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Viral infections and root growth were examined to elucidate the relationship between viral resistance and root growth in 26 Korean hulless barley cultivars. Viral resistance was estimated in experimental filed of Honam agricultural research institute for 3 years. Length and number of seminal and adventitious roots were examined for evaluation of root growth in both field and green-house conditions 30 days after seeding. Dominant viral infection occurred in Korean hulless barley by Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) in fields; however, susceptible cultivars were infected by either BaYMV, Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) or both. Only four cultivars, including Donghanchalssalbori, Kwangwhalssalbori, Namhossalbori and Naehanssalbori, presented stable resistance to viral infections. Susceptible cultivars to viral infection in fields showed shorter seminal root length and fewer adventitious root number than resistant cultivars. Resistant cultivars showed better root growth and significant difference in adventitious root length in green house conditions. Increase in the number of seminal roots in resistant cultivars was derived from decreased damage of roots by the viral infection compared to the susceptible cultivars.

This paper is 1) to find out what make cause in the emotional labor and emotional dissonance on hotel employee, 2) to investigate relationship between burnout and turnover intention on the personal character, 3) finally to suggest strategical implications for hotel management decision-maker. The questionnaires are distributed 400 on hotel employees, then used for data analysis 351. The results are as followed. First, the higher surface acting, deep acting, and emotional deviance in the emotional labor, the higher emotional dissonance. But the higher expression of natural emotions, it was showed lowly in the emotional dissonance. Second, the higher emotional dissonance, it was revealed highly burnout and turnover intention.

Silk fibroin scaffolds were examined as a biomaterial option for tissue-engineered cartilage-like tissue. In tissue engineering for cartilage repair using a scaffold, initial chondrocyte-material interactions are important for the following cell behaviors. In this study, the surface of nanofibrous silk fibroin (NSF) meshes was modified by a microwave-induced argon plasma treatment in order to improve the cytocompatibility of the meshes used as cartilaginous grafts. In addition, the effects of a plasma treatment on the cellular behavior of chondrocytes on NSF were examined. The plasma treatment resulted in an increase in the hydrophilicity of NSF meshes suggesting that the cytocompatibility of the mesh might be improved. Furthermore, the human articular chondrocytes showed higher viability on the surface-modified NSF meshes. These results suggest that the surface modification of NSF meshes by plasma can enhance the cellular behavior of chondrocytes and may be used in tissue engineering.

It was investigated the responses of BaYMV resistant genes to Korean BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) strains. BaYMV was distributed dominantly with about 51% detection ratio among the three investigated virus such as BaYMV, BaMMV(Barley mild mosaic virus) and SBWMV(Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus) in ELISA test. Double infection with BaYMV and BaMMV was detected also higher as 38.8%, however, BaMMV sole infection ratio was lower with only 1.4%. The 11 BaYMV resistant genes were tested their responses to four Korean BaYMV strains, BaYMV-N, H, I and M. Generally, rym 3 genes showed resistant to Korean BaYMV strains and rym 4m and 5a also was better. Three genes, rym 1+5(Mokusekko-3), rym 3(Ea 52, Baitori) and rym 5a(Solan) showed resistant responses to BaYMV-N type. In -H strain test, seven genes that rym 2(Mihori Hadaka 3), rym 3(Ea 52, Haganemugi, Baitori), rym 4m(Diana, Franka), rym 5a(Solan), rym 7(Hor 3365), rym 9(Bulgarian 347), rym 12(Jochiwon Covered 2) were considered as resistant. The three genes that rym 1+5, rym 3 and rym 5a was effective to -I strain, and rym 3, rym 4m and rym 5a showed resistant to -M strain.

Polyurethane (PU) is widely used as a cardiovascular biomaterial due to its good mechanical properties and hemocompatibility, but it is not adhesive to endothelial cells (ECs). Cell adhesive peptides, GRGDS and YIGSR, were found to promote adhesion and spreading of ECs and showed a synergistic effect when both of them were used. In this study, a surface modification was designed to fabricate an EC-active PU surface capable of promoting endothelialization using the peptides and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer, The modified PU surfaces were characterizedin vitro. The density of the grafted PEG on the PU surface was measured by acid-base back titration to the terminal-free isocyanate groups. The successful immobilization of peptides was confirmed by amino acid analysis, following hydrolysis, and contact angle measurement. The uniform distribution of peptides on the surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). To evaluate the EC adhesive property, cell viability test using human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) was investigatedin vitro and enhanced endothelialization was characterized by the introduction of cell adhesive peptides, GRGDS and YIGSR, and PEG spacer. Therefore, GRGDS and YIGSR co-immobilized PU surfaces can be applied to an EC-specific vascular graft with long-term patency by endothelialization.

The complete nucleotide sequences of both RNA of an isolated Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) from Iksan, Korea, have been determined. RNA1 was 7273 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 2261 amino acids, which contains the eight putative functional proteins. RNA2 was 3520 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 894 amino acids, which contains two functional proteins. Results of multiple sequence alignment showed 92.9% similarity with Na1 isolate, followed by Sil, UK(F), Asl1, Remis M and UK (M) isolates, respectively. Comparison of the BaMMVIks polyproteins with the corresponding proteins of BaMMV-Na1 isolates showed 95% amino acid sequence identity. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iks isolate was closely related to Na1 strain and have a common origin.

