Search

Psoralea corylifolia L. has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating and preventing many diseases. A group of flavonoid components are regarded as the active principals within the seeds. In this research, a rapid, accurate and sensitive ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) method has been established for simultaneous quantification of its 5 main components, namely, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, isobavachalcone, bavachinin and corylifol A in rats' plasma after the rats were orally administrated with Buguzhi extract. Negative ion electrospray mode was applied in the detection process. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode was utilized for simultaneous quantitative analyzing of neobavaisoflavone (m/z 321.1→m/z 265.1), bavachin (m/z 323.1→m/z 119.0), isobavachalcone (m/z 323.2→m/z 119.0), bavachinin (m/z 337.2→m/z 119.0), corylifol A (m/z 389.2→m/z 277.0) and liquiritigenin (Internal Standard, m/z 255.1→m/z 119.0). Chromatographic separation of the above mentioned components was conducted on a Waters BEH-C18 column (100 mm×2.1mm, 1.7μm) with gradient elution system at flow rate of 0.3mL/min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid solution. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for each of the above analytes was 0.5ng/mL. Each of the analytes exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.5-100ng/mL. The method was fully validated for its selectivity, accuracy, precision, stability, matrix effect and extraction recovery. The validated method has been successfully applied for simultaneous determination of the 5 flavonoids in rat plasma for the first time.

To investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba on the contents of main constituents in Guizhi Decoction.HPLC was applied to the simultaneous determination and comparative analysis of ten main indicative components in Guizhi Decoction contained sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The analysis was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous formic acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 °C. The detection wavelengths were set at 254 nm and 280 nm, respectively. 20 μL was injected for analysis with gradient elution.There were obvious differences existed between the concentrations of ten main indicative components in Guizhi Decoction contained sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba.Sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba can influence the main effective constituents contained in Guizhi Decoction in quantity. The absence in the study of prescriptions affected by sulfur-fumigation is filled up through the investigation of the chemical basis of Guizhi Decoction influenced by sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, and also strong evidences are offered to the further regulation and supervision of sulfur-fumigation in herbal medicines.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal protein during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development which could promote tumor growth and inhibit active immunity, and it may serve as a target for immunotherapy. To further confirm the immunogenicity of AFP, we constructed a AFP eitope peptide vaccine which contained the specific antigen epitope. Our results demonstrated that although AFP epitope peptide induced a distinct level of antibody, it still inhibited dendritic cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer cells responses and promoted the growth of AFP-expressing tumors. Our study suggests that AFP epitope peptide promoted the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the effects of immune cells,which may be a better basis for further study on HCC immunotherapy.

A series of layered nanocomposites constructed from MoS2 and hydroxy-NiAl oligocations with various Ni/Al ratios were prepared. The interlayer expansions of 8.11–9.03 A with Ni/Al ≤ 0.8 indicate that the intercalated species should mainly be [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ or substituted [Al13−xNixO4(OH)24(H2O)12](7−x)+ Keggin oligocations. In the presence of molecular oxygen, the composites exhibit good catalytic activities in the oxidization of sulfide ions into thiosulfate ions, and their catalytic activities have been enhanced upon irradiation with visible light.

One-dimensional Co(dien) 2 (VO 3 ) 3 ·(H 2 O) was prepared from the hydrothermal reaction of NH 4 VO 3 , Co 2 O 3 , diethylenetriamine (dien) and H 2 O at 130 °C. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P 2 1 / c with a =16.1581(6) A, b =8.7006(3) A, c =13.9893(4) A, β =103.1483(11)°, V =1915.13(11) A 3 , Z =4, and R 1 =0.0268 for 3060 observed reflections. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the structure is composed of infinite one-dimensional chains formed by corner-sharing VO 4 tetrahedra with Co(dien) 3+ complex cations and crystallization water molecules occupying the interchain positions, which are held together to a three-dimensional network via extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions. The compound, with a new zig-zag conformation of metavanadate chains, is the first example of vanadium oxides incorporating trivalent transition metal coordination groups. Other characterizations by elemental analysis, IR and thermal analysis are also described.

