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[ES] En ocasiones, la realización de transferencias de volúmenes de agua entre cuencas es la única solución al déficit hídrico para algunas zonas agrícolas. Tal es el caso del mediterráneo español, concretamente el sur de la provincia de Alicante. De manera histórica, esta área ha presentado un balance hídrico deficitario entre necesidades de riego y recursos, provocando la sobreexplotación de sus acuíferos. Para paliar este impacto medioambiental se articuló una transferencia de volúmenes entre las cuencas de los ríos Júcar y Vinalopó. Un sistema hidráulico a presión fue el encargado de trasvasar agua entre cuencas y distribuirlas a las superficies de regadío. En el presente artículo se describe la metodología utilizada para optimizar el sistema agua-energía, basado en Epanet, para que una vez calibrado se utilice como herramienta de explotación del sistema. Dicho modelo permite analizar la distribución de volúmenes y caudales en función de la demanda agrícola existente en cada balsa receptora. Unido a la distribución hidráulica se realiza un estudio profundo de las posibles relaciones hidroenergéticas en el sistema conjunto, llegando a obtener un valor máximo de energía recuperable teórica de 18 418 MWh/año. Así, se determina la viabilidad de aprovechar saltos hidráulicos para aumentar la eficiencia conjunta en la distribución., [EN] Nowadays, making interbasin transfers of water is the only solution to the water shortage for some agricultural areas. This is the case of the Spanish Mediterranean region, namely the southern province of Alicante. This area has historically presented a water balance deficit between irrigation needs and resources, resulting in overexploitation of aquifers. To alleviate this environmental impact, some water volumes between the basin of the Júcar and Vinalopó rivers were transferred. A hydraulic pressure system was responsible for transferring water between basins and distributing it to the irrigated areas. In this article, a methodology used to optimize water-energy system is described, developing a calibrated model using Epanet as a tool operating system. This model allows managers to analyze the distribution of volumes and flow dependence on the existing agricultural demand in each receiver reservoir. Attached to the hydraulic distribution, a thorough study of the possible hydro-energy relations in the whole system is carried out, obtaining a maximum theoretical value of recoverable energy 18 418 MWh/year. This way, the feasibility of using hydraulic heads is determined so to increase overall efficiency in the whole distribution system.

[EN] The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) connected to the electric system, in the replacement of pressure reduction valves to reduce the excessive pressure in water distribution networks, have been studied for the last years. The introduction of PATs is very important in the water-energy nexus to promote the increase of the energy savings. As consequence, the majority of the water systems does not have access to the electrical grid and, therefore, the need to study the PATS operation off-grid is necessary. In this line, the novelty of this research is the application and optimization of a PAT in water systems when the recovery solution is off-grid type. To operate correctly, the induction machine requires an external source of reactive power, which is typically provided by the electrical grid. To supply the required reactive power, a bank of capacitors is installed at the machine terminals, so-called self-excited induction generator (SEIG). The analytical model, simulation and experimental works were performed, to analyse the SEIG behaviour. The results were applied in a SEIG-PAT system obtaining the global efficiency of the system for different speeds and loads. The global efficiency decreases 47% when off-grid operation, showing the need to optimize the electrical parameters of the generator to operate as off- grid with acceptable efficiency levels. In this framework, a tuning methodology for the SEIG capacitor bank values was developed to be automatically adjusted according to the operating point of the PAT to maximize its efficiency.

[EN] The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of EU s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, trans-portation represented approximately 25 percent of total EU s greenhouse gas emissions. Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2 emissions of road transport and up to 70% of other pollutants from transport. As, transportation and mobility play a crucial part both in urban economics and the quality of life, it is of great significance to ensure a low carbon transportation sector, so as to deal with the threat that climate change poses to urban areas. This study examines the factors that affect the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as of air pollutants, in 9 major European cities, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the actual knowledge on the atmospheric pollution from public transportation systems. CO2 emissions as well as air pollutants, such as CO, HC, PM, NOx are calculated for the diesel and CNG bus fleets of the European cities under study. Finally the environmental benefits, in terms of CO2 and CO, HC, PM, NOx emissions reductions, from the penetration of different biodiesel blends (from B10 to B100) to the bus fleets are estimated.

[EN] Analyses of possible synergies between energy recovery and water management are essential for achieving sustainable advances in the performance of pressurized irrigation networks. Nowadays, the use of micro hydropower in water systems is being analysed to improve the overall energy efficiency. In this line, the present research is focused on the proposal and development of a novel optimization strategy for increasing the energy efficiency in pressurized irrigation networks by energy recovering. The recovered energy is maximized considering different objective functions, including feasibility index: the best energy converter must be selected, operating in its best efficiency conditions by variation of its rotational speed, providing the required flow in each moment. These flows (previously estimated through farmers¿ habits) are compared with registered values of flow in the main line with very suitable calibration results, getting a Nash¿Sutcliffe value above 0.6 for different time intervals, and a PBIAS index below 10% in all time interval range. The methodology was applied to a Vallada network obtaining a maximum recovered energy of 58.18 MWh/year (41.66% of the available energy), improving the recovered energy values between 141 and 184% when comparing to energy recovery considering a constant rotational speed. The proposal of this strategy shows the real possibility of installing micro hydropower machines to improve the water¿energy nexus management in pressurized systems.

