Search

Plywood exposed for more than 21 yr to continuous weathering and use as the roof decking of portable hog houses was found to have strength properties comparable to those expected in new plywood. Tests of 10 panels in flexure, rolling shear, and shear-through-the-thickness, conducted according to ASTM standards, showed the weathered plywood to have structural properties sufficient to justify use of the currently published design stresses. Comparison of bending properties of specimens with weathered face ply intact with specimens in which the weathered face ply had been removed suggested no significant degradation due to weathering.

For two decades Pearl Buck was the most prolific and popular American interpreter of China. Her commentary appeared in such widely read journals as The New Republic, New York Times Magazine, Life, and Reader's Digest. Her influence over the popular imagination, measured by such crude indices as polls, interviews, and book sales, was enormous. Her unique insight on China and her commitment and effectiveness as a publicist enabled her to transform the personal vision of an unchanging, earthbound China which she had shaped in the 1920s into a national vision during the following two decades. Buck's influence rested essentially on the success of The Good Earth, which, more than any other single contemporary work, shaped an American image of China. During Buck's heyday it sold more than a million and a half copies, a very impressive figure in those days before the economical paperback book. Translated into more than 30 foreign languages, it was known worldwide. By 1972 total sales had mounted to well over four

THE TURN OF THE CENTURY witnessed a dramatic transformation of the American role in world affairs. The Spanish-American War, the Boxer crisis in China, and the seizure of an Isthmian canal resulted, in the span of a few years, in the United States assuming control over peoples in such farflung places as the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, China, and Panama. These articles seek a deeper understanding of the significance of that transformation and the nature of that control by examining the interaction between American occupiers and foreign occupied in four distinct cases. The occupations treated here--Cuba, two regions of the Philippines, and Peking-display a considerable variety whether considered with regard to American motives, the length and intensity of the American commitment, or the local conditions which Americans encountered. But whatever

Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) are defined as housing developments that are not planned or designed for older people, but which over time come to house largely older people. NORCs are of interest because they differ from the stereotypical retirement community (RC) and yet are probably the most common form of RC in the U.S. An analysis of NORCs is presented by examining their evolution and comparing them to planned RCs and community-based housing. A supportive neighborhood emerges as the common denominator in each living arrangement.

A GENERATION TROUBLED BY THE Vietnam War has grown accustomed to expect the worst when Americans come into contact with Asians. The occupation of Peking by the U.S. Army (August 1900-May 1901) was one of those situations rich in potential for conflict and abuse of power. The army came to China as part of an international force assembled to put down the Boxer movement and protect foreign interests. It arrived unprepared for the occupation duties it assumed as a consequence of intervention. The army carried with it no experts on China. The only obvious sources of guidance were the American missionary sinologues and their English-speaking Chinese followers. Both were in a bitter and vengeful mood after a summer of suffering. The arriving American troops, dispatched from the Philippines, were no better disposed toward the Chinese. They shared the contemporary American image of the Chinese as a backward and contemptible people. By the time they had reached the China coast in July 1900, it was alive with tales of terrible atrocities suffered by foreign missionaries

Historians of various “schools” have seen quite different things in the United States’ long years of business activity in China. The “realists” as Professor Hunt calls them, deny that significant business opportunities existed for Americans and point to obstacles that the Chinese put in the way of trade; the “Wisconsin school,” he says, emphasizes the public rhetoric of officials and businessmen who saw China as an outlet for capitalist surpluses. Citing three case histories — kerosene, cigarettes, and textiles — Professor Hunt shows that generalization is dangerous; that success depended more on businessmen's own skill, resources, and control of their domestic industry than on help derived from an imperialistically minded government.

