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331. Sustainable Water Use in Industry—Reasons, Challenges, Response of Kazakhstan

Author

Radelyuk, Ivan, Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír, and Tussupova, Kamshat

Abstract

Industrial development poses significant challenges to water resource management, both in terms of quality and quantity. In response to these challenges, the concept of sustainable water use has been proposed as a means of addressing these issues. However, this concept is not yet widely adopted in developing countries, particularly in Kazakhstan. This paper examines the extent to which water use is sustainable on the example of the oil refinery sector in Kazakhstan. The investigation revealed a two-fold problem: the discharge of contaminated wastewater into the environment, which poses a risk of contamination transport, and the irrational use of water within the refinery. These issues are rooted in low water fees, low penalties for pollution and the gaps in legislation that allow for high maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in discharges. As a result, toxic contaminants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, are present in high concentrations exceeding permissible limits in groundwater up to 6 km away from the point of wastewater discharge. Based on the findings of the environmental impact assessments carried out in the sector, the authors propose a response that involves revising and implementing suitable legislative standards with requirements for transparent practices for environmental impact assessment and new efficient environmental monitoring programs to prevent water pollution. These measures have been adopted in the new Ecological Code and require proper control to ensure their effective implementation. However, the perspective of implementing efficient water-saving techniques and water integration is not yet widely visible and needs to be considered in order to achieve the sustainable water use in the industry.

Published
2023
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332. Review of Developments in Plate Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Enhancement for Single-Phase Applications in Process Industries.

Author

Arsenyeva, Olga, Tovazhnyanskyy, Leonid, Kapustenko, Petro, Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír, and Varbanov, Petar Sabev

Subjects
PLATE heat exchangers, HEAT exchangers, HEAT transfer, NANOFLUIDS, ENERGY consumption
Abstract

A plate heat exchanger (PHE) is a modern, effective type of heat transfer equipment capable of increasing heat recuperation and energy efficiency. For PHEs, enhanced methods of heat transfer intensification can be further applied using the analysis and knowledge already available in the literature. A review of the main developments in the construction and exploration of PHEs and in the methods of heat transfer intensification is presented in this paper with an analysis of the main construction modifications, such as plate-and-frame, brazed and welded PHEs. The differences between these construction modifications and their influences on the thermal and hydraulic performance of PHEs are discussed. Most modern PHEs have plates with inclined corrugations on their surface that create a strong, rigid construction with multiple contact points between the plates. The methods of PHE exploration are mostly experimental studies and/or CFD modelling. The main corrugation parameters influencing PHE performance are the corrugation inclination angle in relation to the main flow direction and the corrugation aspect ratio. Optimisation of these parameters is one way to enhance PHE performance. Other methods of heat transfer enhancement, including improving the form of the plate corrugations, use of nanofluids and active methods, are considered. Future research directions are proposed, such as improving fundamental understanding, developing new corrugation shapes and optimisation methods and area and cost estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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