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Three classes of walking patterns, normal, caution and danger, were simulated by tying elastic bands to joints of lower body. In order to distinguish one class from another, four local motions suggested by doctors were investigated stepwise, and differences between levels were evaluated using t-tests. The human adaptability in the tests was also evaluated. We improved average classification accuracy to 84.50% using multiclass support vector machine classifier and concluded that human adaptability is a factor that can cause obvious bias in contiguous data collections.

Purpose: To explore factors which lead to recurrence of idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP)., Methods: Idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor in 209 cases between Jan 1, 1978 and Dec 31, 1999 in our hospital was evaluated retrospectively. The comparison of clinical and pathological parameters between patients with at least one episode of recurrence and those with no recurrence at all was performed and analyzed using logistic regression method., Results: Follow-up results (with a mean follow-up time of 3.4 years, ranging from 0.5 year to 21.0 years) showed that the recurrence rate of IOIP was 41%. Sex and proptosis were associated with the recurrence of IOIP. Male gender was more likely to relapse than female counterparts, with the male being 52% and female being 25%. The severer the proptosis is, the higher the rate of recurrence. Among the clinical subtypes of IOIP, the rate of recurrence (17%) in cases with dacryoadenitis was the lowest, followed by anterior local orbital mass (44%), posterior orbital mass (54%), myositis (75%) and diffuse subtype (100%). However, the clinical subtypes did not show significant relationship with the recurrence of IOIP., Conclusions: Male gender and severe proptosis are associated with a higher recurrent rate in patients with IOIP.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of subconjunctival injections of Etoposide for retinoblastoma(RB) mice., Method: Twenty-five RB mice were divided into 5 groups for the study(GO-G4). GO for control group received 0.9% sodium chloride injection subconjunctival. G1: 5 RB mice for systemic delivery received 6 systemic administration of Etoposide 150 microg and Cyclosporin A (CSA ) 1.0mg at 3 days intervals, respectively. G2-G4: 5 RB mice in each group received 6 subconjunctival delivery of Etoposide in 50, 75, 150 microg at 3 days intervals, respectively.To observe the changes of the volume of RB in anterior chamber and the part of conjunctiva for injections of chemotherapeutic drugs. All eyes and conjunctiva and scleras of the part for drugs injections were obtained at 6 weeks after experiment for histopathologic examination. The findings under the light microscope were analysed with software to measure the areas of RB in anterior chambers and the tumor inhibition rate., Results: The volume of RB in anterior chambers for G1 and G2 increase quickly and none of the mice exhibited tumor control. The RB volume increase slowly in G3 and exhibit tumor control in G4. The areas of tumors in GO-G4 are 0.710,0.659,0.634, 0.515,0.235 mm(2), respectively. The rate for tumor inhibition in GO-G4 are 0.0%, 7.18%, 10.70%, 27.43% , 66.90%, respectively. There are statistical significant difference between the G1 and G4 for the volumes of tumors and the rate of tumor inhibition. The pathologic examination of subconjunctiva and sclera for the injective sites showed no pathologic changes., Conclusions: There are significant effects for the method of subconjunctival delivery of Etoposide in RB control, demonstrating a positive dose-related relationship. Subconjunctival injection of Etoposide reached better efficacy in controlling and inhibiting RB cells than systemic delivery of Etoposide for the same dose. The pathologic results showed the subconjunctival delivery of etoposide were safety for conjunctiva and sclera. It would be one of effective and safety method of chemotherapy for RB.

Purpose: To determine and compare the concentrations of etoposide achieved in the aqueous and vitreous humors after intravenous and subconjunctival administration., Methods: Eight New Zealand rabbits were treated with etoposide (5mg/kg) intravenous and etoposide (2.5 mg/ml, 0.5 ml) subconjunctival respectively. The samples of the aqueous and vitreous humors of rabbits were drawed at 1, 2, 3 hours after the end of infusion. The concentrations of the etoposide were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A Diamonsil TM C18 column ( 6 x 40 mm, 3 microm ) with a mobile phase of 400 ml of methanol and 600 ml of 100 mmol x L(-1) sodium dihydrogen phosphate with 0.02 mmol x L(-1) dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and 0.5% triethylanine (pH value was adjusted to 6 by phosphoric acid) was used. The detective wavelength was at 235 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 ml x min(-1)., Results: The concentrations of etoposide in aqueous and vitreous humors after administrated in intravenous for 1, 2, 3 hours were 38.5, 52.2, 44.1(ng/ml) and 12.0, 25.1, 18.0 (ng/ml) respectively. The concentrations of etoposide in aqueous and vitreous humors after infused in subconjunctival for 1, 2, 3 hours were 98.0, 113.0, 99.0 (ng/ml) and 43.7, 66.7, 32.4 (ng/ml) respectively. The concentrations in the aqueous and vitreous humor after local administrated were 2 to 4 times higher than those obtained after intravenous administration. There are statistical significance between the concentrations of etoposide of aqueous and vitreous humor after intravenous and subconjunctival administration., Conclusions: The delivery of subconjunctival of etoposide results in higher concentrations in aqueous and vitreous humors than intravenous administration. These results suggest that local administration of chemotherapeutic agents should be more effective for retinoblastoma chemotherapy than systemic administration.