Tesis por compendio, The demand for chicken meat consumption increases worldwide. Particularly, intensive breeding increases the need for a controlled environment, in order to maintain thermal comfort and productive efficiency. For this reason, the present thesis is an exploratory analysis of the environmental factors involved in animals comfort and in the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in farms. The Star CCM+ commercial code has been used for this purpose. This computational software has been used to represent the effect of the change of the constructive elements in tunnel type farms buldings, based on the parameters of comfort in climatic conditions considered as summer and winter. The proposed numerical modeling has been validated with experimental data for speed and temperature in a tunnel type ship with constant heat source. With the detailed information of the environmental factors involved in the productive and physiological behavior of the animal, values of comfort range were established for speed, temperature and temperature and speed indexes. To identify the microclimatic imbalances inside the farm, the computational fluid mechanics code analyzes the different characteristics of the building that can influence the solutions at the animal level, making an analysis on how the different authors have used these type of computational tools to validate their credibility. Knowing the diversity of farms analyzed with CFD, in the second chapter the model tunnel building is modeled, with different structural elements and heat flow of the animals in the soil. In this case, the velocity, temperature and temperature and velocity distribution are analyzed, showing the effect of the different locations of the fans and the distribution of windows at the animal level. With this previous analysis and characterization of the tunnel-type ship, a section of a private tunnel spacecraft, in the Laboratorio de Simulación Ambiental (ICTA), with two constant velocity flows, three heat source, La demanda del consumo de carne de pollo incrementa a nivel mundial. Particularmente, en la crianza intensiva se incrementa la necesidad de tener un ambiente controlado para mantener el confort térmico y la eficiencia productiva. Por ello en la presente tesis se realiza un análisis exploratorio de los factores ambientales que intervienen en el confort de las aves y el uso de la Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD por sus siglas en inglés) en granjas. Se ha utilizado para ello el código comercial Star CCM+. Este análisis computacional se ha utilizado para representar el efecto del cambio de los elementos constructivos en naves tipo túnel sobre los parámetros de confort en condiciones climáticas consideradas como de verano e invierno. Se ha validado la modelación numérica propuesta con datos experimentales para la velocidad y temperatura en una nave tipo túnel con fuente de calor constante. Con la información detallada de los factores ambientales que intervienen en el comportamiento productivo y fisiológico del animal, se establecieron valores de rango de confort para la velocidad, temperatura e índices de temperatura y velocidad. Para identificar los desequilibrios microclimáticos dentro de la granja, el código de la mecánica de fluidos computacional analiza las diferentes características del edificio que pueden influir a nivel del animal, realizando un análisis sobre cómo los diferentes autores han utilizado este tipo de herramientas computacionales para validar su credibilidad. Conociendo la diversidad de granjas analizadas con CFD, en el segundo capítulo se modeliza la nave túnel con diferentes elementos estructurales y flujo de calor de los animales en el suelo. Se analiza en este caso la distribución de velocidad, temperatura e índice de temperatura y velocidad, observándose el efecto que tiene a nivel del animal la diferente ubicación de los ventiladores y distribución de ventanas. Con este análisis previo y caracterización de la nave tipo túnel se valida en, El consum de carn de pollastre s'incrementa a nivell mundial. Particularment, en la criança intensiva s'incrementa la necessitat de tenir un ambient controlat per mantenir el confort tèrmic i l'eficiència productiva. Per això en la present tesi es realitza una anàlisi exploratòria dels factors ambientals que intervenen en el confort de les aus i l'ús de la Dinàmica de Fluids Computacional (CFD per les seves sigles en anglès) en granges. S'ha utilitzat per a això el codi comercial Star CCM+. Aquesta anàlisi computacional s'ha utilitzat per representar l'efecte del canvi dels elements constructius en naus tipus túnel sobre els paràmetres de confort en condicions climàtiques considerades com d'estiu i hivern. S'ha validat la modelació numèrica proposta amb dades experimentals per a la velocitat i temperatura en una nau tipus túnel amb font de calor constant. Amb la informació detallada dels factors ambientals que intervenen en el comportament productiu i fisiològic de l'animal, es van establir valors de rang de confort per a la velocitat, temperatura i índexs de temperatura i velocitat. Per identificar els desequilibris microclimàtics dins de la granja, el codi de la mecànica de fluids computacional analitza les diferents característiques de l'edifici que poden influir a nivell de l'animal, realitzant una anàlisi sobre com els diferents autors han utilitzat aquest tipus d'eines computacionals per validar la seva credibilitat. Coneixent la diversitat de granges analitzades amb CFD, en el segon capítol es modelitza la nau túnel amb diferents elements estructurals i flux de calor dels animals a terra. S'analitza en aquest cas la distribució de velocitat, temperatura i índex de temperatura i velocitat, observant l'efecte que té a nivell de l'animal la diferent ubicació dels ventiladors i distribució de finestres. Amb aquesta anàlisi previ i caracterització de la nau tipus túnel es valida en escala real una secció d'una nau túnel particular, situada al Laboratori de Simulac

