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Auditory temporal processing was investigated in individuals with acquired aphasia using a task in which they were asked to detect brief silent gaps inserted between noise segments modeled after formants in speech. To examine within-channel gap detection, gaps of 10, 20, 40, and 80ms duration were inserted between an initial segment (IS) and a trailing segment (TS) centered at the same frequency (1kHz). In a between-channel gap detection condition, gaps of 20, 40, 80, and 100ms duration were inserted between an IS that differed in frequency (4kHz) from the TS (1kHz). The effect of gap onset timing was examined in both conditions by systematically varying the duration of the IS by 10, 20, or 40ms. A combined analysis revealed that for both conditions and all gap and IS durations, individuals with aphasia produced fewer correct responses than age-matched neurologically intact controls. Separate condition analyses revealed that when noise segments were centered at the same frequency, individuals with aphasia demonstrated poorer accuracy in detecting 40 and 80ms gaps relative to normal controls (p<0.001). When gaps were inserted between noise segments differing in frequency, on average, aphasic subjects performed less accurately at durations of 40, 80 and 100ms (p<0.025). Detection in both groups decreased with smaller IS durations. The difficulties with gap detection observed in the aphasic group suggest the existence of fundamental problems in processing the temporal form or microstructure of sounds characterized by rapidly changing onset dynamics.

The present study is a reanalysis of a preexisting study examining the usefulness of the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE; Bronfman, Parsons, & Lyons-Ruth, 1999) measure as an indicator of efficacy in reducing disrupted caregiver behavior in two brief interventions. The current study examines the rate of change in the display of disrupted caregiver behavior over the course of an attachment-based intervention (Modified Interaction Guidance) in a group of 11 caregiver-infant dyads referred to a tertiary care clinic for feeding problems. The AMBIANCE was utilized as an indicator of change in disrupted behavior following an assessment feedback session and three intervention sessions. Results showed a significant decrease in the total display of disrupted caregiver behaviors, as well as a change in classification from disrupted to not-disrupted, after receiving both feedback from the assessment and the first treatment session. A qualitative analysis of the data further revealed different patterns of change between caregivers. These findings provide preliminary empirical support suggesting that a reduction of disrupted caregiver behavior can be observed relatively quickly after the commencement of the Modified Interaction Guidance intervention., (Copyright © 2006 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.)

The current meta-analysis examines the links between unresolved representations of attachment, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment relationships in 12 studies including 851 families. We found moderate effect sizes for the associations between unresolved states of mind and anomalous behavior (r = .26), unresolved states of mind and infant disorganized attachment relationships (r = .21), and anomalous behavior and disorganized attachment relationships (r = .34). Sample characteristics, observational context, and observational measure were not associated with differences in effect sizes. Only a small part of the association between unresolved states of mind and disorganized attachment relationships was explained by the mediation of anomalous parental behavior (.26* .34 = .09). Other factors yet to be uncovered must mediate the influence of unresolved states of mind on infant disorganized attachment; thus, further exploration of infant, parental, ecological, and genetic factors are warranted.

In cemented arthroplasties, the two-part self-curing acrylic bone cement is currently the only material used for anchoring the total joint replacement to the contiguous bone. In virtually all commercially available formulations of this cement, the agents used for the initiation and activation/co-initiation of the radical polymerisation reaction are benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and N, N dimethyl-para-toluidine (DMPT), respectively. There are no reports in the open literature on the rationale for the amounts of these and other constituents in the formulations of the cement. Given the concerns that have been raised in the literature regarding the effect of residual DMPT on the body, it is important to keep the starting amounts of BPO and DMPT as high and as low, respectively, as possible. In the present work, the focus is on the relative amounts of these two agents in the case of one widely used commercial formulation, Surgical Simplex(R) P. Thirty variants of this cement were formulated, covering three concentrations of the co-polymer/BPO (75%, 80%, and 85% of the mass of the powder) and DMPT amounts (ranging from 0.8 %v/v to 2.4% v/v.) The setting time (t(set)), the peak temperature reached during the cement polymerisation process (T(max)), and the ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of each of the formulations were determined in accordance with procedures specified in ISO 5833. A critical examination of all the results indicated that the optimum ratio of the concentration of the initiator (BPO embedded in the PMMA-sytrene co-polymer) to that of the activator/co-initiator (DMPT) in Surgical Simplex(R) P is 57.14 (80%w/w co-polymer + BPO per 1.4%v/v DMPT). The mean values of t(set), T(max), and UCS of this optimum formulation were determined to be 12.30 min, 68 degrees C, and 101 MPa, respectively, all of which are within the limits specified in ISO 5833. The commercially available formulation of this cement contains 2.5%v/v DMPT, while the optimum formulation, as found in the present work, has 44% less DMPT, which may translate to a smaller amount of residual DMPT that is available for elution into the periprosthetic tissue in a cemented arthroplasty, over the in vivo life of the joint replacement.