Low-cost solution-shearing methods are highly desirable for deposition of organic semiconductor crystals over a large area. To enhance the rate of evaporation and deposition, elevated substrate temperature is commonly employed during shearing processes. However, the Marangoni flow induced by a temperature-dependent surface-tension gradient near the meniscus line shows negative effects on the deposited crystals and its electrical properties. In the current study, the Marangoni effect to improve the shearing process of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene for organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications is utilized and regulated. By modifying the gradient of surface tension with different combinations of solvents, the mass transport of molecules is much more favorable, which largely enhances the deposition rate, reduces organic crystal thickness, enlarges grain sizes, and improves coverage. The average and highest mobility of OFETs can be increased up to 13.7 and 16 cm2 V−1 s−1. This method provides a simple deposition approach on a large scale, which allows to further fabricate large-area circuits, flexible displays, or bioimplantable sensors.

Sulfur fumigation may induce the decrease or the chemical transformation of some active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines in vitro. Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetic changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically. A sensitive, specific, and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide A, and senkyunolide I in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to evaluate the influence of sulfur fumigation to Si Wu Tang for the first time. Each compound was extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and the chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent Extend C18 column with a linear gradient elution. The mass spectrometric detection and analysis were performed by using an AB Sciex triple quadrupole 5500 mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of four compounds in rats after oral administration of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Si Wu Tang. The results provided a meaningful basis for evaluating the affection of sulfur fumigation to the clinical application and the efficacy of Si Wu Tang.

Modern optoelectronics needs development of new materials characterized not only by high optical transparency and electrical conductivity, but also by mechanical strength, and flexibility. Recent advances employ grids of metallic micro- and nanowires, but the overall performance of the resulting material composites remains unsatisfactory. In this work, we propose a new strategy: application of natural scaffoldings perfected by evolution. In this context, we study two bio-inspired networks for two specific optoelectronic applications. The first network, intended for solar cells, light sources and similar devices, has a quasi-fractal structure and is derived directly from a chemically extracted leaf venation system. The second network is intended for touch screens and flexible displays, and is obtained by metalizing a spider's silk web. We demonstrate that each of these networks attain an exceptional optoelectonic and mechanical performance for its intended purpose, providing a promising direction in the development of more efficient optoelectronic devices.

To develop a method for quick identification of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma were analyzed and compared by FTIR combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy.FTIR spectra showed that there were some differences in the positions of infrared absorption peaks and the relative intensities in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and the second derivative IR spectra clearly enhanced the spectral resolution of their differences. FTIR spectra showed that the new absorption peaks of Cimicifugae Rhizoma appeared and a part of original absorption peaks disappeared after sulfur-fumigation in aqueous extracts, while a lot of new absorption peaks appeared and the intensities of almost all absorption peaks significantly decreased after sulfur-fumigation in alcoholic extracts. Second derivative IR spectra showed that both sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by water differed significantly from each other ranging from about 3 950 to 3 940 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), 1 800 to 1 750 cm(-1), as well as from 1 400 to 1 350 cm(-1); Differences also existed between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by ethanol ranging from about 3 980 to 3 960 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), and 1 500 to 1 460 cm(-1).The FTIR method combined with the second derivative IR spectrum can be used to analyze and distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma quickly and accurately. The developed method provides an efficient approach for the quality control of Chinese herbal medicines with its simplicity and strong specificity.