Tesis por compendio, Through the last decades, building designers should deal with reliable design strategies to take advantage of natural resources in order to increase energy efficiency in buildings, as well as to promote sustainable development and add value to the society. This thesis proposes a reliable building design strategy to improve buildings energy efficiency by means of natural ventilation (NV) use. The strategy consists in evaluating the most suitable architectural solution in a particular case study taking into account environmental conditions and building surroundings in order to maximize NV use since the early building design stage. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are used to conduct the research. This is a powerful design tool that permits buildings NV behaviour simulation prior to building construction. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to provide a real case study building in which the NV design strategy is applied to show a reliable example and support building design decisions since the design stage. The design strategy is based on the use of a commercial numerical code that solves the fluid mechanic equations. The CFD software simulates the features that influence NV and predicts its behaviour in the different building configurations prior to building construction. This numerical technique allows, on the one hand, the visualization of air flow paths in buildings. On the other hand, many quantifiable parameters are calculated by the software. Through the analysis and comparison of those parameters, the best architectural solutions are chosen. With regards to all possible architectural decisions, the research is focused on the façade configuration selection and the building location. First of all, the NV design strategy feasibility is analysed in a particular region: the Mediterranean Valencian Coastal area (Spain). The region is characterized by the uniform conditions of the prevailing wind during the warm season. Then, a validated CFD simulation is, Durante las últimas décadas los agentes involucrados en el diseño de edificios deben de utilizar estrategias fiables de diseño que les permitan aprovechar los recursos naturales del entorno con el objetivo de aumentar la eficiencia energética de los edificios así como promover el desarrollo sostenible y generar valor añadido para la sociedad. Esta tesis propone una estrategia de diseño fiable de edificios para mejorar su eficiencia energética mediante el uso de la ventilación natural (NV por sus siglas en inglés "natural ventilation"). La estrategia consiste en evaluar la solución arquitectónica más adecuada teniendo en cuenta las condiciones ambientales y el entorno de los edificios con el objetivo de maximizar el uso de la ventilación natural desde la fase inicial de su diseño. En esta tesis se aplica la estrategia de diseño a un caso de estudio real y particular. La estrategia de diseño se basa en el uso de un código numérico comercial que resuelve las ecuaciones de la mecánica de fluidos (CFD por sus siglas en inglés "computational fluid dynamics"). El software CFD simula las características que influyen en la ventilación natural y predice su comportamiento en los edificios antes de su construcción. Esta técnica numérica permite la visualización del flujo de aire en los edificios. Además, el software permite calcular parámetros que son analizados y comparados posteriormente para elegir la solución arquitectónica que suponga un mejor comportamiento de la ventilación natural. Con respecto a todas las decisiones arquitectónicas posibles, la investigación se centra en la selección de la ubicación del edificio y de la configuración de los huecos de su fachada. En primer lugar, se analiza la viabilidad de la estrategia de diseño en una región determinada: la zona costera Mediterránea de la Comunidad Valenciana. La región se caracteriza por las condiciones uniformes del viento predominante durante la estación cálida. A continuación, se utiliza una simulación de CFD val, Durant les últimes dècades els agents involucrats en el disseny d'edificis utilitzen estratègies fiables de disseny que els permeten aprofitar els recursos naturals de l'entorn amb l'objectiu d'augmentar l'eficiència energètica dels edificis així com promoure el desenvolupament sostenible i generar valor afegit per la societat. Aquesta tesi proposa una estratègia fiable de disseny d'edificis per a millorar la seva eficiència energètica mitjançant l'ús de la ventilació natural (NV per les sigles en anglès "natural ventilation"). L'estratègia consisteix a avaluar la solució arquitectònica més adequada tenint en compte les condicions ambientals i l'entorn dels edificis amb l'objectiu de maximitzar l'ús de la ventilació natural des de la fase inicial del seu disseny. En aquesta tesi s'aplica l'estratègia de disseny a un cas d'estudi real i particular. L'estratègia de disseny es basa en l'ús d'un codi numèric comercial que resol les equacions de la mecànica de fluids (CFD per les sigles en anglès "computational fluid dynamics"). El programari CFD simula les característiques que influeixen en la ventilació natural i prediu el seu comportament en els edificis abans de la seva construcció. Aquesta tècnica numèrica permet la visualització del flux d'aire en els edificis. A més, el programari permet calcular paràmetres que són analitzats i comparats posteriorment per triar la solució arquitectònica que supose un millor comportament de la ventilació natural. Pel que fa a totes les decisions arquitectòniques possibles, la investigació es centra en la selecció de la ubicació de l'edifici i de la configuració de les obertures de la façana. En primer lloc, s'analitza la viabilitat de l'estratègia de disseny en una regió determinada: la zona costanera Mediterrània de la Comunitat Valenciana. La regió es caracteritza per les condicions uniformes del vent predominant durant l'estació càlida. A continuació, s'utilitza una simulació de CFD validada per analitzar qualitativament i quant