Conventional free sintering of low-temperature co-firing ceramic (LTCC) technology has several merits such as sintering temperature below 1000°C that enables co-firing with electrode materials of silver or copper metal and multilayer structure formation. But due to the free sintering process, large shrinkage occurs. To fabricate electronic devices and components with near zero shrinkage within x, y directions constrained sintering (CS) technology is required. In this study a constrained sintering paste (CSP) utilizing alumina powder, which has a higher sintering temperature than LTCC powders, was fabricated for CS technology. The effect of CSP formulated using alumina powder on shrinkage was studied according to variation in paste composition. As a result ceramic package structure with a cavity was fabricated with shrinkage control of 0.028%, which is far smaller than the current CS technology shrinkage of approximately 0.1%.

This study develops a technique training program to enhance the completion of Kolman, the high air flight technique, and applies it to two national athletes of the horizontal bar, one of the gymnastic events, for eight weeks. After that, their improvement was measured through 3D motion analysis to help them elevate their performance. The training program includes swing, hand release, twist, and bar hold, and its implementation produced the results stated below. They were made to practice the motion in the following way. After the hand-standing of giant swing which initiates the motion, they lift their body upward a little bit more. Next, they take their body down almost like a vertical descent and make a deep tap swing. Instead of doing the tap swing which widens the flection of hip and shoulder joints, while body revolution is more emphasized in particular, they release the bar as raising the centroid of their body sufficiently. During the flight, they try to narrow every joint in their body. As a result, the bar`s elasticity becomes greatly increased, and since the backing rate of their body gets higher, the centripetal force of the swing is improved that they can release the bar in the higher position. In addition, because they can erect their body faster during the flight, they can perform comfortable twist and revolution in the air. They can also adjust the direction of the flight easily without too much concern for the proper timing of hand release as they rise. Thereby, they can not only maintain adequate distance from the bar for the bar hold but also ensure enough distance for body revolution and twist.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of target position on the bowling motion. Four female high school athletes with more than four years of bowling experiences were recruited to this study. The major results of this study are as follows; When a subject treats the 1st pin, The spin angle of a coxa for the target position is largely kept from the downswing to the backswing peak point. When a subject treats the 7th pin, As the 7th pin exists at the left side for the right shoulder axis of the thrower, the movement of the ball center of the thrower from side to side is the lowest. In addition, the time required and horizontal speed appear the highest in the release section. The slant angle of a shoulder is largely increased as she moves from the backswing peak point to the release section. The twist angle of a shoulder also appears small as a throw motion is made toward the left side. When a subject treats the 10th pin, The spin angle of a shoulder and the twist angle of a body in motion appear the largest in the release section. So, there are the effects of target position on the bowling motion.

In this study, we characterized the optical and electric properties of direct-patternable SnO2 films with embedded Ag nanorods/nanowires prepared by photochemical metal-organic deposition using photosensitive precursors. SnO2 films showed a random orientation of growth independent on the presence of Ag nanorods/nanowires and annealing temperature. The values for sheet resistance and average transmittance of the SnO2 films with and without Ag nanorods/nanowires after annealing at 600°C were 6 kΩ/square and 82.2%, and 418 kΩ/square and 87.2%, respectively. Due to the incorporation of Ag nanorods/nanowires into the SnO2 films, the sheet resistance was remarkably improved, but the optical transmittance was slightly decreased. These results and the direct-patternability of photochemical deposition suggest that SnO2 films with embedded Ag nanorods/nanowires could easily be used in transparent electrodes, eliminating the need for high cost processes such as dry etching.

The purpose of this study was to analyze differences in kinematic variables for mogul short turn motion between superior and inferior group, so that it can explore more effective mogul short turn motions. To meet the goals, this study selected total 10 ski players who would participate in mogul short turn event of the National Technical Ski Championship 2007, so that it could analyze kinematic variables by way of 3D motion analysis using DLT method. As a result, this study came to the following conclusions; For total and phase-specific duration, it was found that superior group took shorter time than inferior group. Superior group`s Center of Mass was stands for more high value in up-down movement skill than inferior group. However right-left movement scale was less than them. In this reason, superior group was made a straight descent at the same time made a fast front-rear velocity. In the part of up-down movement velocity show that move slowly in the drop-in phase while increased in the bump-up phase. It is show that superior group was less tinny than inferior group include joint angle and knee joint angle. However leaning angle of trunk and the body inclination angle were more high figured than inferior group. Leaning angle of lower limbs also showed high figure at the center mogul. Lastly, In the part of body torsion angle show that superior group was high figure direction of right turn in the drop-in phase while in bump-up phase, made a high figure direction of left turn.

