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The Chicago White Sox is a Major League Baseball (MLB) team that plays in the Central division of the American League (AL). Originating in 1894 as a minor league team called the Sioux City Cornhuskers, the White Sox first took the field as a major league team in 1901. Over the course of their long history, the White Sox have won several World Series championships and AL pennants and earned numerous other accolades. The White Sox franchise is also infamously known for its involvement in the notorious Black Sox scandal, which saw several players allegedly conspire with gamblers to fix the 1919 World Series. Heading into the 2024 season, the team had an all-time record that included 9,553 wins and 9,491 losses for an overall .502 win/loss percentage. Perhaps best known for their crosstown rivalry with the Chicago Cubs, the White Sox have a deeply devoted fan base that stands by the team even in the worst of times. The White Sox are also a financially successful franchise, worth an estimated $2 billion in 2023.

Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of Sindh province. It served as the capital of Pakistan between 1947 and 1958. Founded in its modern form in 1729, Karachi grew to become a major financial and industrial center, as well as Pakistan’s primary seaport. In modern times, Karachi is Pakistan’s most cosmopolitan city and a leading cultural, educational, philanthropic, political, and economic hub. Known by varying names including Kurrachee, Caranjee, and Krotchey throughout its history, the city is also recognized as one of Pakistan’s most diverse and progressive regions. Achieving the status of beta-global city in the early twenty-first century, Karachi just misses being one of the ten largest cities in the world.

Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and the nation’s largest city. A megacity counted among the top five most populated cities in the world, Dhaka is one of South Asia’s leading economic, scientific, and cultural centers. First rising to prominence in the seventeenth century as a global hub for the muslin trade, Dhaka emerged as a modern city under British rule before eventually becoming the administrative capital of East Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947. It later became the capital of independent Bangladesh in 1972. Since that time, thanks to its growing population and ever-increasing social and economic diversity, Dhaka has developed into the most densely industrialized region in Bangladesh and a thriving global city.

Geneva is the second-largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the country and its southwestern territorial district, the Canton of Geneva. Historically, Geneva became known as a global city thanks to the key role it played in fostering the Protestant Reformation. As the home of various United Nations agencies, the International Red Cross, and other similar international organizations, Geneva is widely recognized as one of the world’s foremost hubs of global diplomacy. In this vein, the city is perhaps best known for being the site of the signing of the international humanitarian laws known as the Geneva Conventions. A worldwide economic leader, Geneva is also distinguished as a major financial hub.

Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland. It is a global city that serves as a major financial, industrial, and cultural center. Lying at the heart of an ever-growing metropolitan area spread across sections of central, northern, and eastern Switzerland, Zurich is a thriving cosmopolitan community that is widely recognized as one of modern Europe’s most vibrant cities. According to surveys conducted by Mercer Consulting, Zurich had the second-highest quality of life found anywhere around the globe in 2023. The city topped the list in the late 2000s. Much of Zurich’s success, economically and otherwise, is owed to its place as a major hub for finance and banking.

The Snowy River is a major Australian river than runs through parts of New South Wales and Victoria. Originating on the eastern slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, it flows for 352 kilometres before emptying into Bass Strait. The river’s course also winds through the Alpine National Park and the Snowy River National Park. Because such a large portion of the Snowy River is within the latter, its course and the surrounding environment have remained virtually unchanged for many years. On the other hand, its flow was significantly reduced following the placement of numerous dams and other diversion structures during the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme hydroelectric and irrigation system in the mid-twentieth century. The Snowy River is also one of Australia’s most culturally relevant waterways, having been immortalised by author Andrew Barton “Banjo” Paterson in his classic poem ‘The Man from Snowy River’, which was subsequently adapted numerous times for film, television and stage.