A simple, sensitive and rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of liquiritigenin, a promising anti-tumor agent. Liquiritigenin and the internal standard were separated on an Agilent Extend C18 column and eluted with a gradient mobile phase system of acetonitrile and water. The analysis was performed on a negative ionization electrospray mass spectrometer via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Transitions of m/z 255.0→119.0 for liquiritigenin and m/z 269.0→117.0 for the IS were monitored. One-step protein precipitation with acetonitrile was used to remove impurities and extract the analytes from plasma. The method had a chromatographic run time of 4.5min and a good linearity in the range of 1-1000ng/mL. The precision (R.S.D.) of intra-day and inter-day ranged from 4.54 to 10.65% and 5.94 to 13.81%, respectively; while the accuracy of intra-day and inter-day ranged from 104.06 to 109.28% and 94.98 to 112.05%. The recovery and stability were also within the acceptable limits. The validated method was applied to a linear pharmacokinetic study of liquiritigenin in rat plasma for the first time.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal protein during Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development which could generate weaker and less reproducible antitumor protection, and may serve as a target for immunotherapy. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance its immunogenicity and develop therapeutic vaccines to eliminate AFP-expressing tumors. In this study, by way of peptide synthesis method, we constructed a potential therapeutic peptide vaccine, heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and AFP peptide containing the specific antigen epitope. Our results demonstrated that AFP peptide and HSP72 synergistically exhibited significant increases in AFP-specific dendritic cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killing cells responses and impressive antitumor effects against AFP-expressing tumors. Our study suggests that a tumor peptide vaccine by cross-linking AFP peptide and HSP72 peptide is a promising approach for HCC therapy.

A transparent, conductive, and flexible electrode is demonstrated. It is based on an inexpensive and easily manufacturable metallic network formed by depositing metals onto a template film. This electrode shows excellent electro-optical properties, with the figure of merit ranging from 300 to 700, and transmittance from 82% (~4.3 Ω sq(-1) ) to 45% (~0.5 Ω sq(-1) ).

Besides CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), other immunosuppressive T cells also participated in the regulation of immune tolerance. Reportedly, neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) might be one of the molecules by which regulatory cells exert their suppressive effects. Indeed, CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cells exhibit potent suppressive function in autoimmune inflammatory responses. Here we investigated the specific role of CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cells in the setting of the transplant immune response. Through MLR assays, we found that CD4(+)CD25(+)Nrp1(+) T cells suppressed the proliferation of naive CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells activated by allogeneic antigen-stimulation. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cells synergized with rapamycin to induce long-term graft survival in fully MHC-mismatched murine heart transplantation, which was associated with decreased IFN-gamma, IL-17 and increased IL-10, TGF-beta, Foxp3 and Nrp1 expression in the grafts. Importantly, our data indicated that CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cell transfer augments the accumulation of Tregs in the recipient, and creates conditions that favored induction of hyporesponsiveness of the T effector cells. In conclusion, this translational study indicates the possible therapeutic potential of CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cells in preventing allorejection. CD4(+)Nrp1(+) T cells might therefore be used in bulk as a population of immunosuppressive cells with more beneficial properties concerning ex vivo isolation as compared to Foxp3(+) Tregs

To evaluate the quality of Chrysanthemi Flos before and after sulfur-fumigation by analysis of HPLC fingerprints.RP-HPLC method was applied to establish the chromatographic fingerprint. The separation was performed on a Waters C, (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column with a gradient elution composed of acetonitrile-aqueous solution containing 0.5% phosphoric acid. The column temperature was 35 degrees C, the detective wavelength was set at 268 nm.Eleven batches of Chrysanthemi Flos samples composed of both sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated were analyzed and evaluated respectively. The method of clustering analysis was used, and the chromatographic fingerprint common pattern was finally established.The HPLC fingerprint method is reliable and suitable for quality evaluation of Chrysanthemi Flos before and after sulfur-fumigation.

The hydrothermal reaction of NH4VO3, Co(NO3)2 · 6H2O, 2,2′-bipyridine, H3BO3 and H2O at 170 °C yields the new complex [Co(2,2-bipy)(H2O)(VO3)2]. The structure consists of layers, each a two-dimensional network built up of corner-sharing VO4 tetrahedral chains interconnected through [Co(2,2-bipy)(H2O)]2+ groups, and there exists a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the cobalt ions in the layers.