Aluminum nitride (AlN) powders were prepared by the chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) process in the system. Aluminum chloride () as the starting material was gasified in the heating chamber of . Aluminum chloride gas transported to the furnace in atmosphere at the gas flow rate of 200-400ml/min. For samples synthesized between 700 and , the XRD peaks corresponding to AlN were comparatively sharp and also showed an improvement of crystallinity with increasing the reaction temperature. In additions, the average particle size of the AlN powders decreased from 250 to 40 nm, as the reaction temperature increased.

Colored tantalum oxy-nitride (TaON) and tantalum nitride (Ta 3 N 5 ) were synthesized by ammonoly-sis. Oxygen deficient tantalum oxides (TaO 1.7 ) were produced by a titration process, using a tantalum chloride(TaCl 5 ) precursor. The stirring speed and the amount of NH 4 OH were important factors for controling the crys-tallinity of tantalum oxides. The high crystallinity of tantalum oxides improved the degree of nitridation whichwas related to the color value. Synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and Colorimeter. Keywords : Pigment, Cd free, Nitridation, TaON, Ta 3 N 7 1. 서론 현재 사용되고 있는 무기안료 중에 적색, 황색계는중금속이나 전이금속을 다량 포함하고 있어 그 양이한계량을 초과하게 되면 환경과 인체에 나쁜 영향을준다. 특히, 카드뮴(Cd)계 안료인 적색과 황색은 그안료 자체의 산성용액에 대한 용해도가 낮고 2차 오염에 의한 독성이 적다고 하더라도 카드뮴 자체가 독성이고 폐기물과 소각시의 인체 유해성과 환경문제가 대두되었다[1]. 또한 2006년부터 시행되는 RoHS(Restriction of Hazardous Substances :위험물질 사용제한) 규제로 인해 중금속 사용을 강력히 규제하기에 이르렀다. 따라서 인간과 환경에 무해하고 고유안정성이 있는 특수 안료의 대체물질 개발이 필요하다. 카드뮴계 대체 안료로 연구개발 되고 있는 것은나노급 α-산화철(α-Fe

This study was conducted to develop a easy seedling method to test large amounts of barley and wheat cultivars for resistance of powdery mildew. In addition, we also examined the resistance of genetic resources that have been used in barley and wheat breeding programs in Korea. This seedling test used paper bag with seeds can be completed within three weeks. to-day seedlings were available to inoculation and 8 days was needed for result reading. This method can test at least 180 collections at one time. we can identify the two resistant types by leave symptoms showed non infection and necrotic spots. Among the 79 Korean barley cultivars, only two cultivar, `Sangrokbori` and `Dajinbori` were resistant and `Jejubori` showed moderate resistant. There was no resistant in hulless barley and wheat cultivars. It was same results in comparison of earlier resistant reports in field test. We confirm that this method could using in test of powdery mildew resistance in barley and wheat. Among the 1,401 genetic resources using in Korean breeding program, malting barley has more resistant collections comparing to 796 hulled and hulless barley and 273 wheat germplasms.

The influence of rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease incidence on yield and quality of Nampyung, Gang-baek and Iksan493 was investigated in three areas, Gimje, Yeongam and Jangheung, frequently found BLB infested rice. The infection rate of Nampyung, susceptible to BLB disease, was higher () than Gang-baek () and Iksan493 (), have resistant gene Xa7 and xa5, respectively. BLB disease incidence was severely found in Gimj and then yield of Nampyung was reduced 65% (352 kg/10a) compared to Iksan493 (540 kg/10a) due to the decrease in the ripen grain filling, brown/rough ratio and 1,000 grain weight. There was no difference of rice yield among Nampyung, Gangbaek and Iksan493 in Yeongam and Jangheung. The occurrence time of disease in Yeongam and Jangheung was later than Gimje and BLB disease was less infected in these areas. BLB infected rice grain showed inferior grain appearance and taste index to sound grain. independent of rice with resistant gene. In Yeongam and Jangheung, Gangbaek and Iksan493 cultivated showed lower ratio of white color to belly than Nampyung. Iksan493 showed better grain appearance and lower ratio of white core to belly than Gangbaek. In protein content of rice grain, the range of Gangbaek and Iksan493 was , but Nampyung showed unstable ranged from undetermined to 9.0%.

There are many tissue-engineering approaches to repair damaged articular cartilage in vivo/vitro from cells and films/scaffolds. Polymer/bio-ceramic composite scaffold was applied to bone and cartilage regeneration for their mechanical stability and biocompatibility. In this study, the effects of hydroxyapatite on the surface of PLGA/HA composite scaffold for cell adhesion and proliferation have been investigated. The composite films, which were made of poly ( d , l -lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as a matrix and hydroxyapatite (HA) particles as reinforcement, have been studied in vitro. Mechanical property of the composite film was characterized by tensile test. The ultimate tensile strength of 10 wt.% HA content film was two-fold higher than control group. Surface of the film was characterized by contact angle measurement and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PLGA/HA composites were more hydrophilic than control group. Chondrocyte responses to the composite films were measured in vitro by cellular attachment and proliferation test. The cell attachment and proliferation were significantly higher on PLGA/HA (10 wt.%) composite film than control group (1.44 times higher in attachment test and 1.31 times higher for the 6th day at culture in proliferation assaying, p