The Snowy Mountains Scheme is a massive hydroelectricity and irrigation complex located in southeastern Australia. Built on the continental divide of the Snowy Mountains range between 1949 and 1972, the scheme is composed of sixteen dams, nine power stations, two pumping stations and approximately 225 kilometres of tunnels, aqueducts and pipelines. Construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme was overseen by Chief Engineer Sir William Hudson, who provided the necessary manpower for the project by bringing together a large workforce that included migrants from more than thirty nations around the globe. Upon its completion, the scheme was recognised as one of the world’s great engineering wonders. Functionally, the Snowy Mountains Scheme produced an average of 4,500 gigawatt-hours of renewable energy every year. Even more remarkably, this accounts for about 32 per cent of all renewable energy used in eastern Australia. The scheme remains one of Australia’s most important sources of electricity and irrigation water.

The Batavia was a Dutch East India Company ship that sank off the coast of Western Australia in 1629 during its maiden voyage. The ship was on its way to the Dutch East Indies capital of Batavia, which is today Jakarta, Indonesia. The wreck of the Batavia resulted in the immediate drowning of forty of the ship’s passengers. Those deaths marked only the beginning of the ship’s tragic fate. After the Batavia’s commander, Francisco Pelsaert, left the scene of the wreck to seek help, merchant Jeronimus Cornelisz took charge of the survivors. He subsequently embarked on a reign of terror during which approximately 125 men, women and children were murdered. When he was finally stopped, Cornelisz and six of his supporters were tried and convicted of their crimes. The men were the first Europeans to be legally executed on Australian soil.

AFL Women’s (AFLW) is a national semi-professional Australian Rules football league for women. Operated by the Australian Football League (AFL), the AFLW made its debut with a roster of eight teams in 2017. The league subsequently expanded to ten teams in 2019 and fourteen teams in 2020. Despite facing controversies over issues like gender-based pay disparities and sexist reactions from critics, the AFLW quickly became one of Australia’s most popular sports leagues. Drawing sell-out crowds and impressive television ratings, the AFLW helped raised the AFL’s annual revenue to a record-breaking A$794 million in 2019. More importantly, the popularity of the AFLW has boosted participation in sport amongst Australia’s female athletes and increased interest in women’s sports with spectators and the Australian sports media alike. This is particularly the case with women’s Australian Rules football, which largely struggled to attract and maintain participants or gain much public attention until the creation of the AFLW.

The Port Arthur massacre was a mass shooting that took place in and adjacent to the Tasmanian town of Port Arthur, Australia, on 28 and 29 April 1996. The attack, committed by a twenty-eight-year-old intellectually disabled gunman named Martin Bryant, left thirty-five people dead and an additional eighteen wounded. Martin, who was eventually convicted and sentenced to thirty-five life terms for the murders, was alleged to have carried out the attack in response to a dispute between his father and the owners of a guesthouse where part of the massacre occurred. With his conviction, Martin earned the dubious distinction of becoming the worst mass murderer in Australian history. More importantly, the Port Arthur Massacre led Australian government officials to enact stricter gun control laws. This included an almost total ban on all automatic and semiautomatic weapons. A feature film about the Port Arthur massacre was produced in 2020.

The Trevi Fountain is a famous Baroque fountain located in the Trevi district of Rome, Italy. Completed by architect and painter Giuseppe Pannini in 1762, the Trevi Fountain has a long history that dates to 19 BCE.

The London Eye is a cantilevered observation wheel located in the Jubilee Gardens on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. At 443-feet (135 meters) tall and with a diameter of 394 feet (120 meters), it is the largest observation wheel of its kind in Europe. Similar in design to a traditional Ferris wheel, the London Eye is one of the British capital’s most recognizable landmarks and frequently visited tourist attractions. At the time of its debut as the Millennium Wheel in 2000, the London Eye offered the highest public viewpoint in the city—a distinction it retained until the opening of an observation deck on the seventy-second floor of the Shard in 2013. In addition to quickly becoming a highlight of the local tourism scene, the London Eye is viewed by many as a national symbol of British technological innovation. Moreover, the success of the London Eye spurred a revival of Ferris-wheel construction around the world.

