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[Display omitted] • Constructing a unique structure with interconnected macro-mesoporous channels. • Suppressing the shuttle effect from the point of separator structure. • Further expanding the size of the modified separator to confirm the practicality. • Providing an effective approach for high-performance Li-S batteries. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered the most promising candidate for achieving a low-cost high-energy–density system. One of the biggest deterrents during the practical application of Li-S batteries is the shuttle effect which causes fast capacity degradation and poor rate performance. 3D CoNi 2 S 4 with 3D interconnected porous nitrogen doping carbon was prepared by sulfurizing the precursor Prussian blue analogues. The CoNi 2 S 4 nanoparticles are confined in the carbon framework, affording interconnected macro-mesoporous channels. The constructed 3D CoNi 2 S 4 modified separator effectively accommodates enough electrolytes and provides more exposed active sites that suppress the shuttle effect through trapping polysulfides and accelerating the lithiation of S 8 to Li 2 S. Thus, Li-S batteries with 3D CoNi 2 S 4 -PP separators exhibit high-rate capacity and remarkable cycle stability. Furthermore, based on the modified separators, a high sulfur loading cathode delivers an areal capacity of 5.62 mAh cm−2. The separator size expands further to assemble the 1Ah Li-S pouch cell, confirming the practicality. This work provides an efficient strategy with a modified separator for high-performance Li-S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperature and cyclic loading on stress relaxation (SR) behavior of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy was studied by uniaxial tensile test. SR limit and rate vary with increasing the temperature and cyclic loading times. The microstructural variations were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Unstable SR behavior happens at 450–550 °C, which becomes obvious with the increase of cyclic loading times or the decrease of relaxation temperature. The stress instability maybe attributes to the activation energy improvement. Based on dislocation distribution and morphology as well as stress exponent values varying from 1.8 to 2.4, SR mechanism of the alloy is dislocation creep in the tested temperature range. The mechanical properties of the alloy at room temperature almost maintains invariable after SR process. However, the discontinuous yielding in as-received alloy changes to continuous yielding in relaxed ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