Pressurized water systems are designed to guarantee the flow demanded by each user, considering the minimum required pressure. The pressurized water systems have increased water efficiency since their implantation, but they also increased the consumed energy and therefore, the greenhouse gasses emissions. The present manuscript develops the proposal of the sustainable indicators that were selected through deep review. These indicators are related to social-cultural, economic, and environmental criteria. Furthermore as novelty, they were described and applied on a pressurized water network, complementing the energy indexes usually used in the energy audit. To reach the improvement of the sustainability in water systems, new strategies should be developed to improve all sustainability criteria, included the water and energy efficiency. These strategies were developed and analyzed by using of specific hydraulic software (i.e., EPANET) and they were based on operation rules to estimate the hydraulic values (pressure and flow). The operation and the regulation strategies were applied on a particular case study, in which, the energy saving was 12.26%, the cost saving was 15.54%, the reduction of energy footprint of water was 15.04%, and the decrease of GHG was 12.26% although the increase of the distributed volume was 9.07%. Besides, the supply guarantee for both irrigation and urban water distribution systems was increased in the new proposal of water management. Finally, the proposal to replace of a pressure reduction valve by a sustainability recovery machine (e.g., pump working as turbine) contributed with a generation of renewable energy equal to 103,710 kWh/year.

Proyecto confidencial (Riunet)

[EN] The student’s learning should be connected to correct coordination within the curriculum in which is taught. This coordination increases its complexity when the same Bachelor’s Degree is taught in two different Campus of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Alcoy and Vera’s Campus). This communication shows the results of the developed coordination in the matter Fluid Mechanics, which is taught in Chemical Bachelor’s Degree. The obtained results are getting and documenting for the development of innovation project and improvement of the education (PIME), which is currently developing. The work shows the advantages of the transversal and vertical coordination, which affect on the student positively. Likewise, the coordination establishes the development of the programming of the Matter in both Campus, showing the good practice sheet, which enables to develop the proposed project. This sheet contains a rubric with new indicators, which were adapted to knowledge area of hydraulic engineering. This sample of coordination ca be extrapolated to other matters, sensing the student, homogeneity in the criteria and methodologies of active learning in the UPV generic student outcomes., [ES] El aprendizaje del alumno debería estar sujeto a una buena coordinación dentro del plan de estudios donde se imparte. Esta coordinación se hace más compleja cuando una misma titulación se imparte en dos Campus diferentes de la Universitat Politècnica de València (Alcoy y Vera). La comunicación presentada muestra el resultado de coordinación de la asignatura Mecánica de Fluidos del Grado de Ingeniería Química. Este resultado se ha conseguido y documentado dentro del Proyecto de Innovación y Mejora en la Educación que actualmente se está desarrollando. El trabajo muestra las ventajas de la coordinación horizontal y vertical, la cual repercute de forma positiva al estudiante. Así mismo, establece el desarrollo de la programación de la asignatura en ambos Campus, mostrando la hoja de buenas prácticas que permite desarrollar el proyecto propuesto. Esta hoja contiene una rúbrica con nuevos indicadores que se adaptan de una forma más adecuada al área de la ingeniería hidráulica. Esta muestra de coordinación puede ser extrapolada a otras asignaturas, percibiendo el alumno, una homogeneidad en los criterios y metodologías de trabajo de aprendizaje activo en las competencias transversales.

The usefulness of models depends on their validation in a calibration process, ensuring that simulated flows and pressure values in any line are really occurring and, therefore, becoming a powerful decision tool for many aspects in the network management (i.e., selection of hydraulic machines in pumped systems, reduction of the installed power in operation, analysis of theoretical energy recovery). A new proposed method to assign consumptions patterns and to determine flows over time in irrigation networks is calibrated in the present research. As novelty, the present paper proposes a robust calibration strategy for flow assignment in lines, based on some key performance indicators (KPIF) coming from traditional hydrological models: Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (non-dimensional index), root relative square error (error index) and percent bias (tendency index). The proposed strategy for calibration was applied to a real case in Alicante (Spain), with a goodness of fit considered as “very good” in many indicators. KPIF parameters observed present a satisfactory goodness of fit of the series, considering their repeatability. Average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value oscillated between 0.30 and 0.63, average percent bias values were below 10% in all the range, and average root relative square error values varied between 0.65 and 0.80.

El flujo en régimen no permanente se debe conocer en detalle cuando las condiciones de funcionamiento de las redes a presión cambian tan rápidamente que un conocimiento estático no es suficiente. En estos casos, el análisis del flujo debe realizarse bajo el prisma de la variación temporal, constituyendo un análisis transitorio. En el presente objeto se presenta una introducción a estos conceptos, analizando el fenómeno del golpe de ariete como uno de los principales en este ámbito.

[EN] The control of the indoor environmental factors (air velocity, temperature, humidity) allows improving the thermal comfort area in automated farms. A deep knowledge of these factors and how they are distributed in the farm allows reducing the effects of thermal stress. In this article, the authors review the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in the climate control of livestock farms and propose recommendations obtained from different farm models. The use of CFD tools and the validation with experimental results has been widely evaluated in the literature. Both real and reduced, scaled farms were evaluated by different authors, regarding the behaviour of airflow, the appropriateness of turbulence models and the use of measurement equipment. Natural and mechanical ventilation have different challenges in practice, and therefore both have been subject of study. Occupied and empty farms were used for validation, and different CFD analysis were used to determine the distribution of air velocity, temperature and humidity. By means of these analyses the environmental parameters have been evaluated as a function of changing farm design and management: the change of building dimensions, the roof geometry, the height of the air inlet openings, the opening angle of air inlets, and the presence of equipment and animals in different sections of the farm.

