
- Subjects
- Animals, Australia, Environment, Learning, Male, Noise, Songbirds physiology, Vocalization, Animal
- Abstract
Recent studies in the Northern Hemisphere have shown that songbirds living in noisy urban environments sing at higher frequencies than their rural counterparts. However, several aspects of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. These include the geographical scale over which such patterns occur (most studies have compared local populations), and whether they involve phenotypic plasticity or microevolutionary change. We conducted a field study of silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) vocalizations over more than 1 million km(2) of urban and rural south-eastern Australia, and compared possible effects of urban noise on songs (which are learned) and contact calls (which are innate). Across 14 paired urban and rural populations, silvereyes consistently sang both songs and contact calls at higher frequencies in urban environments. Syllable rate (syllables per second) decreased in urban environments, consistent with the hypothesis that reflective structures degrade song and encourage longer intervals between syllables. This comprehensive study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate varied adaptations of urban bird vocalizations over a vast geographical area, and to provide insight into the mechanism responsible for these changes.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
169. Can we measure the benefits of help in cooperatively breeding birds: the case of superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus?
- Author
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Cockburn A, Sims RA, Osmond HL, Green DJ, Double MC, and Mulder RA
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Climate, Clutch Size, Female, Helping Behavior, Male, Models, Biological, Sex Factors, Behavior, Animal, Cooperative Behavior, Models, Statistical, Reproduction physiology, Songbirds physiology
- Abstract
1. Correlational studies of reproductive success are plagued by difficulty over the direction of causation. For example, improved reproductive success with age can result from increased experience or reproductive effort, or selection against low-quality phenotypes that survive poorly. An association between supernumeraries and reproductive success in cooperative breeders can arise either because supernumeraries boost productivity, or productive territories accumulate supernumeraries. 2. Paired comparisons of parents sampled with and without supernumeraries have recently been widely applied to quantify help. However, Dickinson & Hatchwell (2004) have argued that this approach is flawed. They conjectured that those groups that gain supernumeraries are a biased superior sample of those that initially lack supernumeraries, while groups that lose supernumeraries will be a sample of inferior cooperative groups. They predict that these biased comparisons will underestimate the effect of help. 3. This conjecture has neither been explored theoretically, nor empirically tested. We use data from a 19-year study of the superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus to examine the conjecture and derive predictors of annual reproductive success in this species. 4. We introduce statistical models of reproductive success based on a zero-inflated Poisson link function to identify three strong correlates of reproductive success: high spring rainfall, progress from the first to later years of life, and acquisition of supernumeraries. 5. First year females that died after breeding and those that survived to breed again had similar productivity. As female productivity improves with age, increased reproductive skill or effort is implicated rather than selection against inferior phenotypes. 6. We argue that the Dickinson-Hatchwell conjecture does not constrain paired comparisons in M. cyaneus. The dominant male and breeding female gain no immediate fecundity advantage from supernumeraries. 7. Effects on the future survival of dominants are even more difficult, as while helpers could enhance survival of dominants, a territory that facilitates survival should also accumulate philopatric supernumeraries. Males, the philopatric sex, did not survive better on territories with supernumeraries. However, females, the dispersive sex, had higher survival as the number of supernumeraries increased, because helpers allowed them to reduce the costs of reproduction. These data exacerbate the paradox posed by previously reported costs that supernumeraries impose on dominant males.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
170. Demography of male reproductive queues in cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus.
- Author
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Cockburn A, Osmond HL, Mulder RA, Double MC, and Green DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Behavior, Animal physiology, Choice Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Male, Territoriality, Ecosystem, Reproduction physiology, Sexual Behavior, Animal physiology, Social Dominance, Songbirds physiology
- Abstract
1. Subordinate helpers in cooperative societies may gain both immediate and future benefits, including paternity and territorial inheritance. However, if such opportunities correlate with rank in the queue, it is unclear why such queues should be stable. 2. In cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus, only males are generally philopatric, and form stable hierarchical queues for the dominant position. 3. Male opportunities for reproduction are influenced both by their dominance status within the group, and their relatedness to the breeding female. For young queuing subordinates, the breeding female is typically their mother. Because of incest avoidance, reproduction is possible only through extra-group mating, even if the dominant position is achieved while the mother is still on the territory. If the mother dies while the helper is still a subordinate, he can seek matings both outside the group, and with the unrelated replacement female within the group. Finally, males can achieve the dominant position and pair with an unrelated female by inheritance, dispersal to a neighbouring vacancy, or by forming a liaison with an immigrant subordinate female that causes fission of the natal territory. 4. On average males spent more time living with unrelated females than with their mother. Subordinate males gained no survival advantages when living with their mother rather than an unrelated female, contrary to the prediction that parents facilitate the survival of their offspring. 5. Dominants and subordinates also had similar survival. Mortality accelerated over time, probably because older males invest more in extra-group courtship display. 6. Fairy-wren queues are likely to be stable because older birds are superior, and because extra-pair mating provides direct benefits to subordinates.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
171. Male heterozygosity predicts territory size, song structure and reproductive success in a cooperatively breeding bird.
- Author
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Seddon N, Amos W, Mulder RA, and Tobias JA
- Subjects
- Animals, Birds physiology, Heterozygote, Madagascar, Male, Microsatellite Repeats genetics, Regression Analysis, Seasons, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Birds genetics, Genetic Variation, Reproduction physiology, Territoriality, Vocalization, Animal physiology
- Abstract
Recent studies of non-social animals have shown that sexually selected traits signal at least one measure of genetic quality: heterozygosity. To determine whether similar cues reveal group quality in more complex social systems, we examined the relationship between territory size, song structure and heterozygosity in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi), a group-living bird endemic to Madagascar. Using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, we found that heterozygosity predicted both the size of territories and the structure of songs used to defend them: more heterozygous groups had larger territories, and more heterozygous males used longer, lower-pitched trills in their songs. Heterozygosity was linked to territory size and song structure in males, but not in females, implying that these traits are sexually selected by female choice and/or male-male competition. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence in any animal that territory size is related to genetic diversity. We also found a positive association between seasonal reproductive success and heterozygosity, suggesting that this heritable characteristic is a reliable indicator of group quality and fitness. Given that heterozygosity predicts song structure in males, and can therefore be determined by listening to acoustic cues, we identify a mechanism by which social animals may assess rival groups, prospective partners and group mates, information of potential importance in guiding decisions related to conflict, breeding and dispersal.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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