l Phylogenetic group based AS assembly is identified by long time data of two WWTPs. l The assembly of one third (relative abundance) AS community is deterministic-dominated. l The microbial diversity pattern is more stable in AS than influent community. l The composition of AS community has a seasonal succession pattern. l The network structure of AS community is more stable in summer and autumn. The optimal operation and functional stability of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) strongly depend on the properties of its microbial community. However, a knowledge gap remains regarding the seasonal dynamics of microbial community properties, especially phylogenetic group based assembly and co-occurrence patterns. Accordingly, in this study, influent and activated sludge (AS) samples were weekly collected from 2 full-scale WWTPs for one year (89 influent and 103 AS samples in total) and examined by high-throughput Illumina-MiSeq sequencing. The results suggested that the microbial community diversity and composition in the influent fluctuated substantially with season, while those in the AS had a relatively more stable pattern throughout the year. The phylogenetic group based assembly mechanisms of AS community were identified by using "Infer Community Assembly Mechanisms by Phylogenetic-bin-based null model (iCAMP)". The results showed that drift accounted for the largest proportion (52.8%), while homogeneous selection (18.2%) was the most important deterministic process. Deterministic processes dominated in 47 microbial groups (bins), which were also found (~40%) in the AS core taxa dataset. Moreover, the results suggested that Nitrospira were more susceptible to stochastic processes in winter, which may provide a possible explanation for nitrification failure in winter. Network analysis results suggested that the network structure of the AS community could be more stable in summer and autumn. In addition, there were no identical keystone taxa found in different networks (constructed from different plants, sources, and seasons), which supported the context dependency theory. The results of this study deepened our understanding of the microbial ecology in AS systems and provided a foundation for further studies on the community regulation strategy of WWTPs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale synthesis and applications of graphene-encapsulated metal catalysts remain a great challenge since it is difficult to control the thickness of graphene layers. In this study, graphene-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (Ni@Gr) were fabricated via in-situ growth method. Steam-assisted control was carried out to decrease the graphene layer number. The layer-controlled Ni@Gr catalyst consisted of Ni core and graphene shell. The anchored metal was well defended against oxidation or acid etching. In addition, the influence of steam-gasification temperature on the nature of catalysts was also investigated. The catalyst obtained via steam-assisted control at 800 °C (Ni@Gr800) possessed excellent textural features, such as thinner graphene shell, more defects on the surface. Consequently, Ni@Gr800 catalyst presented superior initial activity and durability in the steam reforming of ethanol, especially at 550 °C. By density functional theory calculations, the presence of defects improved the adsorption energy of all reaction species. The carbonaceous deposition was the primary reason for catalyst deactivation. Textural features of Ni@Gr800 contributed to the formation of carbon filaments, which facilitated coke gasification on the catalyst. This work provides a procedure for controlling the graphene layer number of catalysts with graphene as the covering, and an approach to fabricate defects on the graphene surface. • A novel strategy to encapsulate Ni within ultrathin graphene layers is presented. • Steam-assisted control is carried out to regulate the graphene layer number. • The graphene layers can protect the inner metal from oxidation or acid etching. • The catalyst layer-controlled at 800 °C shows superior ESR activity and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A principle study on reducing the depolarization loss in a single-frequency Nd:YAG ring laser by a novel ring resonator configuration is reported. In the resonator, one cavity mirror with 99.5% reflectivity at 1064 nm for 45-degree incident s-polarized light and about 75% transmissivity for 45-degree incident p-polarized light was employed. Besides, the transmissivity for the 45-degree incident p-polarized and s-polarized light for the output-couple mirror were 32% and 3.5%, respectively. The cavity mirror and the output-couple mirror were utilized as the polarizer to enforce the s-polarized beam unidirectionally operating in the resonator. 2.1 W single-frequency output at 1064 nm with elliptical polarization was obtained from this ring resonator. Compare with the existent Nd:YAG ring resonator, this novel resonator has a potential advantage in reducing depolarization loss and increasing the efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the clinical performance of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in comparison to metal-ceramic (MC) FDPs., Methods: A comprehensive search on MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (Core Collection), Scopus up to June 2024 was conducted. Studies that compared the success, survival and complication rates between zirconia based FDPs and MC FDPs were eligible for inclusion., Results: Thirty-one articles were identified, of which 22 were included for systematic review and 7 RCTs were included for meta-analysis. 10, 9 and 3 studies were classified to mean follow-up ≤ 5 years, 5 years < mean Follow-up ≤ 10 years, mean Follow-up >10 years, respectively. In the pooled analysis, 180 bilaminar zirconia (ZC) FDPs and 206 MC FDPs were included. ZC FDPs were significantly associated with more failures (RR=3.64, p = 0.009) and more Ceramic Chipping (RR=2.92, p < 0.0001) when compared to MC FDPs. Higher risks of Framework Fracture (RR=4.57, p = 0.18), Loss of Retention (RR=4.79, p = 0.17), Secondary Caries (RR=1.25, p = 0.68), Endodontic complications (RR=1.30, p = 0.74) and Marginal Integrity (RR=1.07, p = 0.88) were also found in ZC FDPs when compared to those of MC FDPs, but with no statistical difference., Conclusion: The current evidence continues to support the preference for traditional MC FDPs over ZC FDPs. Studies indicate that ZC FDPs have higher failure rates and more complications compared to MC FDPs, with ceramic chipping being a significant concern. There is lack of long term (>10 years follow-up) evidence of the clinical performance of ZC FDPs and monolithic zirconia FDPs., Clinical Significance: The study suggests that despite the growing popularity of zirconia, evidence shows MC FDPs may still be considered preferable to ZC FDPs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This study did not receive any grants from public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, is not only prevalent in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) but can actually predict adverse clinical events. Therefore, the necessity of addressing psychological problems among patients with CHD to improve their treatment results is increasingly acknowledged. This study's objective was to examine the prognostic impact of anxiety and depression on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and physical function among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)., Methods: A total of 978 patients admitted to our hospital from September 2021 to September 2022 and diagnosed with severe vascular lesions using coronary angiography were enrolled. According to their scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at admission, they were divided into two groups and four subgroups: an anxiety group, a non-anxiety group, a depression group, and a non-depression group. The participants' baseline information, clinical characteristics, coronary angiography findings, MACEs, and changes in physical functionality were compared., Results: There were statistically significant differences between the anxiety and depression groups in marital status, education level, history of diabetes, clinical diagnosis, cardiac troponin T (cTnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), coronary angiography, and synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, education level, diabetes history, cTnI, and SYNTAX score were risk factors for anxiety, while education level, diabetes, and SYNTAX score were risk factors for depression. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve model was used to analyze survival rates in the anxiety and depression groups. Hierarchical regression analyses of anxiety and depression at baseline predicted significant declines in physical functionality., Conclusions: Social support improved physical functionality and reduced the impact of psychological distress. Psychological state had the greatest long-term prognostic value in patients with CHD., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-24-576/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 AME Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)

Volume expansion of the Si-C anode during the charging/discharging process causes continuous fracture/formation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which leads to rapid capacity fading. Here, we designed a MgF 2 -modified separator (MF-PP) to construct a fluorine-rich SEI layer by generating more LiF. The robust SEI layer formed can alleviate the volume stress and prevent crack growth in Si-C electrodes. After 450 cycles, the Si-C||MF-PP half cell retained a reversible capacity of 543.2 mAh g -1 , while the LFP||MF-PP||Si-C full cell maintained a reversible capacity of 103.4 mAh g -1 with high Coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles. This facile and low-cost separator modification strategy provides an easily scalable approach to develop stable Si-based anodes for next-generation high-energy-density systems.