Surface properties play a major role to determine the biocompatibility that is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application because biomaterials contact and interact with biological systems. Various methods have been studied to improve the surface properties and farther the osseous intergradation of bone implants. Cytochrome C (cyt C) was immobilized on the thin calcium phosphate films formed by electron-beam evaporation in the form of cyt C-apatite composite layer. The newly formed apatite layer was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that cyt C existed in the newly formed layer. Cyt C released from the cyt C-apatite composite layer for at least 10 days in the physiological salt solution.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are widely used in cardiovascular and other biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility as well as mechanical properties. However, PUs are poor substrates in supporting the adhesion and growth of vascular endothelial cells. In this study, the surface of PU films was modified by microwave-induced argon plasma treatment in order to improve the hemocompatibility of the films used as cardiovascular prostheses including vascular grafts and stents. The modified surface of PU films was characterized by water contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Plasma treatment resulted in an appreciable increase in the surface roughness of PU films with a concomitant decrease in the contact angle of the films, suggesting that the hydrophilicity of the film surface might be subsequently enhanced. Furthermore, the cellular behaviors of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, such as attachment, growth and proliferation, were significantly increased onto the surface-modified PU films. In conclusion, the surface modification of PU films by microwave-induced plasma could enhance the behaviors of endothelial cells and the method would be usefully applied to cardiovascular tissue engineering.

Silk fibroin (SF) as a naturally occurring degradable fibrous protein with unique mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility and processability has demonstrated strong potential for skeletal tissue engineering. Recent studies has mostly focused on nanofibrous SF (NSF) as a novel chondrogenic scaffold since its structure is very similar to collagen fibrous structure of natural extracellular matrix (ECM). However, less attention has been paid to the surface modification of NSF scaffolds by microwave-induced argon plasma. The present study was based on the hypothesis that plasma treatment to 3-D porous electrospun NSF scaffolds would improve cell growth, chondrogenicity and new cartilage-specific ECM formation of chondrocytes. It was found that plasma treatment could induce an essential modification of the surface of electrospun NSF scaffolds. The attachment and proliferation of human articular chondrocytes onto the surface-modified NSF scaffolds were significantly increased with a concomitant increase in the glycosaminoglycan synthesis. These results suggest that porous NSF scaffolds treated with microwave-induced plasma may be effective for enhancing the cellular behaviors and chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes and further be potentially used to cartilage tissue engineering.

Biodegradable poly( d , l -lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been widely used as a scaffold in tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, PLGA scaffolds become structurally deformed during the sterilization process since they were hydrolytically unstable. In this study, the effects of hydrogen peroxide gas (HPG) were investigated on the deformation, sterilization and cytocompatibility of porous PLGA scaffolds and compared with those of ethylene oxide (EO) gas. Also, the effects of HPG treatment on the cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes were examined. HPG treatment resulted in neither deformation of PLGA nor its chemical modification, different from EO gas treatment. PLGA scaffolds inoculated with diverse strains of microorganisms were completely sterilized by HPG treatment. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of residual HPG occurring upon HPG treatment completely decreased as ventilation time increased. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of chondrocytes between EO gas-treated and HPG-treated PLGA scaffolds. These results suggest that HPG can be used as an alternative method for sterilizing various polymeric scaffolds and medical devices without structural deformation.

Since many old cultural assets, such as clothes, pictures and books, remain in the state of silk fabrics or papers, it is very difficult as well as important to retain their original form. Microbial contamination induces surface deformations and strength degradation of silk fabrics by invading deeply into the fibers. In this study, the sterilization effects of microwave-induced argon plasma at atmospheric pressure were investigated on the microorganisms in silk fabrics. Also, the influence of the plasma treatment was examined on the physical properties of the fabrics. Argon plasma treatment completely sterilized the silk fabrics inoculated with various strains of either bacteria or fungi. It was also found that the plasma treatment did not affect the ultimate tensile strength and surface morphology of the fabrics because it took advantage of relatively low temperature. As increase in the plasma treatment, however, the lightness of silk fabrics decreased with concomitant increased in the color intensities of green and yellow. These results suggest that microwave-induced argon plasma can be effectively used as an alternative method for sterilizing and protecting cultural assets out of silk fabrics without any deterioration of the tensile strength and surface morphology.

While overexpression of several aquaporins (AQPs) has been reported in different types of human cancer, the role of AQPs in carcinogenesis has not been clearly defined. Here, by immunochemistry, we have found expression of AQP5 protein in 62.8% (59/94) of resected colon cancer tissue samples as well as association of AQP5 with liver metastasis. We then demonstrated that overexpression of human AQP5 (hAQP5) induces cell proliferation in colon cancer cells. Overexpression of wild-type hAQP5 increased proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 in HCT116 colon cancer cells whereas these phenomena in hAQP5 mutants (N185D and S156A) were diminished, indicating that both membrane association and serine/threonine phosphorylation of AQP5 are required for proper function. Interestingly, overexpression of AQP1 and AQP3 showed no differences in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that AQP5, unlike AQP1, may be involved in signal transduction. Moreover, hAQP5-overexpressing cells showed an increase in retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation through the formation of a nuclear complex with cyclin D1 and CDK4. Small interfering RNA analysis confirmed that hAQP5 activates the Ras signaling pathway. These data not only describe the induction of hAQP5 expression during colorectal carcinogenesis but also provide a molecular mechanism for colon cancer development through the interaction of hAQP5 with the Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/retinoblastoma protein signaling pathway, identifying hAQP5 as a novel therapeutic target.

Hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is the progression of disease in the presence of castrate serum levels of testosterone with a median survival of approximately 1 year. A variety of strategies have been developed to improve survival for the patients with advanced prostate cancer. Despite such efforts, the effective treatment modality for those patients has not been established other than chemotherapy. New experimental therapeutics such as gene therapy, vaccine therapy and target therapy use various mechanisms to kill tumor cells selectively while sparing surrounding normal tissues. Furthermore, new approaches in the field of chemoprevention are being made. Recent data from landmark studies, in particular vaccines, have shown improvements in overall survival of HRPC patients.

The effect of organic solvent mixture ratio on the rheology property of slurry and thickness control of ceramic green sheet was investigated. For selecting a suitable dispersant multiple light scattering method was used to evaluate the particle migration velocity and variation of clarification layer thickness. Using the selected dispersant the dispersion property of solution according to solvent mixture ratio was investigated. Binder and plasticizers were added to formulate slurries and their viscosity was evaluated according to solvent mixture ratio. Ceramic green sheets with average thickness of 30, 50 urn were fabricated via tape casting and their thickness tolerances measured. As a result according to solvent mixture ratio the solution and slurry properties varied and for the mixture ratio of ethanol/toluene of 80/20 the ceramic green sheet with the lowest thickness tolerance was obtained.

Silica wet gels were prepared from water glass (29 wt.% SiO2) by using Amberlite as a ion exchange resin. After washing in distilled water, the wet gels were further aged in a solution of TEOS/EtOH to strengthen the 3-dimensional network structure. With the increasing TEOS content in aging solution, BET surface area and porosity of the ambient dried silica aerogel were decreased, and the average pore diameter was decreased from 30nm to 10nm. Also, higher density and compressive strength were obtained in case of higher TEOS content. This is due to the precipitation of SiO2 nano particle by TEOS. Hence, TEOS addition plays an important role in both strengthening and increasing stiffness of silica wet gel network. By adding 30 vol.% TEOS, a crack-free monolithic silica aerogel tiles were obtained and its density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were shown 0.232 g/cm3, 7.3 MPa, and 0.029 W/mK, respectively.

Phosphorylation pathway has been identified as an important step in membrane trafficking for AQP5. We generated stably transfected BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells with various over-expression constructs on permeable support. In stable cells with wild-type AQP5 and S156A (AQP5 mutant targeting PKA consensus sequence), AQP5 expression was predominantly polarized to the apical membrane, whereas stable cells with N185D (AQP5 mutant targeting second NPA motif), mainly localized to the cytoplasm. Treatment with H89 and/or chlorophenylthio-cAMP (cpt-cAMP) did not affect membrane expression of AQP5 in any of three stable cells. In cells with wild-type AQP5 and N185D, AQP5s were phosphorylated by PKA, while phosphorylation of AQP5 was not detected in cells with S156A. These results indicate that, in AQP5, serine156 may be phosphorylated by PKA, but membrane expression of AQP5 may not be regulated by PKA phosphorylation. We conclude that AQP5 membrane targeting can include more than one mechanism besides cAMP dependent phosphorylation.

Early detection of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of adequate biomarkers. To discover novel tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) silenced by aberrant promoter methylation, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines using pharmacologic-unmasking and subsequent microarray-analysis. Among 617 genes upregulated, we selected 30 genes and investigated the methylation status of their promoters by bisulfite sequencing analysis. Aberrant methylation was detected in four genes (CRABP2, NOEY2, T, MAP2K3) in at least one lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, the T promoter was methylated in 60% of primary lung adenocarcinomas versus 13% of non-malignant lung tissues. Conversely, RT-PCR analysis revealed T expression was low in lung tumors, while high in normal tissues. In addition, no non-synonymous mutations related to gene silencing were found. While further analysis is warranted, our results suggest that T has the potential to be a novel candidate TSG in lung cancer.

Nondegradable synthetic polymer vascular grafts used in cardiovascular surgery have shown serious shortcomings, including thrombosis, calcification, infection, and lack of growth potential. Tissue engineering of vascular grafts with autologous stem cells and biodegradable polymeric materials could solve these problems. The present study is aimed to develop a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) with functional endothelium using autologous bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) and a hybrid biodegradable polymer scaffold. Hybrid biodegradable polymer scaffolds were fabricated from poly(lactide-co-e-caprolactone) (PLCL) copolymer reinforced with poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibers. Canine bone marrow mononuclear cells were induced in vitro to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. TEVGs (internal diameter: 10 mm, length: 40 mm) were fabricated by seeding vascular cells differentiated from BMCs onto PGA/PLCL scaffolds and implanted into the abdominal aorta of bone marrow donor dogs (n = 7). Eight weeks after implantation of the TEVGs, the vascular grafts remained patent. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the vascular grafts retrieved at 8 weeks revealed the regeneration of endothelium and smooth muscle and the presence of collagen. Western blot analysis showed that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was expressed in TEVGs comparable to native abdominal aortas. This study demonstrates that vascular grafts with significant eNOS activity can be tissue-engineered with autologous BMCs and hybrid biodegradable polymer scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008