The structure of [Co(H(2)O)(4)][VO(PO(4))](2) is composed of [VO(PO(4))] layers and interlayer tetrahydrated Co(2+) ions. Alternating VO(5) square pyramids and PO(4) tetrahedra share O-atom vertices, thus forming the vanadyl phosphate layers. Two vanadyl oxo groups from neighbouring layers are coordinated to each Co atom in a trans fashion, with Co-O distances of 2.157 (4) A, thus generating a three-dimensional framework structure.

To analysis liposoluble constituents of Holotrichia diomphalia by GC-MS and measure their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.The composition of liposoluble constituents were determined by GC-MS. The dimethylbenzene-induced mice inflammatory models were established. The pain models were obtained by hot plate and acetic acid in mice.Twenty-two components were identified from the petroleum ether extract of Holotrichia diomphalia. The major components were oleic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. The petroleum ether extract was able to significantly inhibit the mice ear edema induced by dimethyl-benzene. The pain in mice caused by acetic acid and hot plate were evidently suppressed by the petroleum ether extract.The petroleum ether extract of Holotrichia diomphalia has obvious anti-inflammation and analgesic effects.

Objective To develop a quick identification method for the sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix used by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy. Method The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix were analyzed by using FTIR, the further analysis was used by second derivative infrared spectroscopy. Result There existed differences between their infrared spectra either extracted by ethanol or water, while the distinctions were more obvious after analyzing their alcoholic and aqueous extracts through high resolution of second derivative infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra showed that the absorption peaks of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were significantly reduced and a new absorption peak appeared after sulfur-fumigated process in alcoholic extracts, while both of them changed markedly in the "fingerprint region" ranging from 1 000 to 400 cm(-1) in aqueous extracts. Second derivative spectra showed that the absorption peaks of sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix extracted by ethanol weakened and disappeared at about 3 578 cm(-1) and 3 541 cm(-1), while both of them differed significantly from each other ranging from 1 400 to 1 200 cm(-1) as well as 800 cm(-1) to 600 cm(-1), difference also existed between them extracted by water ranging from about 3 900 to 3 850 cm(-1) and 3 800 to 3 750 cm(-1). Conclusion The FTIS method combined with second derivative can be utilized to distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix efficiently, conveniently and accurately, and provide a basis for identification and quality control of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.

Na2SiO3 has been used as a particular additive during single crystalline silicon chemical etching process. Compared with conventional method, the way to the lower reflective pyramidal textures with good uniformity and features has been approached, which will definitely minimize the reflection loss and potentially benefit to the power conversion efficiencies of solar cell devices.

According to the latest amended agricultural economic statistical data from 1996 to 2009 in Henan Statistical Yearbook-2010，by selecting and establishing the optimized grey model of logarithmic new developed coefficient, we conduct the empirical analysis and forecast research on the grain output and the relevant main economic indices in Henan Province from 2010 to 2015. The results show that the grain output of Henan Province in 2010 will reach 54.8969 million tons, and it will break through 60 million tons at 60.17 million tons in 2015. In years ahead, the grain output of Henan Province will develops to a new stage steadily, which guarantees the national grain supply and socio-economic sustainable development forcibly.

Based on the brief description of the developmental status of social economy in Jiangsu Province, the index system including 16 indices contained in 5 subsystems is established according to the statistics from Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook-2009, the practical situation of Jiangsu Province and the connotation of circular economy. The developmental trends of circular economy of 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province is comprehensively evaluated by using the improved extreme value treatment, analytic hierarchy process(AHP), comprehensive evaluation of herdsman and comprehensive evaluation model of grey multi-level. The results show that the developmental level of circular economy in Jiangsu Province varies hugely in different areas, the difference of the comprehensive score between the crest value and minimum value is 0.29. In the end, in view of the problems in the development of circular economy, the countermeasures and suggestions on establishing and improving the management of circular economy, the operation and supervision mechanism; accelerating the industrial transformation and intensifying resource saving and comprehensive use of resource.