Waggoner Ranch is a historic ranch in north Texas made of more than 525,000 acres spread over an area of about 800 square miles. Situated approximately 13 miles south of Vernon, Texas, the ranch was originally founded by early American settler Daniel Waggoner in 1852 and eventually grew to become the United States’ largest ranch within one fence. In its modern form, the ranch extends into parts of six different Texas counties. Long used primarily for cattle ranching, Waggoner Ranch also undertakes horse breeding, agriculture, and oil drilling. As an active business, Waggoner Ranch continues to employ a large number of cowboys, farmers, oilfield workers, and office staff. In 2016, the Waggoner family sold the ranch to billionaire sports-team owner Stan Kroenke for $725 million. Since the time of the sale, Waggoner Ranch has operated as part of Kroenke Ranches, a major ranching business with land holdings throughout the United States and Canada.

Baseball executive. Branch Rickey was born Wesley Branch Rickey in Ohio on December 20, 1881. He was the second son born to Jacob Franklin "Frank" and Emily Brown Rickey. Rickey's older brother, Orla, was born in 1875, and their younger brother, Frank, was born in 1888. After finishing grade school, the ambitious Rickey studiously educated himself through reading while working on the family farm. His efforts eventually landed him a job as a teacher at a local grade school. Once he saved enough money through teaching, Rickey enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University. Branch Rickey. By National Photo Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Branch Rickey. By Rentschler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The New Zealand Labour Party is a centre-left political party that was originally founded in 1916. While its platform programme officially states the party is founded on the principles of democratic socialism, most New Zealanders generally view Labour as being social-democratic in nature. Along with the New Zealand National Party, Labour is one of the nation’s most dominant political parties. There have been six different Labour governments led by a total of ten Labour prime ministers by 2020. Labour first rose to prominence under the leadership of prime ministers Michael Joseph Savage and Peter Fraser in the 1930s and 1940s. At the time, the party succeeded in establishing New Zealand’s welfare state. Labour periodically returned to power in the decades that followed. By 2008, Labour was the second-largest caucus in the House of Representatives. Labour formed a new government once again under the leadership of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern in 2017 and remained in power with Ardern at the helm following the 2020 elections.

Avogadro's law is a crucial law of chemistry, which states that equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules when held under the same temperature and pressure conditions. First proposed by Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro in 1811, this breakthrough observation initially earned little recognition from Europe's elite scientific community, mostly because of Avogadro's own obscurity and some notable irregularities with his work. When the law was rediscovered decades later, however, it quickly came to play a significant role in the development of modern chemistry.

Bernoulli’s principle is a law of physical science that explains the relationship between a fluid's pressure and velocity. The word fluid may refer to either a liquid or a gas. When the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. Conversely, when the velocity of a fluid decreases, its pressure increases. Developed by Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli in the 1730s, this principle is readily observable in many real-world scenarios and has many practical applications. Most notably, the Bernoulli principle is an underlying concept in the science of flight. Moreover, the discovery of Bernoulli's principle was essential to the emergence of hydrodynamics , or the science of the motion of fluids, as a unique field of study.

The Act to Prohibit the “Coolie Trade” was a US federal law also known as the Anti-Coolie Act of 1862. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln in February 1862, the act was an attempt to control Asian immigration by ending the so-called coolie trade that served as a source of cheap, disposable labor in the form of indentured Chinese workers. Its enactment coincided with the passage of the similarly named Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 in California. This law was designed to protect the interests of White laborers by placing a monthly tax on Chinese immigrants who wished to work in the state. While neither of these laws ultimately had a significant effect on the issue of Chinese labor, both contributed to growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States and helped set the stage for the more impactful Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is the largest municipal police department in the United States. Tasked with enforcing the law and maintaining order in the five boroughs of New York City, the NYPD is composed of approximately thirty-six thousand officers and nineteen thousand civilian employees. Since 1845, the NYPD has been responsible for policing one of the most populated cities in the world and providing its many public safety, traffic management, emergency response, and counterterrorism needs. The NYPD is a complex law enforcement agency that is divided into separate bureaus that specialize in law enforcement, investigations, and administration. Boasting more than seventy patrol precincts, twelve transit districts, and nine police service areas (PSAs), the NYPD is well equipped to serve New York City’s widespread and diverse policing needs. In addition to its full-time officers, the NYPD also relies on a large number of uniformed civilians who serve as traffic safety and school safety agents.