Testing a large number of samples from field monitoring and routine indexing is cumbersome and the available virus detection tools were labor intensive and expensive. To circumvent these problems we established tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA) method an alternative detection tool to detect Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) infection in the field and greenhouse inoculated plants for monitoring and routine indexing applications, respectively. Initially, leaf and stem were tested to determine suitable plant tissue for direct blotting on nitrocellulose membrane. The dilutions of antibodies were optimized for more efficient and economical purposes. Results showed that stem tissue was more suitable for direct blotting for it had no background that interferes in the reaction. Therefore, this technique was referred as direct stem blot immunoassay or DSBIA, in this study. Re-used diluted (1:1000) antiserum and conjugate up to 3 times with the addition of half strength amount of concentrated antibodies was more effective in detecting the virus. The virus blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane from stem tissues kept at room temperature for 3 days were still detectable. The efficiency of DSBIA and RT-PCR in detecting BaMMV and BaYMV were relatively comparable. Results further proved that DSBIA is a rapid, reliable and economical detection method suitable for monitoring BaMMV and BaYMV infection in the field and practical method in indexing large scale of barley materials for virus resistance screening.

Adhesions are abnormal attachments between tissues, caused by an inflammatory stimulus or trauma. It was generally used physical barriers and various agents to prevent from adhesions formation. In this study, we made an experiment on animals with wound covering material of substance to prevent tissue adhesion. It was performed in sub-acute toxicity, and tested local effects after implantation.

In this study, such behaviors of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as proliferation and migration, with serum stimulation were investigated onto (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)-blended poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone, PLCL) copolymers (EGCG-b PLCL). VSMCs were primarily cultured from rat aorta, and EGCG-b PLCL films were fabricated by mixing PLCL with EGCG. The proliferation of VSMCs cultured onto EGCG-b PLCL film was significantly suppressed in spite of serum induction. Moreover, recovery of denuded area by VSMCs receiving conditioned media obtained from EGCG-b films was completely inhibited, whereas VSMCs onto intact films migrated into denuded area in response to serum showing essentially complete recovery. These results suggest that inhibition in the behaviors of serum-stimulated VSMCs may be mediated through the anti-proliferative effects of EGCG released from polymer films, and EGCG-b polymers can be applied for fabricating an EGCG-eluting vascular stent.

The effect of β-glucan-reinforced PLGA scaffold on cell proliferation was investigated. The PLGA scaffolds were prepared by salt-leaching method. The prepared scaffolds were grafted with (1→3) (1→6)-β-glucan in various ratios after plasma treatment on the surface. The surface of the scaffold was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The HDFs (Human dermal fibroblasts, 1105 cells/scaffold) were used to evaluate the cell proliferation on PLGA scaffold before and after plasma/β-glucan treatment. In results, in the β-glucan treated scaffolds, the pores seemed to become narrower and even looked like closed form. The result of cell proliferation showed that the plasma/β-glucan treated scaffolds had narrower pores because the β-glucan was attached in the pores that would not be allowed the cells to penetrate into the inner areas. Consequently, cell proliferation was not effective in the plasma/β-glucan treated scaffolds in this study.

Attachment and viability of different cell types(fibrioblast, chondrocyte and osteoblast ) was observed on two forms of silk (mat & Three-dimensional scaffolds). The osteoblasts behaviors cultured on silk mat were significantly higher than that found on 3-D silk fibroin scaffold (3-D SF scaffold). In the MTT assay, the cell viability of fibroblasts, chondrocyte and osteoblasts seeded on 2-D nanofiber mat was (2-D mat) significantly higher than that found on 3-D SF scaffold. Similar result could be seen from SEM observation and cell attachment study. However, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased on 3-D SF scaffold than on2-D nanofiber

Tissue-engineering must be either manufactured aseptically or sterilized after processing. To extend protection of medical devices against microbial contamination, various sterilization methods have been suggested. Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization has been applied in hospitals worldwide for almost a decade. In this study, we investigated the sterilization efficacy of hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilizer with porous polyurethane sample. The result is suggested that hydrogen peroxide gas plasma can be applicable to the sterilization of polymer scaffold for tissue engineering materials.

Polyurethane foam was fabricated by ‘two-component method’ for changing cell structures. Compression force applied immediately to the polyurethane foam just after complete foam formation at the top of the mold for generation cell structure of negative Poisson effect. That is what we called pressure-controlled method. The polyurethane foam, produced by pressurecontrol method (CT), has significant higher resilience (52.3%) and similar level of shock absorption (47.5%) compared with control polyurethane foam (resilience is 21.5%, shock absorption is 54%). The PU foam with negative Poisson’s ratio showed excellent resilience with shock absorbance. The pressure-control method divided into two parts (CT0, CT1). The CT1 method is to apply compression force to the foam with time-delayed after foam formation. The PU foam produced by CT1 showed lower stress relaxation time, stress relaxation ratio, and maximum stress than CT0. Hence, CT1 foam is superior to other polyurethane foam as shock absorbing materials, such as shoes for diabetic patients.