According to the latest revised agricultural economic statistical data in China Statistical Yearbook-2010, by selecting and establishing the square root-treated grey model, the empirical analysis and forecast research on the grain output of China from 201 1 to 2015 are conducted. The results show that me grain output of China in 2011 will reach 557.739 million tons, and it will break through 600 million tons at 605.617 million tons in 2015. The persistent and stable grain output will ensure that the national economy develops in normal during the twelfth five-year plan period and remit the world grain crisis efficiently; meanwhile, the problem of exorbitant grain prices should be remitted in some level.

Most of embedded multiprocessor platforms are ideal for running diverse operating systems and implementing different applications. Inter-processor communication interface makes it possible for an embedded multi-processor system to easily support multiple subsystems parallel processing. This paper propose a kind of OS-level communication interface implementing method based-on HPI in the Complementary Multi-processor System and present the primary principles and corresponding DSP side code structure for HPI. Take a single-board embedded multimedia system which was integrated three embedded microprocessors (PXA255, TMS320DM642 and SM501) as hardware platform, detailed description of how implement tasks communication and data transform by HPI between different embedded OS(ARM-Linux and µC/OS-II) running on ARM and DSP separately.

Based on correct understanding of the connotation and essence of agricultural modernization, according to the data in 2008 China Statistical Yearbook and the relevant literatures about eastern China, a total of 12 indices are selected to construct the evaluation index system of agricultural modernization in eastern China by combining with its social development and following the principles of systematization, comprehensiveness, representativeness, legitimacy and comparability. Then, according to the decision-making rules of modern science, 3 alternatives are put forward and max compatibility degree method is used to generate the optimization solution. Result shows that agricultural modernization in eastern China can be classified into three types. The first type is Shanghai; the second type includes Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian and Shandong; and the third type is Jiangxi and Anhui. The evaluation result is in accord with the actual situation of agricultural development in eastern China. Finally, since there still needs improvement in capital investment, rural education, agricultural science and technology research, peasant training, and social and organizational structure, it is pointed out that we should optimize the investment agriculture, enhance support for science and technology, perfect the mechanism of “promoting agriculture development by industry and developing the township by the city†, and accelerate the development of agricultural modernization in eastern China.

The domestic commercial banks build a new generation of business system by the introduction of the overseas core business system. It has become a trend over the next few years that integrating various business channels by centralizing business platforms and altering the business model based on accounting treatment into the operation model of customer-oriented. This paper reports the key technology of the new generation business system adopted by a domestic commercial bank, which has recently been online successfully as the first case in china. The new system is divided into access layer, support layer, application service layer and business system layer which respectively implements the functions of docking client, unifying data format, exchanging data, database services and etc. This paper describes the target architecture, technical support and the physical configuration of the new system. The target system includes eight application groups: The core and third part systems; The service bus; Plug-in-business system; Agency business system; Managed application System; Analysis applications System; Payment, Union Pay and other external front-end system; Fore-end serves channel and their support system. And take the process scheme of the credit management system and core business inquiring and reports printing system for example to show the effectiveness of the new system.

In order to analyze the relation between agricultural input factors and economic growth in Anhui Province, the evaluation index system of agricultural input is built from the perspectives of subject, object and tools based on grey system theory. The government investment in agricultural science and technology is selected as the index of labor subject, that is labor-related index（X1）, the total sown area of crops is selected as the index of labor object（X2）, the investment in rural water and electricity construction is chosen as the index of tools（X3）, and the GDP of Anhui Province is denoted by X0. According to the relevant data, the improved model of grey correlation analysis is adopted to calculate the correlation among the investment in agricultural water and electricity construction, total sown area of crops, government investment in agricultural science and technology, and the GDP in Anhui Province during 2004-2008. Results show that investment in agricultural science and technology contributes the largest to GDP growth, the increase and change of the total sown area and the investment in rural water and electricity construction have a weak correlation with GDP, they are in a less consistent development trend. On this basis, the government of Anhui Province further proposes to increase the investment in agricultural science and technology, enhance the protection of arable lands, keep the total sown area of crops, and properly maintain the rural water and electricity construction.