High-capacity O3-type lithium-rich manganese-based (LRM) materials exhibit significant structural instability and severe voltage decay, which limit their practical applications. In contrast, the O2-type LRM materials demonstrate remarkable structural stability despite offering lower capacity. In this study, a composite material, O3@O2-LRM is designed, by coating the main structure of O3-type LRM with a minor amount of O2-type LRM to combine the high capacity of the O3 phase with the superior stability of the O2 phase. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that O3@O2-LRM exhibits both high specific capacity and reduced voltage decay. Furthermore, a series of characterizations after different cycles confirm its enhanced structure stability compared to O3-LRM. This novel structure holds great promise for developing advanced cathode materials capable of meeting the demanding requirements of next-generation Li-ion batteries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The intrinsic volumetric stress during cycling is the main obstacle for developing Si-based materials as high-energy-density lithium-ion battery anodes. Elastic binders have been demonstrated as an efficient approach to alleviate the stress of Si. Herein, we design a tough 3D hard/soft polymeric network (LPTS) using lithiated poly(acrylic acid), silk sericin, and highly branched tannic acid. Covalent cross-linking provides a robust mechanical strength to endure the large stress. The formed multiple hydrogen bonds with bonding energies between 3.46 and 25 kcal mol -1 can effectively dissipate the stress through sequential hydrogen bond disassociation. The multifunctional LPTS binder maintains the integrity of the Si-based electrodes during repeated discharging/charging. Additionally, Li + can be transferred via a Li-conducting group (-COOLi), thereby enhancing the ionic conductivity of electrodes. Consequently, the Si/LPTS electrode exhibits an improved initial Coulombic efficiency and excellent durability over 400 cycles. Meanwhile, this binder is also suitable for Si-C anodes, enabling stable cycling at a high areal capacity >3.6 mAh cm -2 and delivering 72.2% capacity retention for the LFP||Si-C/LPTS full cell after 200 cycles. This study provides insight into developing efficient Si-based binders that are facile and low-cost for next-generation high-energy-density systems.

With the increasing importance of subways in urban public transportation systems, pedestrian flow simulation for supporting station management and risk analysis becomes more necessary. There is a need to calibrate the simulation model parameters with real-world pedestrian flow data to achieve a simulation closer to the real situation. This study presents a calibration approach based on YOLOv5 for calibrating the simulation model parameters in the social force model inserted in Anylogic. This study compared the simulation results after model calibration with real data. The results show that (1) the parameters calibrated in this paper can reproduce the characteristics of pedestrian flow in the station; (2) the calibration model not only decreases global errors but also overcomes the common phenomenon of large differences between simulation and reality.

Considering the pear in the arid region as the research object, single-factor testing and water-fertilizer coupling testing were conducted. The response of pear tree growth to water, nitrogen, and phosphorus was explored and provided a theoretical basis for efficient water and fertilizer management. Among them, the single-factor test set water, nitrogen, and phosphorus as the three factors, and five levels were set. Screening out W3, W4, N3, N4, P3, and P4 promoted plant nutrient uptake and fruit quality. Eight treatments were set up in the water and fertilizer coupling test: Treatment 1 (T1, W3N3P3), Treatment 2 (T2, W3N3P4), Treatment 3 (T3, W3N4P3), Treatment 4 (T4, W3N4P4), Treatment 5 (T5, W4N3P3), Treatment 6 (T6, W4N3P4), Treatment 7 (T7, W4N4P3), and Treatment 8 (T8, W4N4P4). The results showed that the leaf area index of the T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments was significantly higher than that of the other treatments at maturity. The yield, single fruit weight, and primary fruit rate were the highest under T3 treatment. The gray correlation degree analysis of fruit quality showed that the T3 treatment had the highest degree of correlation and ranking of each fruit quality index, indicating that the T3 treatment had the highest fruit quality. The yield model showed that irrigation with 6510.06 m 3 hm -2 , nitrogen fertilizer with 337.5 kg N hm -2 , and phosphate fertilizer with 262.5 kg P hm -2 had the best yield. A detailed investigation of pear tree growth and fruit quality showed that the T3 treatment had the best fruit growth and development performance, and the pear fruit quality was the best., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest., (© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.)