Poly (D,L-latic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been used as the artificial scaffold for blood vessel formation. In order to hinder smooth muscle cell (SMC) angiogenesis, new scaffold design method of loading Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) on PLGA film was introduced. PLGA and EGCG were dissolved in acetone and film-shape scaffold was manufactured. Antiangiogenetic effect of EGCG released on scaffold was analyzed for SMC and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and method for selective inhibition from the difference of growth of SMC and HUVEC was suggested.

Glucans have been reported to stimulate immunity and to promote wound healing. Adult human dermal fibroblast (aHDF) cultured in serum free (serum-starvation). Proliferation of aHDF was measured at various concentrations of β-glucan by MTT assay, and migration was observed for 36h on microscope. The result of fibroblast bioassay, β-glucan had positive influence. In this study, the direct effects of β-glucan on proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts were examined in vitro. That means β-D-glucan has the effect to enhance proliferation and aHDF migration speed, and has the potential as a wound healing agent.

For tissue regeneration, highly open porous polymer matrices are required for high-density cell seeding, as well as sufficient nutrient and oxygen supply to the cells in the 3-D matrices. In this study, three types of scaffolds containing three different pore sizes (uniform-pore size, 2-layer pore size and multi-pore size) were prepared. We used human dermal fibroblast cells to investigate cell attachment and proliferation with the prepared specimens. Not only DNA quantity measurement of the cells but also the number of cells within the cross-sectional area of the scaffold was investigated. In the DNA quantity test, the multi-pore size scaffold contained a 1.77 times larger amount than the uniform-pore size scaffold for 14 days culture. For the cell-counting assessment, the multi-pore size scaffold contained about 2.24 times more cells than the uniform-pore size scaffold in the middle sectioned area for 14 days. To prevent the generation of a polymer skin layer on the surface of the scaffolds, PLGA scaffolds were fabricated by a two-step molding method. No skin layer was observed in the scaffold. Various pore size specimens tended to degrade more and faster than uniform-pore size specimens in PBS solution. Chemical treatment on the surface of the specimen enhances cytocompatibility of the scaffold.

It is known that surface roughness enhances the anchorage of implants to bone and opens up the possibilities of the incorporation and release of antibiotics around titanium implants. In this study, titanium oxide was formed by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method. Commercially available pure titanium disks with diameter of 10 mm and 2 mm in thickness were used as substrates. MAO of the specimen was carried out in an aqueous electrolyte by applying a pulsed DC wave to the specimen. The surface characteristics of the MAO implants, including surface morphology and surface roughness, were analyzed by SEM and surface profilometer, respectively. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect produced by MAO of the titanium surface on cell cultures by cell proliferation assay, cell morphology and alkaline phosphatase activity. The results showed the formation of an oxide layer with micropores and roughness by MAO. No significant difference in the proliferation and spreading morphology of machined, blasted and MAO surfaces was observed. However, the ALP activity of osteoblast cells on MAO surface was higher than on machined and blasted surfaces in 4 day and 7 day cultures, respectively. From this study, it was concluded that the MAO-treated titanium exhibited an effect on early osteoblast differentiation.

We investigated the first symptom emerging date of rice bacterial leaf blight disease during four years from 2002 to 2005. The disease occurrence date was earlier 2030 days in 2005 than that of 2002. The damage in different rice growth stage by the bacterial disease on rice yield and grain quality in southern part of Korea was examined. The disease decreased rice yield following by increased infection rates. Slight loss in rice yield and brown head rice rate were observed at below 10% level of infected leaf area, while over 25% infected leaf area caused the significant decrease in rice yield and brown head rice rate. More than 50% of the infected leaf area rate caused 29% yield reduction in case of infection at panicle formation stage and 18% of brown head rice rate. Cooked rice quality was also affected in the diseased rice by damage in palatability score and viscosity.

β-Glucan, a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers, modulates wound healing via macrophages, which are stimulated to release growth factors and cytokines, as well as via glucan receptors on fibroblasts, which are activated to migrate and synthesize collagen. The placement of β-glucan/collagen onto an arm of a young child with a scald burn improved healing of a partial-thickness burn wound. In this study, the effects of (1 → 3), (1 → 6)-β- d -glucan on the cytokine release in a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, were investigated. The effects of β-glucan on the proliferation and migration of adult human dermal fibroblasts (aHDFs) were also examined. When RAW 264.7 cells were treated with β-glucan, TNF-α secretion was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner, but IL-6 secretion was not. On the other hand, β-glucan treatment to aHDFs with 1 mg/ml resulted in a significant ( p

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took , at the downward upward phase took , , at flight phase took , at connected area phase took , at rotation area phase took . To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand`s center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