Purpose: To investigate and compare the concentrations of carboplatins achieved in the aqueous and vitreous humors after intravenous or subconjunctivaly injection and to investigate whether local administration of carboplatin might result in higher concentrations in the aqueous and vitreous humor., Methods: Four New Zealand rabbits were treated with carboplatin (18.7 mg/kg) in intravenous. The other 4 rabbits were injected with carboplatin (10 mg/ml 0.5 ml) in right eyes subconjunctivaly. The Samples of the aqueous and vitreous humors of rabbits were drawed at 1, 2, 3 hours after the end of infusion and measured the concentration of carboplatin with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The agent dose of systemic infusion were 8 fold for that in subconjunctival delivery., Results: The concentrations of carboplatin in aqueous and vitreous humors treated with intravenous after 1, 2, 3 hours were 140, 330, 180 ng/ml and 20, 40, 17 ng/ml. The concentration of carboplatin in aqueous and vitreous humors treated with subconjunctively after 1, 2, 3 hours were 2,650, 4,390, 2,780 microg/ml and 160, 250, 110 ng/ml. There is statistical significance between the concentrations of carboplatin of aqueous and vitreous humor after intravenous and subconjunctival (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The delivery of subconjunctival of carboplatin result in higher concentrations in aqueous and vitreous humors than intravenous administation. The result suggest that local delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs should elevate the intraocular drugs concentration and be effective for retinoblastoma treatment.

Purpose: To summarize the clinical manifestation of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and to analyze the contributing factors., Methods: One hundred and six cases (188 eyes) of ocular hypertension in 339 cases (597 eyes) with TAO were collected from 1994 to 2001 and their clinic manifestations were summarized and analyzed., Results: It was demonstrated that the incidence of ocular hypertension in TAO was 31.3%, and was more frequently found in the male than in the female. The elevated IOP in TAO was found to be partially related to compression of the eyeball by enlarged extraocular muscles, the elevated intraorbital pressure as result of the proliferation of intraorbital connective tissue and the enlargement as well as swelling of extraocular muscles. It was also related to the severity of TAO other than the course of TAO. The ocular hypertension in most cases can be controlled with reduction of IOP by methylprednisolone or orbital decompression., Conclusion: Specific clinical features were found in TAO patients with ocular hypertension. It should be differentiated with primary glaucoma. The IOP in most cases can be controlled by prompt and effective treatment of TAO.

Purpose: To evaluate the possibility of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for the treatment of conjunctival tumor., Methods: Preserved AMT was performed in 26 patients (26 eyes) with conjunctival tumor, including 9 eyes (34.62%) with malignant tumor (conjunctival malignant melanoma, corneal and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, conjunctival lymphoma), 17 eyes (65.38%) with benign tumor (conjunctival papilloma, conjunctival dermoid tumor, conjunctival nevus, hemangioma etc.)., Result: All the patients are followed up for 1-53 months. No acute rejection was observed after preserved AMT. Ideal healing was found in conjunctiva wound., Conclusion: Preserved AMT is a very effective method to repair wound after giant conjunctival tumor operation. Complete removal of tumor and perfect fixation are the key of ocular surface reconstruction.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic results of orbital decompression for severe thyroid orbitopathy., Methods: The records of 27 patients (30 eyes) having undergone orbital decompression of one wall, two walls and three walls for severe thyroid orbitopathy were analyzed for changes in visual acuity, visual field or pattern visual evoked potential, movement and reduction in proptosis. The indications were corneal exposure, severe proptosis and optic neuropathy., Results: After surgery, the patients were followed up for a mean of 13.7 months. The visual acuity improved obviously in 19 eyes (63.3%), visual acuity was improved slightly in 4 eyes (13.3%), visual acuity kept in 0.2 - 0.8 (no change) in 4 cases (13.3%), visual acuity deteriorated obviously and not recovered in 3 eyes (10.0%). Proptosis was decreased by a mean of 3.6 mm (range 1 - 7 mm), the decrease >/= 2.0 mm being in 93.3% eyes., Conclusion: Orbital decompression is effective in improving vision in most patients with severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, and the proptosis can be effectively improved.