Despite the great potential of CRISPR-based detection, it has not been competitive with other market diagnostics for on-site and in-home testing. Here we dissect the rate-limiting factors that undermine the performance of Cas12b- and Cas13a-mediated detection. In one-pot testing, Cas12b interferes with loop-mediated isothermal amplification by binding to and cleaving the amplicon, while Cas13a directly degrades the viral RNA, reducing its amplification. We found that the protospacer-adjacent motif-interacting domain engineered Cas12b accelerated one-pot testing with 10-10,000-fold improved sensitivity, and detected 85 out of 85 SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples with a sensitivity of 0.5 cp μl -1 , making it superior to wild-type Cas12b. In parallel, by diminishing the interference of Cas13a with viral RNA, the optimized Cas13a-based assay detected 86 out of 87 SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples at room temperature in 30 min with a sensitivity of 0.5 cp μl -1 . The relaxed reaction conditions and improved performance of CRISPR-based assays make them competitive for widespread use in pathogen detection., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

Traditional methods under sparse view for reconstruction of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) often result in significant artifacts. Here, a novel image to image transformation method based on unsupervised learning artifact disentanglement network (ADN), named PAT-ADN, was proposed to address the issue. This network is equipped with specialized encoders and decoders that are responsible for encoding and decoding the artifacts and content components of unpaired images, respectively. The performance of the proposed PAT-ADN was evaluated using circular phantom data and the animal in vivo experimental data. The results demonstrate that PAT-ADN exhibits excellent performance in effectively removing artifacts. In particular, under extremely sparse view (e.g., 16 projections), structural similarity index and peak signal-to-noise ratio are improved by ∼188 % and ∼85 % in in vivo experimental data using the proposed method compared to traditional reconstruction methods. PAT-ADN improves the imaging performance of PAT, opening up possibilities for its application in multiple domains., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an important biological resource recovery process, where microorganisms play key roles for material transformation. There has been some knowledge about the prokaryotic community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in AD, but there has been very limited knowledge of phages. In this study, samples from a full-scale AD plant were collected over 13 months, sequenced, and analyzed for viral and prokaryotic metagenomes. Totally, 3015 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) were detected, mostly assigned to Caudoviricetes . The phage community had faster temporal variation than the prokaryotic community. Warm seasons harbored a higher abundance of both temperate phages and broad host-range phages. Seven ARGs of 6 subtypes were carried by 20 vOTUs, a representative ermT gene was synthesized and expressed, and the resistance activity in the host was examined, confirming the real activity of virus-carried ARGs in the AD process. Some of the ARGs were horizontally transferred between the phage and prokaryotic genomes. However, phage infection was not found to contribute to ARG transfer. This study provided an insight into the ecological patterns of the phage community, confirmed the antibiotic resistance activity of virus-carried ARGs, evaluated the contribution of phages on the ARG prevalence, and laid the foundation for the control strategies of the community and antibiotic resistance in the AD process.

Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation and it is associated with various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and periodontitis, impacting people's health and quality of life. It is well-established that IFN-Is affect immune responses and inflammatory factors by regulating some signaling. However, currently, there is no comprehensive overview of the crucial regulatory role of IFN-I in distinctive pathways as well as associated inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of IFN-I in different signaling pathways, mainly mediating the related key factors with specific targets in the pathways and signaling cascades to influence the progression of inflammatory diseases. As such, we suggested that IFN-Is induce inflammatory regulation through the stimulation of certain factors in signaling pathways, which displays possible efficient treatment methods and provides a reference for the precise control of inflammatory diseases., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

SiO x -based material is a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity. The inherent disadvantages of poor electronic conductivity and large volume variation can be solved by constructing the outermost carbon layer and reserving internal voids. However, the practical application of SiO x /C composites remains a great challenge due to the unsatisfactory energy density. Herein, we propose a facile synthetic approach for fabricating SNG/H-SiO x @C composites, which are constructed by amorphous carbon, hollow SiO x (H-SiO x ), and spherical natural graphite (SNG). H-SiO x alleviates volume expansion, while amorphous carbon promotes Li + migration and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The as-prepared SNG/H-SiO x @C demonstrates a high reversible capacity (465 mAh g -1 ), excellent durability (93% capacity retention at 0.5C after 500 cycles), lower average delithiation potential than SNG (0.143 V after 500 cycles), and a 14% gravimetric energy density improvement at a loading level of 4.5 mg cm -2 . Even at a compacted density of 1.5 g cm -3 , the SNG/H-SiO x @C anode presents a modest volume deformation of 14.3% after 100 cycles at 0.1C.