La calidad del agua es un aspecto muy importante en todos los campos, pero particularmente en el entorno del agua de boca, para consumo humano. El presente objeto describe los principales parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos que controlan estos aspectos en el marco de la normativa española. Asimismo se presenta la tecnología para las mediciones y el marco de información a través del programa SINAC.

El flujo a lámina libre se caracteriza porque las presiones no alcanzan valores excesivos y se encuentran siempre en relación con la presión atmosférica, que se da en la superficie libre del flujo. El movimiento es forzado por la gravedad y su conocimiento se relaciona con el número de Froude. El presente objeto es introductorio a estos conceptos, animando al alumno a conocer la diferencia entre el flujo a lámina libre y a presión y los principales parámetros que lo definen.

El medio de las aguas subterráneas tiene particularidades muy importantes en tanto que es un flujo lento y su contaminación, cuando ocurre, muy difícil de remediar. En el presente objeto se presentan los conceptos introductorios que motivan al alumno a conocer el problema y los agentes implicados en la mayoría de problemas de contaminación de este medio, que se modela a través de complejos modelos de simulación.

Las válvulas son los únicos elementos resistentes en los que se puede controlar la caída de presión que supone su instalación a través del control de su grado de apertura. Son fundamentales para sectorizar las redes, regular presiones y caudales; y realizar funciones específicas tales como las que realizan las ventosas y válvulas de alivio. El presente objeto presenta las tipologías, la caracterización y algunos ejemplos de todas ellas.

[ES] Estimación del potencial hidráulico actual de la central hidráulica. Estudio de las reparaciones a realizar en el conjunto central presa. Revisión del dimensionado de los equipos electromecánicos a reemplazar. Análisis medioambiental de ciclo de vida y huella de carbono. Análisis de las soluciones planteadas. Estudio de viabilidad económico de la recuperación de la central hidráulica.

La velocidad es una magnitud vectorial, que debe caracterizarse por su magnitud, dirección y sentido. Sin embargo, en las redes de agua, tanto de abastecimiento como en canales, la lectura de velocidad se centra en la magnitud de la misma, que se relaciona con el valor medio de su módulo. Esta velocidad media que atraviesa las secciones de flujo genera el caudal, que también es un escalar y se mide de forma conjunta con la velocidad. En el presente objeto se introducen los aparatos que se utilizan para medir caudal y velocidad tanto en sistemas a presión como a lámina libre.

El ciclo hidrológico del agua es muy amplio, y abarca muchos aspectos medioambientales. Sin embargo, el ciclo urbano es más restringido, al entorno de la ciudad. En este sentido, el presente objeto pretende introducir al alumno a las partes que tiene el ciclo del agua particularmente en la ciudad y cuáles son las particularidades de los elementos que intervienen en la producción, transporte, distribución y vertido del agua en el entorno urbano.

La presión es una magnitud escalar que representa en parte la energía potencial contenida en un fluido. La lectura de presión es fundamental en las redes de agua, puesto que su valor es un indicador fundamental del comportamiento de la red y tiene muchas implicaciones energéticas y de funcionamiento de las redes. En el presente objeto se analiza el concepto de presión, sus escalas, los significados de la lectura de presión negativa y la instrumentación manométrica y barométrica involucrada en la misma.

[EN] The active methodologies in which the student are involved in the learning process are crucial for the motivation in the current curriculum. In this sense, the proposal of tasks, in which the student confront a problem, is interesting for the teacher. The results, obtained by learning based on tasks, are shown through the developed case study in the matter Fluid-mechanics Engineering (Iti. 2), which is taught in the third course in the Mechanical Engineering Bachelor’s Degree of the Escuela Politècnica Superior de Alcoy. The manuscript aim is to show six tasks make possible to evaluate the cross competence ‘CT-03 Analysis and Solving the problems’ as well as to improve the learning results of the specifics competences. The experience was developed throughout Poliformat platform, using Tasks tool, in which, the students were applied the evaluation peer review. The manuscript describes the developed rubrics and shows the high participation and satisfaction degree of the students when this learning methodology was applied., [ES] Las metodologías activas en que los alumnos se involucran en el proceso de aprendizaje son cruciales para la motivación en los actuales planes de estudio. En este sentido, la propuesta de tareas en las que a través de pequeños análisis, el alumno se enfrenta a un problema, es una interesante para el docente. A través del caso de estudio, en la asignatura Ingeniería Fluidomecánica (Iti. 2) de tercer curso del Grado de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy, el objetivo de la comunicación es mostrar que el desarrollo de 6 tareas puede evaluar la adquisición de la competencia transversal ‘CT-03 Análisis y resolución de problemas’ así como mejorar los resultados de aprendizaje en las competencias específicas. La experiencia ha sido llevada a cabo mediante el uso de la plataforma PoliformaT, mediante la herramienta ‘Tareas’ empleando el uso de la evaluación por pares. La comunicación describe las rubricas desarrolladas, muestra la gran participación y resultados obtenidos de aplicar esta técnica, así como el alto grado de satisfación por parte del alumnado.