The links between unresolved maternal attachment status, disrupted maternal interaction in play situations, and disorganized attachment relationships were examined in a study of 82 adolescent mother-infant dyads. Maternal interactive behavior was measured using the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification coding system. Additional rating scales were developed to correspond to the 5 dimensions of disrupted maternal behavior outlined by E. Bronfman, E. Parsons, and K. Lyons-Ruth (1999). A robust association was observed between disrupted maternal behavior and disorganized attachment. Ratings of disrupted maternal behavior revealed that disorganized attachment relationships were strongly related to ratings of fearful/disoriented behavior. Moreover, mothers who were unresolved were more likely than not-unresolved mothers to show disrupted patterns of interaction with their infants. Regression analyses suggested that disrupted behavior statistically mediated the association between unresolved status and disorganized attachment relationships., (Copyright (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved.)

Pure word deafness (PWD) is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by severe difficulties in understanding and reproducing spoken language, with sparing of written language comprehension and speech production. The pathognomonic disturbance of auditory comprehension appears to be associated with a breakdown in processes involved in mapping auditory input to lexical representations of words, but the functional locus of this disturbance and the localization of the responsible lesion have long been disputed. We report here on a woman with PWD resulting from a circumscribed unilateral infarct involving the left superior temporal lobe who demonstrated significant problems processing transitional spectrotemporal cues in both speech and nonspeech sounds. On speech discrimination tasks, she exhibited poor differentiation of stop consonant-vowel syllables distinguished by voicing onset and brief formant frequency transitions. Isolated formant transitions could be reliably discriminated only at very long durations (> 200 ms). By contrast, click fusion threshold, which depends on millisecond-level resolution of brief auditory events, was normal. These results suggest that the problems with speech analysis in this case were not secondary to general constraints on auditory temporal resolution. Rather, they point to a disturbance of left hemisphere auditory mechanisms that preferentially analyze rapid spectrotemporal variations in frequency. The findings have important implications for our conceptualization of PWD and its subtypes.

In a previous clinical report, unusually fast decay of iconic memory was obtained from a subject who later developed Alzheimer's disease. By using the partial-report paradigm, iconic memory (a form of visual sensory memory) in a group of observers with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) was characterized and compared with that of young college-age adults and older controls. Relatively long stimulus exposures were used for all three groups to ensure that older observers could perceive the stimuli. A set of conventional neuropsychological tests assessed cognitive functions of the MCI and older control groups. We found that iconic memory decayed much faster for observers with MCI than for normal controls, old or young, although the two groups of older observers performed at equivalent levels in precue tests (assay of visibility) and tests cued at long delays (assay of short-term memory). The result suggests that fast decay of iconic memory might be a general characteristic of observers with MCI who are at much higher than average risk of developing Alzheimer's disease later in life.

Previous research has succeeded in distinguishing among drawings made by children with histories of organized attachment relationships (secure, avoidant, and resistant); however, drawings of children with histories of disorganized attachment have yet to be systematically investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether naïve observers would respond differentially to family drawings of 7-year-olds who were classified in infancy as disorganized vs. organized. Seventy-three undergraduate students from one university and 78 from a second viewed 50 family drawings of 7-year-olds (25 by children with organized infant attachment and 25 by children with disorganized infant attachment). Participants were asked to (1) circle the emotion that best described their reaction to the drawings and (2) rate the drawings on 6 bipolar scales. Drawings from children classified as disorganized in infancy evoked positive emotion labels less often and negative emotion labels more often than those children classified as organized. Furthermore, drawings from children classified as disorganized in infancy received higher ratings on scales for disorganization, carelessness, family chaos, bizarreness, uneasiness, and dysfunction. These data indicate that naive observers are relatively successful in distinguishing selected features of drawings by children with histories of disorganized vs. organized attachment.

