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The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of high carbohydrate (CHO) diets on recovery of endurance capacity following a treadmill run to exhaustion. Two high CHO diets were used, one in which the normal diet was supplemented with complex carbohydrates and the other in which supplementation was achieved with simple carbohydrates. The thirty recreational runners who took part in this study (fifteen men and fifteen women) completed weighed food intake diaries two to three weeks before the start of the study. From an analysis of this information each subject's 'normal diet' was prescribed before Trial 1 and then a supplemented diet before Trial 2. The aim was to achieve an increase in carbohydrate content to 70% in the diets of the two high CHO groups and an equivalent increase in energy intake by the Control group. The subjects were required to run to exhaustion on a treadmill at a speed equivalent to 70% VO2max on two occasions separated by 3 days. After Trial 1 the subjects were divided into three equal groups. The Complex CHO group (301 +/- 86 mg vs 507 +/- 120 mg) and Simple CHO group (265 +/- 45 mg vs 462 +/- 81 mg) increased their CHO intake by approximately 70% (p less than 0.05) during the 3 days before Trial 2 whereas the Control group increased their energy intake with additional protein and fat so as to match the energy intakes of the two CHO groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Using as a case study the 1914 report of the government inquiry into the pay and working conditions of the Royal Irish Constabulary, this paper will address two issues in Max Weber's writings on class and status. The first concerns the recent claim by Barbalet that market situations are ultimately rooted in actors' subjective orientations and cognitions, something which has been taken for granted with respect to social status but which runs counter to previous interpretations of Weber's work on class. Certain implications for the way Weber's notion of class is conceived follow from this, which are supported by the case study. The second issue concerns Parkin's criticism of Weber for ignoring the role of the state, and his related observation that any consideration of class and status must address how the state functions to uphold or reshape structures of inequality. The deliberations and recommendations of the Committee of Inquiry afford an opportunity in microcosm to document some of the motivations the state has for endorsing social closure.

'Common sense' is a frequently used term in the vocabulary of sociologists. There is, however, no common theoretical understanding of it. This has important empirical implications for the nature of the beliefs, maxims, ideas and types which are said to constitute 'common sense racism'. Those who use the notion of 'common sense racism' treat it primarily as a theoretical issue, providing very little empirical evidenc.e to confirm how widespread the beliefs, maxims, ideas and types which constitute 'common sense racism' are. By taking a contrasting theoretical approach to common sense, the form and status of racist beliefs drastically alter. This emphasizes the importance of treating 'common sense racism' also as an empirical issue.

This paper is concerned with some of the general issues of the relationship between comparative research and the case study and where one can complement the other, showing specifically how this applies to recent research dealing with the expert qualifications of operating personnel, the ratio of managers to operating personnel, and the flow of hierarchical communications in formal organizations. Inferences about the flow of communications within organizations in which superiors have narrow spans of control and supervise subordinates who are highly qualified are drawn from comparative research on the formal structures of organizations and tested with observational data from case studies on the interaction of superiors and subordinates. The findings from two of these case studies are generally consistent with the argument that narrow spans of control serve to facilitate upward communication where experts are employed as subordinates. However, the analysis of a third deviant case suggests that the degree and type of differentiation of hierarchical work roles importantly affect both the needs and opportunities for communication and through them the relationship between hierarchy and expertness.