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Forensic examiners routinely compare a crime-relevant mark of unknown origin against a single suspect's sample, which may create an expectation that the two will match. We tested how embedding the suspect's sample among known-innocent fillers (i.e., an "evidence lineup") affects expert decision-making. Experienced fingerprint examiners (N = 43) compared crime-relevant marks against either individual suspect fingerprints (i.e., the standard procedure) or arrays of fingerprints (i.e., evidence lineups), with a matching fingerprint either present or absent. Evidence lineups promoted conservative decision-making, as evidenced by fewer correct IDs and a higher rate of inconclusive judgments. Though errors were rare, evidence lineups also occasionally revealed errors that would have otherwise gone undetected. Our findings thus support arguments that evidence lineups can expose fraud, identify flawed methodologies, and curb overconfidence. The potential benefits and challenges of implementing evidence lineups in forensic laboratories are discussed.

Author(s): Timothy A. Goudge [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Alexander M. Morgan [sup.4] [sup.5] , Gaia Stucky de Quay [sup.1] [sup.2] , Caleb I. Fassett [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of [...], The surface environment of early Mars had an active hydrologic cycle, including flowing liquid water that carved river valleys.sup.1-3 and filled lake basins.sup.4-6. Over 200 of these lake basins filled with sufficient water to breach the confining topography.sup.4,6, causing catastrophic flooding and incision of outlet canyons.sup.7-10. Much past work has recognized the local importance of lake breach floods on Mars for rapidly incising large valleys.sup.7-12; however, on a global scale, valley systems have often been interpreted as recording more persistent fluvial erosion linked to a distributed Martian hydrologic cycle.sup.1-3,13-16. Here, we demonstrate the global importance of lake breach flooding, and find that it was responsible for eroding at least 24% of the volume of incised valleys on early Mars, despite representing only approximately 3% of total valley length. We conclude that lake breach floods were a major geomorphic process responsible for valley incision on early Mars, which in turn influenced the topographic form of many Martian valley systems and the broader landscape evolution of the cratered highlands. Our results indicate that the importance of lake breach floods should be considered when reconstructing the formative conditions for Martian valley systems. Lake breach flooding rapidly eroded almost a quarter of the volume of incised valleys on early Mars, influencing the topography of the wider Martian landscape.

Author(s): Isabel M. Martínez [sup.1] , Isabella Meneghel [sup.1] , Marcos Carmona-Halty [sup.2] , Carolyn M. Youssef-Morgan [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.9612.c, 0000 0001 1957 9153, Department of Social Psychology. [...], Psychological Capital is a construct that is experiencing strong growth within the framework of Positive Psychology. In work contexts, it has been related to employee performance, wellbeing, attitudes, and behaviors. In educational contexts, particularly non-English-speaking contexts, there is hardly any research on this topic, mostly due to the lack of assessment and measurement instruments. In general, most studies use the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) by Luthans et al. (Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572, 2007 (See CR26)) as a measure. The purpose of the present study is the validation of a 12-item PCQ that is adapted to the academic context and translated to Spanish. A sample of 1126 undergraduate students from two different universities located in Spain (n = 596) and Chile (n = 530) participated in the study. The current study demonstrates -through reliability (alpha and omega indexes), single group and multiple group confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity (Pearson's correlations)- that the Spanish academic PCQ-12 is a reliable and valid indicator of academic psychological capital.