The term gynocentrism implies a primary or exclusive focus on women. The most straightforward interpretation of gynocentrism means viewing the world from a female perspective. Philosophically, gynocentrism is described as a feminist ideology based on female-centric beliefs, identities, and social organization. Put more simply, gynocentrism is a way of thinking and living in which women are regarded as superior in some sense and their particular needs are given priority. Gynocentrism is the opposite of androcentrism, a term used to describe a male-dominated worldview. In modern philosophy and other disciplines, gynocentric views were specifically developed in response to and as a means of offsetting androcentric views which were typically seen as predominate in society. While the historic roots of gynocentrism can be traced back as far as about two million years ago, the modern gynocentric worldview first arose during the Middle Ages. Within contemporary society, gynocentrism is closely associated with feminism and is often harshly criticised by those with anti-feminist views.

Melamine is a chemical commonly used in the manufacture of a wide variety of everyday household products, including dishes, utensils, counter tops, dry-erase boards, flooring, and wall paneling. Made of synthetic polymers like formaldehyde, melamine is usually found in the form of nitrogen-rich white crystals. Although generally considered harmless when in resin form, melamine can be dangerously toxic when ingested and combined with other chemical compounds. Melamine toxicity can ultimately lead to kidney stones, kidney failure, and even death. The potential dangers of melamine ingestion became clear in 2007 and 2008, when trace amounts of the chemical were found in pet food and instant formula made in China. This contamination led to thousands of infant illnesses and pet deaths. While melamine is not normally used as a food additive, its presence in certain plates, flatware, and other products that come in direct contact with food can lead to health problems under the right circumstances.

Moment of inertia is a fundamental property in rotational mechanics that applies to any object that can be rotated. It is also sometimes known as mass moment of inertia or rotational inertia. Specifically, moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to a change in its rotational state. Put more simply, moment of inertia is a determination of how difficult it is to change the rotational velocity of an object about its rotational axis. As a physics concept, moment of inertia is one of the core principles of dynamics, a branch of mechanical science concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of various forces. In rotational dynamics, which deals with the motion of bodies in rotation, moment of inertia plays essentially the same role that mass plays in linear dynamics, which deals with the motion of bodies in a straight line. This means that moment of inertia is an important concept in determining the relationship between such factors as angular momentum and angular velocity, and torque and angular acceleration.

A genogram is a multigenerational diagram that can be used to illustrate the genealogical and emotional relationships among members of a family. Many psychologists and other mental-health professionals use genograms to create a visual representation of a patient's personal social network and the emotional nature of the individual relationships within it. Genograms are also used by physicians to trace familial medical history as a means of determining the conditions to which an individual might be genetically predisposed.

Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline chemical compound most commonly used in fertilizers and explosives. An artificially produced substance, it ranks among the most widely manufactured chemicals in the United States. Due to its potential volatility, ammonium nitrate can be very dangerous and has, on several occasions, caused devastating explosions. Despite these risks, however, it remains in demand thanks to its many practical uses.

The term software development refers to the task of producing functional computer software through a specialized process that typically involves a sequence of successive phases. These phases often include need identification, design, programming, testing, and maintenance. The overall process of creating a particular piece of software is generally carried out according to one of several possible systems development life cycle (SDLC) models. Depending on which model is chosen, the order of developmental stages and the basic methodology of the software development process will vary.

Johnson & Johnson is a multifaceted pharmaceutical and health care company long established as an industry leader and a widely recognized brand. Specializing in a broad array of products that range from bandages to cutting-edge drugs and medical devices, as of 2019, Johnson & Johnson included over 260 subsidiary companies in more than sixty countries that employ nearly 130,000 workers. Despite numerous product recalls and high-profile legal entanglements, Johnson & Johnson has remained one of the largest and most successful businesses in the health and medicine industry.