Roediger, Watson, McDermott, and Gallo (2001) reported a multiple regression analysis of the variables that predicted rates of false recall and recognition across lists in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm. They concluded that false recollection was predictable from the backward associative strength of critical words and list words and the veridical recall level of list words, with no independent contribution of frequency, concreteness, or length of critical words. A reanalysis of their data shows that critical word length does contribute to false recognition when it is measured relative to the length of other words in the list. Relative word length in the form of an unsigned z-score has a larger correlation with false recognition than any of the variables used by Roediger et al. and is also independently predictive of false recognition. This relationship was confirmed by the results of two recognition experiments in which false positives were significantly less frequent for words of lengths that never occurred in a studied list than for words of lengths that did occur in the study list.

The data for 197 mother-infant pairs from two longitudinal studies were analyzed to assess relations between maternal attachment representations; atypical maternal behavior, coded with a new tool. Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE), and infant attachment. Both maternal and infant attachment were systematically related to atypical maternal behavior: mothers who were Unresolved on the Adult Attachment Interview and those whose infants were disorganized in the Strange Situation Procedure engaged in more atypical behaviors than those who were not Unresolved and whose infants showed organized patterns of attachment, respectively. Regression analyses indicated that when tested as a mediator, atypical maternal behavior as measured on the AMBIANCE did not reduce the association between maternal Unresolved status and infant disorganized attachment. This may, in part, reflect the fact that our low-risk sample did not include enough cases in the risk categories. These data provide preliminary empirical validation for the AMBIANCE and strengthen the evidence for links between atypical maternal behavior and disorganized attachment but indicate that in addition to maternal attachment representations, other factors must contribute to atypical maternal behavior.

To ascertain whether attachment representations at age 7 are related to early attachment behaviour, family drawings of 123 7-year-olds of known infant attachment status (25 avoidant, 80 secure, 18 resistant) were scored in four ways. Three of these were based in previous attachment research and one was based on a clinical method. The attachment-based coding schemes included specific markers for each attachment pattern (Kaplan & Main, 1985), global ratings (Fury, Carlson, & Sroufe, 1997) and efforts to classify each drawing as belonging to one of the three primary infant attachment groups (secure, avoidant, resistant). In the clinical scheme, children who had been resistant infants were distinguished from the others by use of overlapping and encapsulated figures. For the attachment based schemes, although individual markers were not successful in discriminating attachment groups, the more global approaches (aggregation of markers, global rating scales and judgments of attachment classification) succeeded in this task. In regression analyses controlling for concurrent child and parent measures, infant attachment did not make a significant contribution to predicting insecurity markers in drawings, although child current emotional functioning did. These findings linking attachment relationships with later representations of family relationships were in accord with the conception that avoidant attachment strategies de-emphasize intimate relationships, while resistant attachment strategies are preoccupied with close relationships. These links are most evident in global interpretive strategies rather than those that rely on specific markers.

There are increasing numbers of adults living in the community who require enteral tube feeding. While there is significant evidence of the importance of this treatment, there are side effects which can cause difficulties for patients, their carer tabers and health professionals. Gastrointestinal complications are the most common side effects with feed formula being cited as the main culprit, often without investigating other potential causes. Many patients requiring aggressive nutrition support also require concurrent drug therapy to manage underlying disease. Drugs are often given via tubes in liquid form. These elixirs often contain large quantities of sorbitol, which will increase the osmolar concentration. There is a lack of awareness from primary health-care professionals about the difficulties that can arise when giving medications to patients receiving enteral feeding which may affect patient care and the nutritional outcomes.