Introduction: Women are underrepresented in volunteer non-player roles in community sporting clubs, particularly in traditionally male sports such as football (soccer), where participation rates for men and boys remain higher than women and girls. Experiences of women volunteering in community sporting clubs are not well-represented in research literature. By exploring women's experiences volunteering in community Australian Football clubs, the present research aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators of women's participation in volunteer non-player community sport club roles. Our intention is that our findings will provide empirical basis for the design of efficacious evidence-based interventions and initiatives to help close the gender gap of volunteerism rates and experiences, thus facilitating equal opportunities for women to access associated individual social, physical, and mental health benefits of sports volunteering. Method: We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with six women from four Australian Football clubs, to determine barriers and facilitators to volunteering. Results: Reflexive thematic analysis of barriers generated six themes: high expectations of self, intersectionality (of gender with motherhood or race), constrained resources, interpersonal disconnection, lack of organisational support and structure, and gender role assumptions and stereotypes. Analysis of facilitators produced six themes: having or building confidence, positive reinforcement, social connection, deliberate efforts to engage women, role autonomy and shaping, and supportive culture within a club or governing body. Discussion: Findings revealed that impacts on women's development in non-player roles exist at the individual level, including the interaction of gender, race, and parental status, but also extend beyond this to personal, interpersonal, organisational, and sociocultural factors. Given our research findings we make seven recommendations for governing bodies and community football clubs to enhance volunteering gender equity: 1. Establish support for women by dividing work evenly among volunteers; 2. Provide clear descriptions of non-player roles; 3. Match the skill sets of new women volunteers to suitable roles; 4. Implement mentorship programs to aid collaboration among women who volunteer; 5. Educate communities about gender biases and assumptions; 6. Monitor and seek feedback on gendered task allocation to ensure women's unpaid labour is not disproportionate to men's; and 7. Promote and publicise women in non-player roles to enhance women's visibility and acceptance in community football clubs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a plant growth‐promoting peptide hormone that is perceived by its cell surface receptors PSKR1 and PSKR2 in Arabidopsis. Plants lacking the PSK receptors show phenotypes consistent with PSK signaling repressing some plant defenses. To gain further insight into the PSK signaling mechanism, comprehensive transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis treated with PSK was performed, and the effects of PSK treatment on plant defense readouts were monitored. Our study indicates that PSK's major effect is to downregulate defense‐related genes; it has a more modest effect on the induction of growth‐related genes. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) emerged as key regulators of PSK‐responsive genes, sharing commonality with a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP) responses, flagellin 22 (flg22), but exhibiting opposite regulatory directions. These PSK‐induced transcriptional changes were accompanied by biochemical and physiological changes that reduced PAMP responses, notably mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MPK) phosphorylation (previously implicated in WRKY activation) and the cell wall modification of callose deposition. Comparison with previous studies using other growth stimuli (the sulfated plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine [PSY] and Pseudomonas simiae strain WCS417) also reveals WRKY TFs' overrepresentations in these pathways, suggesting a possible shared mechanism involving WRKY TFs for plant growth–defense trade‐off. Significance Statement: Our study reveals that phytosulfokine (PSK) promotes plant growth by suppressing defense mechanisms, highlighting a key link between growth regulation and immune response. By demonstrating how PSK downregulates WRKY TFs and associated kinase activity, this research provides valuable insights into plant biology, offering potential strategies for improving crop yield and pathogen resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Level of Evidence The aim of this study is to assess agreement between retrospectively and prospectively collected patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS).Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy from 2021 to 2023 for FAIS completed preoperative PROMs, including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and the Non‐Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS). Post‐operatively, patients were surveyed and asked to recall their preoperative hip function. Paired two‐sample t tests were used to compare baseline and recalled baseline PROMs and the difference between scores was compared to previously published minimally clinically important difference (MCID) values. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to test the reliability between scores based on a single‐rater, two‐way mixed‐effects model. Multivariable regression, accounting for age, sex and preoperative baseline scores, was used to evaluate the relationship of time elapsed since surgery with recall accuracy.A total of 116 patients (age: 37.6 ± 11.8 years; 61.2% female) were included. The mean time elapsed for recalled data was 13.1 months (range: 1–27 months). Overall, patients' recalled scores were significantly lower than those prospectively collected (mHHS: 52.9 ± 20.1 vs. 61.5 ± 18.5, p < 0.0001; NAHS: 54.7 ± 20.0 vs. 58.8 ± 19.1, p < 0.0001). Frequency distribution found 68.1% of recalled mHHS and 61.2% of NAHS scores to have a greater difference (between baseline and recalled scores) than the MCID. The ICC was moderate for both mHHS (ICC = 0.559, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.420‐0.672], p < 0.001) and NAHS (ICC = 0.612, 95% CI = [0.484–0.714], p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis did not find time elapsed since surgery to be associated with the difference between baseline and recalled mHHS (n.s.) or NAHS (n.s.).There are significant differences between retrospective and prospectively collected PROMs in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy that are not predicted by time to recall. These findings should impact the interpretation of the existing literature, support the routine collection of prospective data and inform patient counsel regarding their perceived post‐operative outcomes.Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persons with mental illness (PWMI) and other marginalised groups in society are especially receptive to procedurally fair treatment by police, especially given its potential to therapeutically de-escalate a mental health crisis. Yet PWMI often report feeling criminalised and dehumanised during police encounters whilst suffering mental health crises. Since health care workers are often present when police respond to PWMI in crisis, their perceptions regarding how police should (and do) respond to PWMI provides important knowledge for procedural justice scholarship. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with health care workers, this research applies a procedural justice lens to explore the ways in which police interact with PWMI in crisis. The findings from the study argue that whilst police often interact with PWMI using procedurally just techniques, several challenges and limitations often hinder the procedurally just treatment of PWMI by police. This paper argues that the police need to further solidify formal and informal collaborative working relationships with health care workers to harness just and appropriate responses to PWMI in crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Current clinical risk stratification methods for localized prostate cancer are suboptimal, leading to over- and undertreatment. Recently, machine learning approaches using digital histopathology have shown superior prognostic ability in phase III trials. This study aims to develop a clinically usable risk grouping system using multimodal artificial intelligence (MMAI) models that outperform current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cohort comprised 9,787 patients with localized prostate cancer from eight NRG Oncology randomized phase III trials, treated with radiation therapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Locked MMAI models, which used digital histopathology images and clinical data, were applied to each patient. Expert consensus on cut points defined low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups on the basis of 10-year distant metastasis rates of 3% and 10%, respectively. The MMAI's reclassification and prognostic performance were compared with the three-tier NCCN risk groups. RESULTS: The median follow-up for censored patients was 7.9 years. According to NCCN risk categories, 30.4% of patients were low-risk, 25.5% intermediate-risk, and 44.1% high-risk. The MMAI risk classification identified 43.5% of patients as low-risk, 34.6% as intermediate-risk, and 21.8% as high-risk. MMAI reclassified 1,039 (42.0%) patients initially categorized by NCCN. Despite the MMAI low-risk group being larger than the NCCN low-risk group, the 10-year metastasis risks were comparable: 1.7% (95% CI, 0.2 to 3.2) for NCCN and 3.2% (95% CI, 1.7 to 4.7) for MMAI. The overall 10-year metastasis risk for NCCN high-risk patients was 16.6%, with MMAI further stratifying this group into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk, showing metastasis rates of 3.4%, 8.2%, and 26.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The MMAI risk grouping system expands the population of men identified as having low metastatic risk and accurately pinpoints a high-risk subset with elevated metastasis rates. This approach aims to prevent both overtreatment and undertreatment in localized prostate cancer, facilitating shared decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Develop and validate gene expression–based biomarker associated with recurrent disease to facilitate risk stratification of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 110 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for ccRCC (discovery cohort). Patients who recurred were matched on the basis of grade/stage to patients without recurrence. Capture whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on RNA isolated from archival tissue using the Illumina platform. We developed a gene-expression signature to predict recurrence-free survival/disease-free survival (DFS) using a 15-fold lasso and elastic-net regularized linear Cox model. We derived the 31-gene cell cycle progression (mxCCP) score using RNA-seq data for each patient. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazard testing were used to validate the independent prognostic impact of the gene-expression signature on DFS, disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) in two validation data sets (combined n = 761). RESULTS: After quality control, the discovery cohort comprised 50 patients with recurrence and 41 patients without, with a median follow-up of 26 and 36 months, respectively. We developed a 15-gene (15G) signature, which was independently associated with worse DFS and DSS (DFS: hazard ratio [HR], 11.08 [95% CI, 4.9 to 25.1]; DSS: HR, 9.67 [95% CI, 3.4 to 27.7]) in a multivariable model adjusting for clinicopathologic parameters (including stage, size, grade, and necrosis [SSIGN] score and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram) and mxCCP score. The 15G signature was also independently associated with worse DFS and DSS in both validation data sets (Validation A [n = 382], DFS: HR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.6 to 4.3]; DSS: HR, 3 [95% CI, 1.4 to 6.1] and Validation B (n = 379), DFS: HR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.2 to 3.6]; OS: HR, 3 [95% CI, 1.6 to 5.7]) adjusting for clinicopathologic variables and mxCCP score. CONCLUSION: We developed and validated a novel 15G prognostic signature to improve risk stratification of patients with ccRCC. Pending further validation, this signature has the potential to facilitate optimal treatment allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common pediatric infections. This study evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 3511 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolated from pediatric patients in the United States from 2014 to 2023. The database from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program from 89 medical centers was utilized as a data source. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the microbroth dilution technique against 24 antimicrobial agents. MICs were determined using the CLSI/EUCAST/FDA breakpoint criteria. All the antimicrobials reported susceptibility rates above 80% except for tetracycline (76.2%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (69.7%), and ampicillin–sulbactam (55.7%). During the study period, the susceptibility rates remained stable for most antimicrobial agents. However, significant differences were observed among age, gender, and U.S. census regions, with the Middle Atlantic showing the lowest and the Mountain region the highest susceptibility rates, for most antimicrobials. The incidence of ESBL UPEC increased from 7.1% to 10.8% between 2014 and 2023, while the prevalence of the MDR phenotype remained relatively stable. The prevalence of both ESBL and MDR phenotypes was highest among infants and young children (0–24 months), with the highest resistance rates from the Pacific region. Knowledge of the landscape of antibiotic resistance in pediatric UPEC will help healthcare providers to better tailor empiric treatment regimens for most UTI infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne bacteria like Escherichia coli threaten global food security, necessitating affordable, on-site detection methods, especially in resource-limited settings. This study optimized loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) integrated with peroxidase-mimicking G-quadruplex DNA structures (DNAzyme), termed DNAzyme-LAMP which was designed to incorporate two different catalytic DNAzymes per amplification unit, enabling colorimetric detection of E. coli in leafy vegetables and milk samples. Additionally, we introduce a novel electrochemical method that enhances analytical sensitivity. The optimized DNAzyme-LAMP achieved a detection limit below 6.3 CFU per reaction or 0.1 aM gene copies. This system lays the groundwork for the development of on-site biosensors and can be adapted for detecting other foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our goal was to quantify the ability of various PSA values in predicting the likelihood of developing metastatic or fatal prostate cancer in older men. Materials and Methods: We used a random sample of patients in the US Veterans Health Administration to identify 80,706 men who had received PSA testing between ages 70 to 75. Our primary end point was time to development of either metastatic prostate cancer or death from prostate cancer. We used cumulative/dynamic modeling to account for competing events (death from non–prostate cancer causes) in studying both the discriminative ability of PSA as well as for positive predictive value and negative predictive value at 3 time points. Results: PSA demonstrated time-dependent predictive discrimination, with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve at 5, 10, and 14 years decreasing from 0.83 to 0.77 to 0.73, respectively, but without statistically significant difference when stratified by race. At PSA thresholds between 1 and 8 ng/mL, the positive predictive value of developing advanced prostate cancer was significantly greater in Black than White patients. For instance, at a PSA > 3, at 5, 10, and 14 years, White patients had 2.4%, 2.9%, and 3.7% risk of an event, whereas Black patients had 4.3%, 6.5%, and 8.3% risk. Conclusions: In men aged 70 to 75 deciding whether to cease PSA testing with borderline-elevated PSA values, the risk of developing metastatic or fatal prostate cancer is quantifiable and relatively low. Risk assessment in this setting must account for the higher incidence of prostate cancer in Black men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Furosemide, a commonly used diuretic, activates the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) in other species. Little is known about RAAS peptide activation in horses. Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate equilibrium analysis as a practical method for RAAS quantification in horses and describe the RAAS response to a single dose of furosemide. We hypothesize that furosemide would cause transient increase in RAAS peptides in horses. Animals: 14 healthy adult thoroughbreds from a university teaching herd. Methods: Horses received either furosemide (1 mg/kg IV) or saline IV in a crossover study design. Protease‐inhibited samples were compared with equilibrium analysis samples with Deming regression analysis. Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system hormones were evaluated at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 4, and 24 hours postadministration, via equilibrium analysis. Values were compared with a mixed effects model. Results: Correlation between protease inhibition and equilibrium analysis was high for angiotensin I peptide (AngI) and angiotensin II peptide (AngII) (r =.92 and.95, respectively). Baseline RAAS peptide concentrations were below the limit of detection except AngII (median, 7.5 [range, 3.5‐14.0] pmol/L). Furosemide administration resulted in an increase in AngI (8.0 [0.5‐15.5] pmol/L, P =.03), AngII (33.7 [9.6‐57.9] pmol/L, P =.0008), angiotensin III peptide (AngIII) (2.9 [0.9‐4.9] pmol/L, P =.0005), angiotensin IV peptide (AngIV) (2.0 [0.6‐3.4] pmol/L, P =.0005), and angiotensin 1‐5 peptide (Ang1‐5) (5.6 [1.2‐5.9] pmol/L, P =.003) at 4 hours. Differences are reported as difference in the mean (95% confidence interval [CI]). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Furosemide produced an increase in hormones associated with both the classical and alternative RAAS pathways. Serum equilibrium analysis is practical for RAAS analysis in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching mission of Death Cafes is to raise people's consciousness about life's temporality so that they make the most of their finite lives. Death Cafés create a space for people to gather and have an open dialogue about death and dying. The current qualitative research study explores the experience of nine participants who engage in Death Cafes as facilitators or attendees. Findings including themes of "The Setting", "The Players", and "The Conversation" explore the experiences of Death Cafe participation. Discussion of findings and implications include death rituals, commercialization of death experiences, and the supportive community of the Death Cafe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eponyms are widely used in the field of orthopedic surgery, including for surgical instruments. Although their use is at times controversial, an appreciation of the history behind eponymous terms allows one to both recognize the shortcomings of the past and simultaneously be inspired by ingenious inventors. The primary purpose of this review is to provide a historical perspective of clamps and forceps commonly used in orthopedic surgery, to better appreciate the evolution of their use over time, and to inspire innovation to constantly improve upon surgical instrumentation as the field of orthopedic surgery advances. [Orthopedics. 2024;47(6):e287–e291.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: The objective was to assess trends in hysterectomy routes by patients who are likely and unlikely candidates for a vaginal approach. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent vaginal, abdominal, or laparoscopic/robotics-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy between 2017 and 2020 using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients undergoing hysterectomy for a primary diagnosis of benign uterine pathology, dysplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, or pelvic floor disorders were eligible for inclusion. Patients who were parous, had no history of pelvic or abdominal surgery, and had a uterine weight ≤ 280 g on pathology were considered likely candidates for vaginal hysterectomy based on an algorithm developed to guide the surgical approach. Average annual changes in the proportion of likely vaginal hysterectomy candidates and route of hysterectomy were assessed using logistic regression. Results: Of the 77,829 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 13,738 (17.6%) were likely vaginal hysterectomy candidates. Among likely vaginal hysterectomy candidates, the rate of vaginal hysterectomy was 34.5%, whereas among unlikely vaginal hysterectomy candidates, it was 14.1%. The overall vaginal hysterectomy rate decreased −1.2%/year (p < 0.01). This decreasing trend was nearly twice as rapid among likely vaginal hysterectomy candidates (−1.9%/year, p <.01) compared with unlikely vaginal hysterectomy candidates (−1.1%/year, P < 0.01); the difference in trends was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The rate of vaginal hysterectomy performed for eligible indications decreased between 2017 and 2020 in a national surgical registry. This negative trend was more pronounced among patients who were likely candidates for vaginal hysterectomy based on favorable parity, surgical history, and uterine weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in drug metabolism may alter drug efficacy and cause toxicity; better understanding of the mechanisms and risks shall help to practice precision medicine. At the 21st International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations held in Davis, California, USA, in October 2-6, 2016, a number of speakers reported some new findings and ongoing studies on the regulation mechanisms behind variable drug metabolism and toxicity, and discussed potential implications to personalized medications. A considerably insightful overview was provided on genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and drug response. Altered drug metabolism and disposition as well as molecular mechanisms among diseased and special populations were presented. In addition, the roles of gut microbiota in drug metabolism and toxicology as well as long non-coding RNAs in liver functions and diseases were discussed. These findings may offer new insights into improved understanding of ADME regulatory mechanisms and advance drug metabolism research.