[EN] Development of projects as teaching strategy is a powerful tool to activate and strengthen the students’ learning. The classical evaluation of projects by numeric items has been the usual way but the introduction of UPV generic student outcomes within student’s curricula obliges to update the evaluation criteria as well as the way to achieve it. This communication presents the time planning of a subject, which represents a level III (Master Degree) control point for the generic outcome ‘Design and Project’. As a consequence of the wide range of the students background in this subject, there are many of them which did not previously work this outcome for levels I and II (Bachelor). A rubric was developed to do the evaluation in which descriptors were defined according to traditional used items. These defined descriptors were used to evaluate the reached degree by the students for each indicator. Finally, the experience demonstrated the possibility to evaluate the ability to develop a project using competences. A comparison between marks obtained by traditional system and marks obtained by competences was developed, getting similar results that did not change the final mark in the student curricula., [ES] El desarrollo de proyectos como estrategia de aprendizaje resulta una herramienta muy potente para activar y potenciar el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Tradicionalmente, la evaluación de proyectos mediante ítems numéricos ha sido la técnica más habitual pero la introducción de las competencias transversales en la evaluación del alumno, obliga a actualizar los criterios y formas de evaluación. La presente comunicación presenta la planificación temporal de una asignatura punto de control de Nivel de Dominio III (Master) con un gran número de alumnos que no han trabajo previamente los anteriores dominios. Dentro de la planificación, se encuentra la evaluación para la cual una rúbrica ha sido desarrollada, en la cual los descriptores contienen los ítems que tradicionalmente han sido evaluados y con los que ahora, se evalúa el grado alcanzado por el alumno en cada indicador. Finalmente, se demuestra que la evaluación del grado de adquisición de los resultados de aprendizaje a través de competencias es posible. Se realiza una comparación de notas obtenidas por el sistema tradicional y por competencias, obteniendo resultados muy similares, cuyas diferencias no afectan a la nota final del expediente del alumno.

[EN] The construction process of a viscometer, developed in collaboration with a nal project student, is he-re presented. It is intended to be used by rst year's students to know the viscosity as a uid property,for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian ows. Viscosity determination is crucial for the uids behaviorknowledge related to their reologic and physical properties. These have great implications in engineeringaspects such as friction or lubrication. With the present experimental model device three di erent uidsare analyzed (water, k etchup and a mixture with cornstarch and water). Tangential stress is measuredversus velocity in order to characterize all the uids in di erent thermal conditions. A mathematical tprocess is proposed to be done in order to adjust the results to expected analytical expressions, obtaininggood results for these ttings, withR2greater than0:88in any case, [ES] En el presente artículo se detalla el proceso de construcción de un viscosímetro desarrollado en colaboración con un alumno de proyecto final de carrera de ingeniería, para que los alumnos de primeros cursos conozcan la naturaleza de diferentes fluidos a través de la viscosidad de flujos newtonianos y no newtonianos. La determinación de la viscosidad es fundamental para conocer el comportamiento de los fluidos en cuanto a sus propiedades físicas y reológicas, con grandes implicaciones en aspectos de ingeniería como la fricción o su capacidad de lubricación. Con el presente desarrollo, se propone a los alumnos una metodología para caracterizar la viscosidad de tres fluidos (agua, kétchup y maicena líquida) de diferente naturaleza, basado en un desarrollo experimental que permite conocer el esfuerzo cortante frente a la velocidad de deformación realizada sobre los mismos, bajo diferentes condiciones térmicas. Finalmente se aplica un ajuste matemático sencillo a las funciones que representan dicha viscosidad encontrando un buen ajuste para las mismas, con un R2 mayor que 0.88 en todos los casos.

[EN] The student’s learning should be connected to correct coordination within the curriculum in which is taught. This coordination increases its complexity when the same Bachelor’s Degree is taught in two different Campus of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Alcoy and Vera’s Campus). This communication shows the results of the developed coordination in the matter Fluid Mechanics, which is taught in Chemical Bachelor’s Degree. The obtained results are getting and documenting for the development of innovation project and improvement of the education (PIME), which is currently developing. The work shows the advantages of the transversal and vertical coordination, which affect on the student positively. Likewise, the coordination establishes the development of the programming of the Matter in both Campus, showing the good practice sheet, which enables to develop the proposed project. This sheet contains a rubric with new indicators, which were adapted to knowledge area of hydraulic engineering. This sample of coordination ca be extrapolated to other matters, sensing the student, homogeneity in the criteria and methodologies of active learning in the UPV generic student outcomes., [ES] El aprendizaje del alumno debería estar sujeto a una buena coordinación dentro del plan de estudios donde se imparte. Esta coordinación se hace más compleja cuando una misma titulación se imparte en dos Campus diferentes de la Universitat Politècnica de València (Alcoy y Vera). La comunicación presentada muestra el resultado de coordinación de la asignatura Mecánica de Fluidos del Grado de Ingeniería Química. Este resultado se ha conseguido y documentado dentro del Proyecto de Innovación y Mejora en la Educación que actualmente se está desarrollando. El trabajo muestra las ventajas de la coordinación horizontal y vertical, la cual repercute de forma positiva al estudiante. Así mismo, establece el desarrollo de la programación de la asignatura en ambos Campus, mostrando la hoja de buenas prácticas que permite desarrollar el proyecto propuesto. Esta hoja contiene una rúbrica con nuevos indicadores que se adaptan de una forma más adecuada al área de la ingeniería hidráulica. Esta muestra de coordinación puede ser extrapolada a otras asignaturas, percibiendo el alumno, una homogeneidad en los criterios y metodologías de trabajo de aprendizaje activo en las competencias transversales.