Biomedicine is a branch of medical science involving the application of biological and other natural-science principles to clinical practice. More specifically, biomedicine is the use of scientific observation and experimentation to identify and explain diseases and develop effective treatments. Biomedicine has become the world's most dominant form of medical care. Moreover, thanks to the efforts of local governments and international health organizations, biomedicine has become available, at least to some extent, to people everywhere.

Etiology is the scientific study of the causes of disease. Etiology is the sum of all knowledge about a given disease and the pathological origin of that disease. One of the key elements of modern medicine, etiology is an essential part of the process of developing new and improved forms of treatment and completely eradicating diseases. Understanding the etiologies of diseases allows researchers and physicians to better understand human health and ensure a better quality of life whenever and wherever possible.

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that often involves tremors, insomnia, hallucinations, and delusions. Commonly known as the DTs, this condition can even be fatal in some cases. The DTs occur most often in individuals who drink heavily over long periods and in people who have experienced them before. The condition usually arises when heavy drinkers or alcoholics abruptly stop drinking or reduce their alcohol intake too quickly. Although the exact physiological cause of the DTs is not known, it is believed that the condition is tied to the interference excessive alcohol consumption causes in the body's regulation of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A. Symptoms typically arise about six hours after the last drink and can last for up to three to five days. In the most serious cases, the DTs can lead to elevated heart rate, abnormal blood pressure, and other dangerous problems that can ultimately result in death.

Reggaeton is a Latin American musical genre that blends a distinctive beat called dembow with elements of reggae, Jamaican dance hall rhythms, hip-hop, rap, merengue, bomba, plena, and salsa. Reggaeton first emerged in Panama and Puerto Rico during the 1990s as an urban sound that resonated primarily with Latin American working-class listeners. Initially derided by critics for its often explicit lyrics and the suggestive dance moves it inspired, reggaeton eventually grew to become a popular musical style in Latin America and around the world. In large part, the genre's growing popularity is due to the work of leading reggaeton artists such as Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Nicky Jam. In particular, Luis Fonsi's 2017 song "Despacito" became a chart-topping hit that helped to cement reggaeton's place as a popular musical style on the international stage. Daddy Yankee, the "King of Reggaeton." By TIP-XL, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Ivy Queen is often referred to as the Queen of Reggaeton. By Ray Villalobos, CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), via Wikimedia Commons

The paradox of value is an economic paradox that concerns the apparent contradiction in the perceived valued of water to that of diamonds. Specifically, the paradox lies in the fact that water, which is of much greater importance as a means of survival, commands a lower price in the free market than diamonds, which are less useful. Because it is so often described in these terms, the paradox of value is also commonly referred to as the diamond-water paradox. Although the historic origins of the paradox can be traced back to the renowned Greek philosopher Plato, eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is typically credited with its popularization. Plato, Smith, and others wrestled unsuccessfully with the paradox of value for centuries before modern economists finally concluded that it could be explained through the concepts of subjective valuation and marginal utility.

Textism is the use of abbreviations and shortened forms of words when composing text messages or other types of instant messages. The term is also sometimes used more specifically to describe the actual abbreviations, shortened word forms, and other stylized vocabulary and grammatical choices employed in the composition of text messages. The use of abbreviations such as “plz” and “lol” in place of the longer word “please” and the longer phrase “laughing out loud” are examples of textism. As cell phones and text messaging applications have become increasingly ubiquitous, so too has textism, especially among younger people who use electronic devices to communicate via text message and social media more frequently than others. Considerable debate takes place among experts and other concerned parties about the effect of textism on teen literacy. While some point out that textism can negatively impact teens’ ability to spell and use proper grammar and punctuation, others argue that textism teaches certain skills that can actually improve literacy.

A parasocial interaction (PSI) is an imaginary interaction with a media figure that occurs during a discreet viewing situation. Such interactions are a fundamental element of the broader concept of parasocial relationships, which is a one-sided relationship an individual media user engages in with a media personality they do not actually know in real life. In many cases, PSIs ultimately lead to parasocial relationships. People usually form these relationships with celebrities, fictional characters, or social media personalities they encounter while consuming various types of media.