Surface modification with plasma treatment of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (50/50) (PLGA) was investigated for inducing cell affinity onto the polymer surface. β-(1 → 3) (1 → 6)-glucan was immobilized onto the PLGA film by plasma treatment in order to enhance attachment, viability, and growth of fibroblast for skin tissue engineering. The plasma treated film, experimental, and untreated film, control, were coated with β-(1 →3) (1 → 6)-glucan. For all specimens, the prepared films were grafted with β-(1 → 3) (1 → 6)-glucan in various ratios by solvent casting. The surface of specimen was characterized by contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The amount of β-(1 → 3) (1 → 6)-glucan in each sample was indirectly determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method. The result showed that the plasma-modified groups exhibited more amount of p-glucan than the plasma non-treated groups. The human dermal fibroblast (HDF) were seeded on each group at an initial cell density of 2 × 10 5 cells/film. Cell proliferation was significantly enhanced in the HDF attachment for experimental group after 6 days of incubation (p < 0.05) due to the improved hydrophilicity of PLGA film by plasma treatment. Surface modification of PLGA film with plasma treatment has an effect on β-(1 → 3) (1 → 6)-glucan coating and cell affinity to the film.

Identification of cytokines secreted by macrophages and assessment of macrophage function in response to biomaterials is an important aspect of the host response to biomaterials. In the present study, differential cytokine responses of murine macrophage J774A.1 cells to stainless steel (SS) coated with and without hydroxyapatite (HA) were investigated. HA-coated SS was prepared through the deposition of thin (1 μm thick) calcium phosphate film by electron beam evaporation. SEM micrographs show that the surface of HA-coated SS was smoother than that of SS. Cell growth of J774A.1 macrophages onto HA-coated was about 1.5 times better than that onto intact SS. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the mRNA of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, was relatively less expressed in J774A.1 macrophages grown onto HA-coated SS. These results suggest that HA coatings may influence the expression of inflammatory cytokine in macrophages and improve the surface properties of metallic materials.

Upon fabricating medical devices and biomaterials, the inactivation of microorganisms harmful to human is very important. It is more important to remove killed bacteria and their debris, particularly pyrogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from medical devices. LPS, referred to as endotoxin, is derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and well-known for inducing various pathological diseases. In this study, the sterilization of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and elimination of E. coli-derived LPS were examined by using our self-designed microwave-induced plasma system at atmospheric pressure. Plasma treatment resulted in complete sterilization of E. coli after 1 s, which was confirmed by morphological alterations such as ruptured membranes and amorphous structures. Furthermore, LPS was completely inactivated after 10 s of plasma treatment. These results suggest that microwave-induced plasma will not only be effective on E. coli sterilization, but will also be able to remove LPS from the surface of the objects being sterilized.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is extensively utilized in medical devices and synthetic vascular surgery as an expanded form because of its chemical and mechanical stability. However, clinical applications in small diameter vascular grafts were limited due to lack of its haemocompatibility. In order to improve haemocompatibility or tailor the biological responses to the implant, the surface modification of PTFE was performed with two steps of treatment. After treating PTFE films in a solution of anthraguinone and sodium hydride in dry 100 °C dimethylformamide, the additional modification was performed with O2 atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The water contact angle of chemically treated PTFE was measured as 70.1°. Plasma treatment for 0.25 s decreased contact angle to 35.8°. From the analyses of XPS, plasma treatment might break down the unsaturated carbon bonds and introduce additional functional groups on the surface of the chemically modified PTFE. However, as the treatment time increased, contact angle increased and surface structure was changed, presumably due to etching of the chemical treated layer by oxygen plasma.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi causing health problems in humans, animals and agricultural products. Therefore, the inactivation or degradation of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feedstuffs is a major global concern. This study was designed to investigate the degradation of three different mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) by using our self-designed microwave-induced argon plasma system at atmospheric pressure. After plasma treatment, the remnants of mycotoxins were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography and their cytotoxicity was assessed using mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The mycotoxins, AFB1, DON, and NIV were completely removed after 5 s of plasma treatment. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of mycotoxins was significantly reduced with the progress in the treatment time. These results suggest that this plasma system may have strong potentials to degrade mycotoxins and can be effectively used in the process of foods and feedstuffs.

We discuss non-standard interpretations of the 750 GeV diphoton excess recently reported by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations which do not involve a new, relatively broad, resonance with a mass near 750 GeV. Instead, we consider the sequential cascade decay of a much heavier, possibly quite narrow, resonance into two photons along with one or more invisible particles. The resulting diphoton invariant mass signal is generically rather broad, as suggested by the data. We examine three specific event topologies - the antler, the sandwich, and the 2-step cascade decay, and show that they all can provide a good fit to the observed published data. In each case, we delineate the preferred mass parameter space selected by the best fit. In spite of the presence of invisible particles in the final state, the measured missing transverse energy is moderate, due to its anti- correlation with the diphoton invariant mass. We comment on the future prospects of discriminating with higher statistics between our scenarios, as well as from more conventional interpretations., Discussion about the ATLAS Moriond EW2016 added. Matched to PRL accepted version