According to prevailing historical opinion, the United States made reasonable claims against China after the Boxer rising in 1900 and later spontaneously remitted the surplus indemnity as an act of friendship. In gratitude, the Chinese freely determined to use the returned funds to educate Chinese in the United States. The records of the Chinese foreign office and the Department of State suggest a different story. In 1901 John Hay intentionally inflated American claims against China despite protests that his demand of $25,000,000 was excessive (in fact twice real claims). After three years of persistent effort, the Chinese Minister to the United States committed the reluctant Roosevelt administration to return of the surplus. But W. W. Rockhill, the Minister in Peking, feared the Chinese would squander the money and campaigned to have the funds devoted exclusively to education even though the Chinese government preferred projects of more immediate benefit. In 1908 Yuan Shih-k'ai and Hsu Shih-ch'ang sent a subordinate, T'ang Shao-i, to Washington to propose use of the funds in Manchuria. However, the Roosevelt administration, already won by the education scheme, rebuffed T'ang. The remission was accomplished essentially on American terms in 1909.

THE DISSOLUTION, transport, and deposition of metallic oxides is an important factor in the operation of the high-pressure water circuit of modern power station boiler units. As feedwater purity improves, the relative importance of the metallic oxide impurities, which result largely from the corrosion of the water circuit containment itself, increases. A major parameter in each of the processes quoted above is the solubility of the oxide species in the high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous environment, but there is little data available for the systems of greatest practical significance, Fe304-H20, CuO-H20, and Cu20-H20. Sweeton et al. (8, 9) have studied the subcritical solubility of magnetite, Fe3O4, as a function of chloride ion concentration, while a small area of the supercritical solubility diagram for the system Fe304-H20 has been explored by Martynova (6). The measurements made by Pocock and Stewart (7) in the systems Cu-H20, Cu20-H20, and CuO-H20 were over a restricted range of pressure and temperature, and the results showed considerable scatter. In the present work, the solubility of cupric oxide, CuO, has been measured in pure water of pH 7.5 over the temperature range 50" to 550°C. and along a series of isobars between 3500 and 6000 p.s.i.g.

SummaryObjectiveTo determine whether hip abductor and adductor muscle strengthening reduces medial compartment knee load and improves symptoms in people with medial tibiofemoral OA and varus malalignment.MethodsIn a randomised controlled trial, 89 participants were randomly allocated to a hip strengthening group or to a control group with no intervention. The strengthening group performed a physiotherapist-supervised home exercise program targeting the hip abductor and adductor muscles for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the peak external knee adduction moment measured using three-dimensional gait analysis by a blinded assessor. Secondary outcomes included a pain numeric rating scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, step test, stair climb test, maximum isometric strength of hip and quadriceps muscles and participant-perceived rating of overall change. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using linear regression modelling adjusting for baseline outcomes and other characteristics.ResultsThe trial was completed by 76/89 participants (85%). There was no significant between-group difference in change in the knee adduction moment [mean difference (95% confidence interval (CI)) 0.134 (−0.069 to 0.337) Nm/BW×HT%]. All pain, physical function and muscle strength measures showed significantly greater improvement in the strengthening group (all P

SummaryObjectiveTo examine the feasibility of a 10-week gait modification program in people with medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis (OA), and to assess changes in clinical and biomechanical outcomes.DesignFifteen people with medial knee OA completed 10 weeks of gait modification focusing on increasing toe-out angle during stance 10° compared to their self-selected angle measured at baseline. In addition to adherence and performance difficulty outcomes, knee joint symptoms (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale and total score, numerical rating scale (NRS) of pain), and knee joint loading during gait (late stance peak knee adduction moment (KAM)) were assessed.ResultsParticipants were able to perform the toe-out gait modification program with minimal to moderate difficulty, and exhibited significant increases in self-selected toe-out angle during walking (P

SummaryObjectiveTo compare the energy expenditure of increased lateral trunk lean walking – a suggested method of reducing medial compartment knee joint load – compared to normal walking in a population of older adults with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodParticipants completed two randomly-presented treadmill walking conditions: 15 min of normal walking or walking with ten degrees of peak lateral trunk lean. Lateral trunk lean angle was displayed in front of the participant in real-time during treadmill conditions. Energy expenditure (VO2 and METs), heart rate (HR), peak lateral trunk lean angle, knee pain and perceived exertion were measured and differences between conditions were compared using paired t-tests.ResultsTwelve participants (five males, mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 64.1 (9.4) years, body mass index (BMI) 28.3 (4.9) kg/m²) participated. All measures were significantly elevated in the lateral trunk lean condition (P