[EN] Sustainability is crucial to the urban zones, especially related to the water management, which is vulnerable to flood occurrence. This research applies the procedure contemplated by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to determine the generated volumes when the impervious areas can exceed the drainage capacity of existing pluvial water networks. Several computational simulations were developed for the current scenario of an existing basin in Lisbon. Using CivilStorm software from Bentley Systems (Bentley EMEA, Bentley Systems International Limited, Dublin, Ireland), it enabled the evaluation of the volumes of flood peaks and the hydraulic behavior of a small hydrographic basin in the continuation of an urbanization process, considering the modification of its superficial impervious parts and the growth of the urbanized area. Several measures are suggested to solve the limited capacity of the existing drainage system. This study analyzes the efficiency of the application of constructive measures, pondering the viability of their effectiveness, individually and combined. The option that best minimizes the effects of the urbanization is the combination of different structural measures, in particular retention ponds, storage blocks, ditches and specific drainage interventions in some parts of the network.

[EN] This manuscript proposes a methodology for working and evaluating activities related to the transversal competence so called Ethics, Environmental and Professional Responsibility. The method was based on two different stages. The first stage was not face-to-face while the second stage was face-to-face and it was developed in class. The first stage allowed students know, analyze, and define their value judgments depending on their domain level and according to ethic, professional and environmental component. The second stage (face-to-face) was developed by a discussion in which the student must show its knowledge and value judgment to persuade the rest of the students about its defended rol. The experience showed results, which were very favourable. Adequate or excellent degree was reached over 80% of the students in both cases, being the student’s satisfictation activity over 75%., [ES] La presente comunicación propone una metodología de trabajo para trabajar y poder evaluar actividades relacionadas con la competencia transversal Responsabilidad Ética, Medio Ambiental y Profesional. El método de trabajo está basado en una parte no presencial y otra presencial es descrito y mostrado sus resultados. La parte no presencial permite al alumno acorde al dominio en el que se encuentra, analizar y definir sus juicios de valor atendiendo a la componente ética, profesional y medioambiental. La parte presencial es llevada a cabo mediante un debate, en el cual el alumno debe mostrar su conocimiento y juicios de valor para convencer al resto de compañeros de su rol defendido. La experiencia muestra unos resultados muy favorables con un grado adecuado y excelente del alcance de los indicadores por encima del 80% en ambos casos y con una satisfacción de la actividad del alumnado superior al 75%.

[EN] The UPV generic student outcomes "Innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship" belongs to the strategic plan of the UPV to reach all transversal competences, being in itself a competence to be used as a learning strategy for students to fix complex contents in a deductive way. This contribution describes the experience of the authors in the implementation of this competence in different Bachelor and Master’s Degrees , in matters related to Fluid Mechanics. Different activities 6-3-5 were performed in these levels with groups of very diverse students, with a similar programming of the activity. The experience allowed the authors affirm that this strategy is a powerful technique for students to develop their creativity, as well as their curiosity for acquiring the knowledge. The reach of the knowledge is finally expected of the curricular content of the subjects at both levels. Two rubbrics were developed, which enable to evaluate the domain level with various indicators considering weighted values each activity., [ES] La competencia transversal “Innovación, creatividad y emprendimiento” pertenece al plan estratégico de la UPV para alcanzar todas las competencias transversales, siendo en sí misma una competencia que puede ser utilizada tambien como estrategia de aprendizaje para que los alumnos fijen contenidos complejos de una forma deductiva. La presente contribución describe la experiencia de los autores en la implementación de esta competencia a nivel de Grado y Master en diferentes titulaciones, en materias relacionadas con la Mecánica de Fluidos. La realización de actividades 6-3-5 en estos niveles, con grupos de alumnos diversos, con una programación similar de la actividad, permite afirmar que es una técnica potente para que los alumnos desarrollen su creatividad a la vez que su curiosidad para adquirir los conocimientos que finalmente se esperan del contenido curricular de las asignaturas en ambos niveles. Se presenta una rúbrica para ambos dominios que permite evaluar varios indicadores con diferentes pesos ponderados cada actividad propuesta.