According to the meaning of food security, the index system for China's food security was established and the weight on each index was given by adopting AHP method. This paper made measurement and evaluation on the level of China's food security from 2001 to 2007 by using the AHP-GRA method. The results show that the model which conforms to China's actual situation can be used as a food safety pre-warning monitoring. Finally, the paper gives some effective proposals on how to promote China's Grain Security.

The latest multiprocessor platforms are ideal for implementing multi-OS embedded applications. IPC (Inter-processor communication) interface makes it possible for a multiprocessor system to easily support multiple subsystems parallel processing. In this paper, we propose a new type of OS-level communication interface designing based-on CMPS (Complementary Multi-processor System) and present the primary principles and corresponding driver structure of HPI (Host-port Interface). Take a single-board embedded multimedia system which was integrated three embedded microprocessors (PXA255, TMS320DM642 and SM501) as hardware platform, detailed description of how implement tasks communication and A/V (audio/video) data transform via HPI between different OS(Linux and mu C/OS-II) running on ARM and DSP separately.

We establish the optimized grey model with logarithm new development coefficient by screening according to the latest statistical data during 2007 in Jiangsu Province. Empirical analysis and prediction research on rural gross social output value in Jiangsu Province from the year 2008 to 2012 are carried out. Result shows that the rural gross social output value in Jiangsu Province in 2008 reached 6 169.697 billion yuan, and will be 9 511.017 billion yuan at the end of 2010, which is about 6.690 times of that in the year 2000. Target of the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” is expected to be realized smoothly.

We summarize the status of rural areas in China, and introduce the principle of Cluster Analysis. According to related statistical data, per capita net income of rural households in various regions of China is analyzed by adopting the method of Cluster Analysis. The results showed that 31 cities, autonomous regions and provinces in China can be divided into 4 types. The first type includes Beijing and Shanghai. Comprehensive economic strengths of these regions, as well as per capita net income of rural households, are in the forefront. The second type includes Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces of China, which have superior conditions of agricultural production with excellent foundation of agriculture and stable income sources. The third type includes Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian and Guangdong. The 4 provinces are located in eastern coastal area which have abundant marine resources and relatively higher living level of rural residents, and are suitable for the growth of crops. The rest regions can be classified into the fourth type, which have lower agricultural output and per capita net income of rural households due to the impacts of location and climate condition.

To analyze the relationship between Nrp-1(neuropilin-1) positive T cells (Nrp-1(+)T cells) and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg) and compare their immunoregulatory effects.The expression of Nrp-1, CD4 and CD25 on the splenic T cells of BALB/c mice was detected by flow cytometry and Nrp-1(+)T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg were sorted. Then their effects of on NK cells killing B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma cells were compared in vitro by bioluminescence imaging system.The expression of Nrp-1 on CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg was (27.28+/-1.17)%, which was significantly higher than that (1.63+/-0.08)% on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells(P0.01). Both Nrp-1(+)T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg inhibited the effect of killing NK cells on B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma cells in vitro. At 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, the number of tumor cells in Nrp-1(+)T cell group was higher than that in CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg group(984+/-15 vs 931+/-4, 1015+/-14 vs 983+/-8, 1261+/-21 vs 1201+/-18 and 1323+/-38 vs 1256+/-18, respectively). There was significant statistical difference between the two groups at each time point (P0.01).The proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg expressing Nrp-1 is high. Nrp-1(+)T cells show negtive immunoregulatory effect, which is more powerful than CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg. Nrp-1(+)T cells may be regarded as a new subgroup of Treg.

We utilize highly transparent, junction-free metal network electrodes to fabricate fully transparent organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The patterned transparent Ag networks are developed by polymer crack template with adjustable line width and density. Sheet resistance of the network is 6.8 Ω/sq and optical transparency in the whole visible range is higher than 80%. The bottom contact OFETs with DNTT active layer and parylene-C dielectric insulator show a maximum field-effect mobility of 0.13 cm2/V s (average mobility is 0.12 cm2/V s) and on/off ratio is higher than 107. The current OFETs show great potential for applications in the next generation of transparent and flexible electronics.