Background: Abuse of Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs) has become a serious threat to public health. Due to the various structural and chemical group modified by criminals, their detection is a major challenge in forensic toxicological identification. Therefore, rapid and efficient identification of SCs is important for forensic toxicology and drug bans. The prediction of an analyte's retention time in liquid chromatography is an important index for the qualitative analysis of compounds and can provide informatics solutions for the interpretation of chromatographic data., Methods: In this study, experimental data from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are used to construct a regression model for predicting the retention time of SCs using machine learning methods. The prediction ability of the model is improved by adopting a strategy that combines different descriptors in different independent machine-learning methods., Results: The best model was obtained with a method that combined Substructure Fingerprint Count and Finger printer features and the support vector regression (SVR) method, as it exhibited an R 2 value of 0.81 for the validation set and 0.83 for the test set. In addition, 4 new SCs were predicted by the optimized model, with a prediction error within 3%., Conclusions: Our study provides a model that can predict the retention time of compounds and it can be used as a filter to reduce false-positive candidates when used in combination with LC-HRMS, especially in the absence of reference standards. This can improve the confidence of identification in non-targeted analysis and the reliability of identifying unknown substances., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background and Objectives: Both cortical and overall bone thicknesses of the infrazygomatic crest (IZC) were measured to determine the optimal areas for mini-implants into the IZC. The impact of insertion sites, heights and angles, sex and age on bone thickness were evaluated., Materials and Methods: In this study, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 32 patients were included. The cortical bone thickness (CBT) and overall bone thicknesses (OBT) of IZC were measured at different insertion sites between the maxillary first and second molars (site 61, 62, 63, 67, 71, 72 and 73), different heights (0 to 12 mm from alveolar bone crest) and different angles (0 to 90 degrees from the reference line)., Results: OBT was the thickest at site 63, followed by site 73. For each site, the insertion height where OBT was the thickest decreased with the increase of angle CBT and OBT were significantly influenced by sex and age. The percentage of root contact was significantly influenced by insertion heights and angles, not by sites. The recommended regions in the IZC for mini-implants were mapped., Conclusions: Both CBT and OBT in the infrazygomatic crest were influenced by insertion sites, heights, and angles. Sex and age had an impact on CBT and OBT. The optimal insertion heights and angles were 12 mm to 18 mm from the occlusal plane, and 40 to 70 degrees for mini-implants at IZC., Competing Interests: None., (AJTR Copyright © 2022.)

Although substantial progress has been made in cancer biology and treatment, the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still not satisfactory because of local tumor invasion and frequent lymph node metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a potential target in which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are of great significance due to their interactions with cancer cells. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we focus on the crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs and discover that CAFs are the main source of TGF-β1. Transwell assays and western blot analysis further prove that CAFs activate the TGF-β1/Smad pathway to promote OSCC invasion. Through survival analysis, we confirm that CAF overexpression is correlated with poor overall survival in OSCC. To further elucidate the origin and role of CAFs in OSCC, we analyze single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 14 OSCC tumor samples and identify four distinct cell types, including CAFs, in the TME, indicating high intratumoral heterogeneity. Then, two subtypes of CAFs, namely, myofibroblasts (mCAFs) and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs), are further distinguished. Based on the differentially upregulated genes of mCAFs and iCAFs, GO enrichment analysis reveals their different roles in OSCC progression. Furthermore, the gene expression pattern is dynamically altered across pseudotime, potentially taking part in the transformation from epithelial to mCAFs or iCAFs through the epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition of infant growth, whose nutritional value is mainly attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs, the third most abundant component of human milk after lactose and lipids, are complex sugars with unique structural diversity which are indigestible by the infant. Acting as prebiotics, multiple beneficial functions of HMO are believed to be exerted through interactions with the gut microbiota either directly or indirectly, such as supporting beneficial bacteria growth, anti-pathogenic effects, and modulation of intestinal epithelial cell response. Recent studies have highlighted that HMOs can boost infants health and reduce disease risk, revealing potential of HMOs in food additive and therapeutics. The present paper discusses recent research in respect to the impact of HMO on the infant gut microbiome, with emphasis on the molecular basis of mechanism underlying beneficial effects of HMOs.