The Staten Island Peace Conference was an ill-fated Revolutionary War peace summit held between British and colonial delegates on Staten Island, New York, on September 11, 1776. The conference took place just after the Battle of Long Island, a decisive British victory that might have ended the war if British army officer General William Howe had not allowed General George Washington and his remaining men to retreat. In the aftermath of the battle, the British offered Americans an opportunity to arrive at a peace agreement. That offer led to the peace conference organized at Billop Manor on Staten Island, which saw British Admiral Lord Richard Howe meet with Second Continental Congress representatives John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Edward Rutledge. The conference was ultimately brief, with Howe unable to legally recognize Adams, Franklin, and Rutledge as Members of Congress and the Americans refusing to be addressed as British subjects. In the end, the Staten Island Peace Conference was a failed attempt to bring a diplomatic end to the American Revolution.

The Radical Republicans were a political faction within the Republican Party that first appeared in the mid-1850s and lasted until the end of the Reconstruction Era. Members referred to themselves as radicals because their initial goal was the full and permanent eradication of enslavement. The two leading members of the faction were Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. During the American Civil War, Radical Republicans opposed their moderate Republican contemporaries, led by President Abraham Lincoln. After the war, they held control of Congress for a time and sought to take a more authoritative approach to Reconstruction in the South. In terms of policy, Radical Republicans strongly supported equality, civil rights, and enfranchisement for recently freed African Americans. Radical Republicans quarreled with President Andrew Johnson and were responsible for his impeachment. After Reconstruction, the faction lost its grip on power and faded away.

The Rumbula massacre was a mass execution of Jewish people that took place during World War II near the city of Riga, Latvia, on November 30 and December 8, 1941. Approximately twenty-five thousand Jewish people were executed at or while being transported to a massacre site in the nearby Rumbula forest. A mass murder by shooting, the Rumbula massacre was carried out by the Nazi Einsatzgruppe A, one of several Einsatzgruppe paramilitary death squads. Einsatzgruppe A was led by Schutzstaffel (SS) commander Friedrich Jeckeln, who also oversaw similar massacres in Ukraine and elsewhere. Most of the victims were Latvian Jews from the Riga Ghetto. Those who were not murdered prior to arriving at the massacre site were forced to strip and made to lay face down on the ground before being shot. After the war, those responsible for the Rumbula massacre and other similar events were held to account at a trial, where several Einsatzgruppe commanders were convicted of crimes against humanity.

Actual authority is a concept tied to the doctrines of the law of agency in the United States and other countries around the world. Associated with legal agency, actual authority involves specific powers being expressly conferred by a principal to an agent selected to act on the former’s behalf. Actual authority occurs when the principal’s words or conduct leads the agent to believe that they are empowered to act on behalf of the principal. Actual authority may be granted orally or in writing. The power of actual authority can take different forms and may be considered general, limited, or broad as the situation dictates. In practice, actual authority typically provides a mechanism through which a third-party agent is authorized to represent and make decisions on behalf of a company or other principal in a variety of possible situations.

The PGA Tour is the organization behind the main men’s professional golf tournaments played in North America. It is primarily responsible for organizing most of the events included in the flagship series of annual golf tournaments that are part of the professional golf tour also known as the PGA Tour. In addition, the PGA Tour organizes major professional golf tours like the PGA Tour Champions and the Korn Ferry Tour. Historically, the PGA Tour began as part of the Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) of America before splitting off into a separate organization for tour players in 1968. Since that time, the PGA Tour has been responsible for overseeing most of the week-to-week professional golf events that are part of the PGA Tour competition itself. Some of these events include the Players Championship, the FedEx Cup, and the Presidents Cup. More than fifty years after its inception, the PGA Tour remains one of the leading organizations in professional golf, both in North America and around the world.