Does retrieval latency reflect variations in the strength of associations in episodic memory? In three experiments, subjects were given a single study and test trial on each of five lists of 10 paired associates. Spoken recall latencies were measured. When the subjects were later given a second test, initial recall latency was systematically related to intertest retention--that is, the faster the initial correct recall of a pair, the more likely a pair was to be recalled at the second test. This effect occurred at retention intervals of 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h and was present in the data for individual subjects. The results are consistent with the classical view of latency as a measure of trace strength and stand in sharp contrast with results reported by Benjamin, Bjork, and Schwartz (1998) that showed that fast retrievals from semantic memory were more poorly retained than slower ones.

The mammalian focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases have been implicated in controlling a multitude of cellular responses to the engagement of cell surface integrins and G protein-coupled receptors. We describe here a Drosophila melanogaster FAK homologue, DFak56, which maps to band 56D on the right arm of the second chromosome. Full-length DFak56 cDNA encodes a phosphoprotein of 140 kDa, which shares strong sequence similarity not only with mammalian p125(FAK) but also with the more recently described mammalian Pyk2 (also known as CAKbeta, RAFTK, FAK2, and CADTK) FAK family member. DFak56 has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo. As is the case for FAK, tyrosine phosphorylation of DFak56 is increased upon plating Drosophila embryo cells on extracellular matrix proteins. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that DFak56 is ubiquitously expressed with particularly high levels within the developing central nervous system. We utilized the UAS-GAL4 expression system to express DFak56 and analyze its function in vivo. Overexpression of DFak56 in the wing imaginal disc results in wing blistering in adults, a phenotype also observed with both position-specific integrin loss of function and position-specific integrin overexpression. Our results imply a role for DFak56 in adhesion-dependent signaling pathways in vivo during D. melanogaster development.

Background: A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of a community-based intervention on mammography use among low-income women living in public housing., Methods: All 41 public housing high-rise buildings were randomized to treatment and delayed treatment (control) conditions. After a cross-sectional baseline survey, an intervention called Friend to Friend was conducted in the treatment buildings by American Cancer Society and building resident volunteers. The intervention consisted of a health professional talk, small group discussions, and an opportunity to request assistance in obtaining a mammogram or mammogram reminder. A second cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure differences in screening rates between the study groups., Results: Participation in the intervention averaged 27%. The study groups were equivalent at baseline. At follow-up, the proportion of women age 50-79 years who reported mammography screening in the previous 15 months was significantly higher in the treatment group (64%) than in the control group (52%). Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs did not differ between groups., Conclusions: These findings suggest that a multidimensional intervention which reaches women within their social environment and uses community volunteers can increase mammography utilization among women in public housing.

Free-living elderly people aged > or = 65 y were recruited to assess riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and the effect of riboflavin supplementation on biochemical indicators of these 2 vitamins. The status of riboflavin (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient; EGRAC) and vitamin B-6 (plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; PLP) were determined in a total sample of 92 subjects, from whom dietary intake data were obtained by using the diet history method (n = 83). Although dietary intakes of both vitamins were considered to be adequate according to current reference values, abnormal EGRAC and plasma PLP values were identified in 49% and 38% of subjects, respectively, with 21% having suboptimal status for both nutrients. A subgroup of subjects from the initial sample (n = 45) was assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either 1.6 or 25 mg riboflavin or placebo daily for 12 wk. In those subjects with a baseline EGRAC or plasma PLP value falling outside the currently accepted threshold value for adequacy, low-dose riboflavin supplementation improved status of the limiting nutrient significantly (P<0.0001 and P = 0.020 for EGRAC and plasma PLP responses, respectively). We conclude that a high proportion of healthy elderly people may have suboptimal status for these nutrients despite apparently adequate dietary intakes. Furthermore, we showed that riboflavin supplementation at physiologic doses corrects biochemical abnormalities of not only EGRAC, but also plasma PLP, confirming the biochemical interdependency of these vitamins and suggesting that riboflavin is the limiting nutrient.