Background: Muscle function may influence the risk of knee injury and outcomes following injury. Clinical tests, such as a single-limb mini squat, resemble conditions of daily life and are easy to administer. Fewer squats per 30 seconds indicate poorer function. However, the quality of movement, such as the medio-lateral knee motion may also be important. The aim was to validate an observational clinical test of assessing the medio-lateral knee motion, using a three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis system. In addition, the inter-rater reliability was evaluated. Methods Twenty-five (17 women) non-injured participants (mean age 25.6 years, range 18-37) were included. Visual analysis of the medio-lateral knee motion, scored as knee-over-foot or knee-medial-to-foot by two raters, and 3-D kinematic data were collected simultaneously during a single-limb mini squat. Frontal plane 2-D peak tibial, thigh, and knee varus-valgus angles, and 3-D peak hip internal-external rotation, and knee varus-valgus angles were calculated. Results Ten subjects were scored as having a knee-medial-to-foot position and 15 subjects a knee-over-foot position assessed by visual inspection. In 2-D, the peak tibial angle (mean 89.0 (SE 0.7) vs mean 86.3 (SE 0.4) degrees, p = 0.001) and peak thigh angle (mean 77.4 (SE 1.0) vs mean 81.2 (SE 0.5) degrees, p = 0.001) with respect to the horizontal, indicated that the knee was more medially placed than the ankle and thigh, respectively. Thus, the knee was in more valgus (mean 11.6 (SE 1.5) vs 5.0 (SE 0.8) degrees, p < 0.001) in subjects with the knee-medial-to-foot than in those with a knee-over-foot position. In 3-D, the hip was more internally rotated in those with a knee-medial-to-foot than in those with a knee-over-foot position (mean 10.6 (SE 2.1) vs 4.8 (SE 1.8) degrees, p = 0.049), but there was no difference in knee valgus (mean 6.1 (SE 1.8) vs mean 5.0 (SE 1.2) degrees, p = 0.589). The kappa value and percent agreement, respectively, was >0.90 and 96 between raters. Conclusions Medio-lateral motion of the knee can reliably be assessed during a single-leg mini-squat. The test is valid in 2-D, while the actual movement, in 3-D, is mainly exhibited as increased internal hip rotation. The single-limb mini squat is feasible and easy to administer in the clinical setting and in research to address lower extremity movement quality.

The relationship between amine structure and the nature of the products obtained in their reaction with 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-dinitrobenzene has been investigated. Primary amines react by displacing a nitro group whereas acyclic secondary amines, in general, reacted by replacing a chlorine atom from a position ortho to a nitro group. The reactivity of cyclic secondary amines, e.g. piperidine was more variable. These results have been rationalised in terms of steric and electronic effects.

1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-dinitrobenzene (TCDNB) has been treated with a number of bidentate nucleophiles, all of which contained at least one amino or methylamino group. Diamines of the type H2N(CH2)nNHR (R = H or Me, n= 2, 3, or 5), reacted via the primary amino group displacing a nitro group from TCDNB. The resulting products were inert to further reaction, i.e. cyclisation or further nucleophilic substitution. Both 2-hydroxyethylamine and ethyl glycinate behaved similarly, although ethyl diazoacetate was a by-product in the latter reaction.The reaction of TCDNB with hydrazine hydrate was very sensitive to the conditions employed, i.e. rapid addition of excess of reagent (2.2 : 1 molar ratio) gave 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-o-phenylenediamine (reduction had occured). Slow addition of an equimolar amount yielded 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-6-nitrophenylhydrazine, i.e. nucleophilic substitution. N,N′-Dimethylethylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-N-methylethylamine reacted with TCDNB to give cyclised products, i.e. both nucleophilic centres reacted. The course of these reactions was investigated. In contrast 2-acetoxyethylamine, glycine, urea, 2,2′-iminodiethanol and butane-1,1,4,4-tetra-amine were all unreactive towards TCDNB.