The South Pole is a point in Antarctica that marks the southern end of Earth’s axis of rotation. It is one of two points where Earth’s axis intersects its surface, the other being the North Pole. There are actually two different South Poles, including the geographic South Pole and the magnetic South Pole. The geographic South Pole is simply the southern point at which Earth’s axis intersects its surface. The magnetic South Pole is the wandering point in the Southern Hemisphere where the planet’s geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. The exact position of the magnetic South Pole varies and is determined by the shifting nature of Earth’s magnetic field. Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole in 1911. Since that time, the South Pole has been a popular destination for research scientists, many of whom have spent time working at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

Edvin Kanka Ćudić was born to Edhem and Senija Ćudić on December 31, 1988, in Brčko, a city that was part of Yugoslavia and is now located within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ćudić’s father died during the Bosnian War, a conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995 and contributed to the breakup of Yugoslavia. At the time of his death, Ćudić was being held at the Batković prison camp operated by Bosnian Serb authorities. Batković is believed to have been the first Bosnian War concentration camp.

The Springfield race riot of 1908 was a violent, racially motivated uprising that played out in Springfield, Illinois, on August 14–15, 1908, and resulted in widespread property destruction and several deaths. After a young white woman accused an African American man of raping her, an angry mob bent on vengeance marched to the local jail with the intention of killing the alleged rapist and another black man who was said to have murdered a white man the previous month. However, when it was revealed that the accused men had been moved to a jail in another town for their safety, the members of the mob took out their frustrations on the city's African American neighborhoods, damaging property and destroying homes and businesses. As the riot unfolded, a number of people, both black and white, were killed. The Springfield race riot came to be seen as one of the worst episodes of racial violence in American history.

Glam rock, or glitter rock, was a flashy, musically diverse rock and roll genre that was prevalent for a brief time in the 1970s. Primarily emanating from Great Britain, glam rock was popularized by eccentric performers who wore outlandish, often gender-bending fashions that emphasized over-the-top androgynous sexuality. Musically, glam rock was a fusion of a number of different musical styles, including traditional rock, punk, and heavy metal. In many ways, glam rock developed as a response to the somber, reflective singer/songwriter movement that dominated popular music in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Some of the most well-known and successful glam rock acts included T. Rex, the New York Dolls, and David Bowie. While the popularity of glam rock largely faded with the rise of punk in the mid-1970s, its influence continued to be seen in the performance styles of such future artists as Boy George, Madonna, and Lady Gaga.

Soldier, war hero. William Jasper's early life is all but entirely undocumented. It is believed that he was born sometime around 1750, but his origins are otherwise unclear. Most accounts indicate that he immigrated to the United States from Ireland in his youth, but others suggest that he had German roots. Whatever his ethnic background and wherever his place of birth, Jasper was raised in the South Carolina and Georgia low country. Beyond that, there is no surviving evidence of how he spent his early years or what he did in life before the Revolutionary War.

Powassan virus (POWV) is a rare tick-borne virus that primarily occurs where ticks are prevalent in the Midwest and Northeast United States. It is part of the Flavivirus family of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes such other pathogens as the West Nile, Yellow Fever, Dengue, and Zika viruses. Transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, POWV can cause serious and even potentially fatal complications. In the most severe cases, it may lead to encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Long-term problems such as recurrent headaches, muscular atrophy, and memory loss can also occur, though some infected individuals remain asymptomatic. Since there are no drugs capable of curing POWV, treatment for the condition is usually limited. There are also no available vaccines to prevent the condition, so the best way to avoid POWV is for individuals to take the necessary precautions to protect themselves from ticks when spending time outdoors.

Homologous recombination is a form of genetic recombination in which genetic material is exchanged between two strands of DNA with similar or identical base sequences. It is a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotes, bacteria, and some viruses. Homologous recombination occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes. Within these organisms, it plays an important role in repairing harmful double-strand breaks in DNA and allowing genetic material to be shuffled during meiosis in order to create new combinations of DNA sequences. Similarly, homologous recombination is also crucial to DNA repair and helps to incorporate genetic material received through horizontal gene transfer and transformation into DNA in bacteria. Homologous recombination also plays a critical role in shaping the evolution of certain viruses. Homologous recombination is a useful mechanism in genetic engineering as well. In this context, it is often utilized by genetic engineers as a tool for gene targeting, which is when an engineered mutation is inserted into a particular gene so that the function of the gene in question can be studied.