We report the molecular cloning and characterization of pcdr (pigment cell dehydrogenase reductase), a Drosophila visual system-specific gene with novel properties of spatial, temporal and sexual regulation. Short chain dehydrogenase/reductases are a family of proteins that catalyze mechanistically conserved dehydrogenase/reductase reactions in a wide range of cells and tissues. These enzymes are required in a variety of reactions ranging from steroid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis to alcohol detoxification. The Drosophila pcdr gene encodes a new member of this family, displaying 42% amino acid sequence identity to the mammalian prostaglandin dehydrogenase. pcdr expression is restricted to the visual system with very high levels found in the pigment cells. Interestingly, expression of pcdr mRNA is sexually dimorphic with males showing higher levels of expression than females. This sexual dimorphism is under the control of the sex differentiation cascade as transformer and transformer 2 mutations shift females to a male-like level of expression. Finally, we demonstrate that a region of 335 nucleotides including sequences upstream and just downstream of the transcription start is sufficient to reproduce the normal expression pattern.

We have identified a gene, alternative testis transcripts (att), which is alternatively expressed, at both the RNA and protein levels, in testes and somatic tissues. The testis-specific RNA differs from somatic RNAs in both promoter usage and RNA processing and is dependent on the function of the transformer 2 gene. The differences between the somatic and testis RNAs have substantial consequences at the protein level. The somatic RNAs encode a protein with homology to the mammalian Graves' disease carrier proteins. The testis RNA lacks the initiation codons used in somatic tissue and encodes two different proteins. One of these begins in a testis-specific exon, uses a reading frame different from that for the somatic protein, and is completely novel. The other protein initiates translation in the frame of the somatic RNA at a Len CUG codon which is within the open reading frame for the somatic protein. This produces a novel truncated version of the Graves' disease carrier protein-like protein that lacks all sequences N terminal to the first transmembrane domain.

The transformer gene of Drosophila is regulated by Sex-lethal-dependent 3' splice site blockage. 40 nucleotides immediately upstream of the regulated splice site are sufficient to direct sex-specific regulated splicing in transgenic animals. This entire region appears to be necessary for regulation and for efficient Sex-lethal binding. Natural splice sites containing partial homology to transformer do not show regulation. Mutations which replace the 16 nucleotides surrounding the branch point or alter single nucleotides near the splice site eliminate or reduce regulation without eliminating splicing. Mutations which reduce or eliminate regulation in vivo reduce binding to Sex-lethal in vitro, consistent with the hypothesis that these mutations bring about their effects by altering Sex-lethal binding rather than by altering binding sites for additional non-Sex-lethal factors.

Sex determination in flies and worms is controlled by cascades beginning with the X chromosome: autosome ratio and terminating in transcription factors. We are now gaining an understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the largely post-transcriptional regulation of the intermediate steps in these cascades.

Glenberg (1984) and others have theorized that greater recency effects are obtained with auditory as opposed to visual presentation because of greater temporal distinctiveness of items in auditory sequences. We tested a number of ways of enhancing visual distinctiveness, including the use of color, spatial location, and minimized visual interference. None of the seven experiments provided any evidence of improved recall from enhanced visual distinctiveness. In particular, no increase in recency effects was obtained with increased distinctiveness. Additional analyses of pairwise dependency in recall across serial positions also failed to show any evidence of the near-independence of recall of the terminal item that characterizes recall of auditory sequences. Visual-perceptual distinctiveness does not get mapped in any simple way onto memorial distinctiveness in an immediate-serial-recall task.

The stereochemistry of several sterol precursors and end products synthesized by two fungal-like micro-organisms Prototheca wickerhamii (I) and Dictyostelium discoideum (II) have been determined by chromatographic (TLC, GLC, and HPLC) and spectral (UV, MS, and 1H NMR) methods. From I and II the following sterols were isolated from the cells: cycloartenol, cyclolaudenol, 24(28)-methylenecycloartanol, ergosterol, protothecasterol, 4alpha-methylergostanol, 4alpha-methylclionastanol, clionastanol, 24beta-ethylcholesta-8,22-enol, and dictyosterol. In addition, the mechanism of C-24 methylation was investigated in both organisms by feeding to I [2-3H]lanosterol, [2-3H]cycloartenol, [24-3H]lanosterol, and [methyl-2H3]methionine and by feeding to II [methyl-2H3]methionine. The results demonstrate that the 24beta configuration is formed by different alkylation routes in I and II. The Delta25(27) route operates in I while the Delta24(28) route operates in II. Based on what is known in the literature regarding sterol distribution and phylogenesis together with our findings that the stereochemical outcome of squalene oxide cyclization leads to the production of cycloartenol rather than lanosterol (characteristic of the fungal genealogy) and the chirality of the C-24 alkyl group is similar in the two nonphotosynthetic microbes (beta oriented), we conclude that Prototheca is an apoplastic Chlorella (i.e., an alga) and that Dictyostelium as well as the other soil amoebae that synthesize cycloartenol evolved from algal rather than fungal ancestors.