[EN] Analysis of a PAT modeling is presented for application in water pipe systems as an interesting and promising energy converter to improve the system energy efficiency. The study is focused on the use of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model in conjunction with laboratory data for representing PAT performance. The first stage of the procedure concerns a systematic analysis of the role played by the characteristic PAT parameters in the computational mesh definitions of the CFD model, with the aim of defining the most efficient set of capturing the main features of the PAT behaviour under different operating conditions. In the second stage, comparisons of CFD results and experiments were carried out to examine some system components for better understanding the PAT response. Specifically, the behavior of the pressure distribution along the PAT installation when implemented in a water pipe system are analyzed, and the links between pressure variation and the head drop in different system components responsible for the head losses and net head definition are also examined.

[EN] The development tools to optimize the process and helping management to get margin are used inside of the industrial manufacture. Water networks management are not alien to this need. The optimization of the water resource is currently done in big basins, but it is not a general practice in irrigation networks that operate as water distribution companies to supply the farmers¿ demand. Nowadays, this management is not optimized and the costs are not minimized. This research introduces a mathematical programming model to optimize the replenishment process in a local irrigation network with the aim to decide what volume is procured (source, quantity and timetable) as well as what volume is stored while minimising the involved total costs. The final objective is to improve the sustainability of the water systems. The use of this tool reduces the water costs in 52.2% as well as enables to define the necessary source and the electrical schedule along the year. This definition optimizes the operating of the water system and enables to reduce the water price from 0.23 €/m3 (current water management) to 0.11 €/m3 (proposed model).

[EN] The usefulness of models depends on their validation in a calibration process, ensuring that simulated flows and pressure values in any line are really occurring and, therefore, becoming a powerful decision tool for many aspects in the network management (i.e., selection of hydraulic machines in pumped systems, reduction of the installed power in operation, analysis of theoretical energy recovery). A new proposed method to assign consumptions patterns and to determine flows over time in irrigation networks is calibrated in the present research. As novelty, the present paper proposes a robust calibration strategy for flow assignment in lines, based on some key performance indicators (KPIF) coming from traditional hydrological models (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (non-dimensional index), root relative square error (error index) and percent bias (tendency index)). The proposed strategy for calibration was applied to a real case in Alicante (Spain), with a goodness of fit considered as very good in many indicators. KPIF parameters observed present a satisfactory goodness of fit of the series, considering their repeatability. Average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value oscillated between 0.30 and 0.63, average percent bias values were below 10% in all the range, and average root relative square error values varied between 0.65 and 0.80.

[EN] An accurate description of the hydrodynamics in the non-aerated region of the skimming flow on stepped spillways is of outmost importance, particularly in small structures at large discharges. In addition, the flow features upstream of the inception point of air entrainment determine the flow behavior in the downstream self aerated region. In this work, numerical models of the flow in the non-aerated region of stepped spillways have been developed using diverse turbulence closures and discretization schemes implemented in two CFD codes: OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D (R). Partial VOF (Volume of Fluid) and "True" VOF (TruVOF) approaches are employed to capture the position of the free surface. The Standard, RNG and Realizable k-epsilon, in addition to the SST k-omega model, are used for turbulence closure. Numerical results are compared against reference experimental results obtained from a physical model of constant slope of 0.75H:1V. Models with turbulence closures of the k-epsilon family provide nearly the same predictions for the mean flow velocity with maximum differences on average smaller than 1%. Regarding discretization schemes, the first-order upwind method provides predictions for the mean flow velocity which are not significantly different (within 6%) than those obtained with second-order counterparts. However, these differences can be larger when maximum values of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation rate of TKE at the step edges are compared. In spite of the fact that the TruVOF (FLOW-3D (R)) method does not account for the tangential stresses at the air-water interface, differences in the tracking of the free surface position among this method and the Partial VOF method (OpenFOAM) were found to be smaller than 3% along the stepped spillway. In this work, we also provide a physical interpretation of the flow results.

[EN] Agriculture is a significant user of water and energy in Mediterranean coasts of Europe, such as Spanish Mediterranean regions. Water implications of such irrigations are well known, but also energy must be considered when environmental implications are analyzed. Apart from this, Mediterranean region has its particular problematic framework related to irrigation issues. Often, the availability of irrigation is determinant to the viability of farmers, and the energy implications must be considered when determining the feasibility of small and big farms, particularly in the Mediterranean regions, where the wide variety of customs in each group of irrigators and definitely, its specific weather conditions, typical of a semi-arid zone. All these aspects are analyzed in this paper, as a state of the art determination of problems and possible solutions in a regional scale. Some solutions presented in this paper can contribute with theoretical reductions of emission of greenhouse gasses until 174.10 tCO2/year in pumped systems and 58.49 tCO2/year in multipurpose systems.

[EN] Agriculture is a significant user of water and energy in Mediterranean coasts of Europe, such as Spanish Mediterranean regions. Water implications of such irrigations are well known but there are many problems that must be taken into account when designing each phase of the irrigation system, not only in the construction phase but in the exploitation, control and maintenance of all the elements in the network. All the possible problems in each part of the irrigation system will be analyzed in the following paper, proposing several solutions to avoid these problems or mitigate its consequences. These solutions go from the simple maintenance of pipes and valeus to the implementation of more sophisticated systems, such as SCADA, or management strategies, such as benchmarking.