The Southwest Voter Registration Education Project (SVREP) is a non-partisan Latino voter participation organization. Founded by social activist Willie Velazquez in 1974, the organization is the largest of its kind in the United States. The SVREP was originally established to safeguard the voting rights of Mexican Americans in the Southwest and ensure that they had the ability to meaningfully participate in the political process. Using the motto “su voto es su voz” (“your vote is your voice”), the SVREP advocated for those who were functionally disenfranchised and worked to increase the number of Latinos who were registered to vote. Over the course of its existence, the SVREP has sponsored more than two thousand voter registration drives, leading to the formal registration of an estimated 2.6 million Latino voters. In the twenty-first century, the SVREP continues to advocate on behalf of Latino voters and actively takes a stand against efforts to suppress the Latino vote.

The Spanish Speaking People’s Congress was a Latino civil rights organization that operated in California and Texas in the 1930s and 1940s. Founded primarily by Guatemalan-born activist Luisa Moreno, the Congress aimed to fight back against attacks from racist groups like the Ku Klux Klan and help protect non-citizens from discrimination. During the Congress’s national convention in April 1939, as many as 1,500 representatives from various organizations gathered in Los Angeles to discuss segregation, employment discrimination, women’s rights, and many other Latino civil rights issues. The landmark meeting was the first national Latino civil rights convention of its kind in American history. While the Congress enjoyed some measure of success, its existence ultimately proved short-lived because of pressure from political figures associated with California’s Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities that claimed the organization was communist. Because of these efforts, the Congress ceased to exist by 1950.

Surgical smoke is a potentially dangerous by-product of energy-generating devices such as electrosurgical units (ESUs), lasers, electrocautery and ultrasonic devices, and powered bone saws and drills. It is produced when bodily tissue is vaporized during a surgical procedure. In addition to being marked by a distinctly repulsive odor, surgical smoke can contain toxic gases, dangerous chemical components, viable and nonviable cellular material, viruses, and bacteria. As a result, acute exposure to surgical smoke can lead to conditions such as eye, nose, and throat irritation; headache; cough; nasal congestion; or asthma and asthma-like symptoms. There is also some evidence to suggest that chronic exposure to surgical smoke can have more serious medical consequences, although some critics believe that such claims may be exaggerated by medical equipment companies for commercial purposes. In any event, surgical smoke is an occupational hazard that many surgeons and other operating room (OR) personnel encounter on a regular basis.

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare disorder that affects a bundle of nerve roots called the cauda equina that is found at the lower end of the spinal cord. CES occurs when something compresses on the spinal roots and is treated as a surgical emergency in most cases. CES is an acute event that develops rapidly and typically results in symptoms including lower back pain, numbness in the genital area, abrupt urinary retention, or incontinence. The most common cause of CES is a ruptured disk in the lumbar region, but it can occur due to other medical conditions or injuries as well. Treatment of CES typically means immediate surgery to relieve pressure on the cauda equina nerves. Any delay in surgical intervention can result in permanent damage that may include loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, or even paralysis of the legs. Recovery is dependent on the extent of nerve damage and the timeliness of surgical repair.

The Legend of Zelda is a popular action-adventure video game franchise created by Japanese game designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka and developed and published largely by Nintendo. The series began with the 1986 release of The Legend of Zelda, a top-down perspective game wherein the player navigates through a fantasy world filled with dark dungeons and a variety of dangerous enemies. Considered one of the premier titles for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), The Legend of Zelda was an immediate success that quickly spawned an entire series of sequels that has included such equally successful entries as The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (1991), The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1998), and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017). Over the years, the Zelda franchise has also been adapted into everything from a Zelda-themed cartoon series to comic books, board games, and more.