We report the isolation of a mutant of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum that is highly resistant to the lethal action of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The resistance is completely dependent on the presence of divalent cations, of which Ca2+ is the most effective.

Various strains of Dictyostelium discoideum were assayed for catalase activity. We were able to demonstrate the presence of catalase in lysates of all strains tested except one, ts12m. Lysates of this strain did not show any detectable level of catalase. The increased sensitivity of intact ts12m amoebae to hydrogen peroxide was consistent with the catalase deficiency. We followed catalase activity through a developmental time course for the wild type (Ddb) and were able to show its presence throughout development. No catalase activity was detected from ts12m in any stage of development. The growth and development of this acatalasemic strain of D. discoideum was no different than those of the wild type. The mutation, catA, was assigned to linkage group II.

Noncued and cued recall of categorized lists are similar in a number of ways: They show the same rate of gain in item recall with increasing category size; they both produce serial position effects within categories; and they both show a "some-or-none" pattern of with-category recall frequency. Cued and noncued recall differ in other respects: There is a great improvement in item and in category recall attendant on the provision of cues, and only noncued recall displays a list position effect. The points of similarity are taken to indicate that both cued and noncued recall measure the same underlying processes. The points of differences suggest the utility of cueing procedures in identifying the origin of characteristics of recall, according to the principle that any feature of noncued recall that is altered by provision of cues must originate in the retrieval process; features resistant to such modification represent encoding or storage effects.

The item recovery or reminiscence component of recall in RTT procedures was investigated in two free recall experiments. In the first, Erdelyi and Becker's (1974) "hypermnesia" effect was found with pictures as the to-be-remembered material: total amount recalled increased over two successive test trials, and included a large reminiscence effect, with some 27% of previously unrecalled items appearing in the second test. The second experiment, with word lists, showed that the frequency of occurrence of new items was greater following a 12-min separation of two test trials than in two relatively massed tests. This kind of item recovery is relevant to models of output interference and retrieval limitations in free recall, and may be also related to spontaneous recovery effects.

Nystatin-resistant mutations exhibit extreme sensitivity to 1.3 mm coumarin. The mutations fall into three complementation groups so it is possible to select for nonallelic mutations conferring sensitivity to coumarin by selection on nystatin-containing nutrient agar plates. Complementation between such coumarin-sensitive mutations allows the selection of diploids on coumarin-containing nutrient agar. Two of the nystatin resistance genes, nysB and nysC, have been mapped tentatively to the previously unmarked linkage group V.

The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is normally susceptible to the action of the polyene antibiotic nystatin. We describe conditions under which transient nystatin resistance can be induced in the absence of detectable changes in sterol composition. These results suggest that nystatin plays a positive role in promoting resistance to itself.

In six cases, abdominal aortic aneurysms simulated dissections because an anechoic crescent was seen peripheral to the echogenic intraluminal thrombus. Thrombus can easily be identified by sonography, but the layered echogenic and anechoic appearance has not been described. Three of these cases are presented to illustrate this sonographic pattern of thrombus so that it will not be misinterpreted as a dissection. CT scans were performed on all three patients and an arteriogram and surgery in one, all of which confirmed that these were not dissections but two layers of thrombus with the intima peripheral to the anechoic layer. At surgery, the anechoic layer medial to the intima in one case proved to be serosanguinous fluid and, therefore, likely liquefaction of the clot.