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In this study, a novel hydrophilic RGO–CD–Ag hybrid with the supramolecular β-cyclodextrin (CD) as a conjugation interface was fabricated successfully by a facile in situ synthesis process. The results of several characterizations confirmed that the in situ reaction provided a straightforward approach to deposit the CD wrapped Ag nanoparticles onto the CD chemical functionalized RGO sheets through the head-to-head H-bond interactions between the linker CD molecules. Moreover, it was also found that the CD interface that existed indeed influences the structure and performances of RGO–CD–Ag nanocomposite. The analysis of the static contact angle revealed that the surface property of the hybrid could be transformed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic feature, which highly improved the aqueous dispersibility. And then, the bactericidal test of RGO–CD–Ag was demonstrated and clearly showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria among all samples. In short, this method may readily provide a new family of supramolecular based materials expected to find applications beyond the bactericidal field.

This paper describes the design process and implementation process of electronic film system. The establishment of electronic film system allowed us to aggressively reduce film use and costs and to demonstrate a positive return.

In this paper, by describing and comparing different implementations of electronic film combined with the actual application of the electronic film in the imaging department and the clinical departments. We elaborate electronic film for optimizing the imaging department workflow to improve service quality and patient satisfaction and other aspects of value.

We find negative price reactions among non-sued U.S.-listed foreign firms to filings of U.S. shareholder lawsuits targeting foreign issuers. This spillover effect is stronger among non-sued firms from the sued-company’s home country or industry, especially when the home country is poorly governed or the industry is litigation-prone, and for less anticipated lawsuits. We also document a stronger same-country spillover for a recent wave of U.S. lawsuits targeting Chinese issuers than for other standalone litigations. Finally, a non-sued firm’ litigation price reaction predicts its future litigation risk. Our findings are consistent with investors updating litigation risks of peer firms upon litigation events, and highlight the importance of U.S. shareholder lawsuits in disciplining foreign issuers.

In human epithelial cancers, the microRNA (miRNA) mir-30d is amplified with high frequency and serves as a critical oncomir by regulating metastasis, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Autophagy, a degradation pathway for long-lived protein and organelles, regulates the survival and death of many cell types. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy plays an important function in epithelial tumor initiation and progression. Using a combined bioinformatics approach, gene set enrichment analysis, and miRNA target prediction, we found that mir-30d might regulate multiple genes in the autophagy pathway including BECN1, BNIP3L, ATG12, ATG5, and ATG2. Our further functional experiments demonstrated that the expression of these core proteins in the autophagy pathway was directly suppressed by mir-30d in cancer cells. Finally, we showed that mir-30d regulated the autophagy process by inhibiting autophagosome formation and LC3B-I conversion to LC3B-II. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the oncomir mir-30d impairs the autophagy process by targeting multiple genes in the autophagy pathway. This result will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of mir-30d in tumorigenesis and developing novel cancer therapy strategy.

3D CoNi2S4-graphene-2D-MoSe2 (CoNi2S4-G-MoSe2) nanocomposite is designed and prepared using a facile ultrasonication and hydrothermal method for supercapacitor (SC) applications. Because of the novel nanocomposite structures and resultant maximized synergistic effect among ultrathin MoSe2 nanosheets, highly conductive graphene and CoNi2S4 nanoparticles, the electrode exhibits rapid electron and ion transport rate and large electroactive surface area, resulting in its amazing electrochemical properties. The CoNi2S4-G-MoSe2 electrode demonstrates a maximum specific capacitance of 1141 F g−1, with capacitance retention of ≈108% after 2000 cycles at a high charge–discharge current density of 20 A g−1. As to its symmetric device, 109 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 is exhibited. This pioneering work should be helpful in enhancing the capacitive performance of SC materials by designing nanostructures with efficient synergetic effects.

We demonstrate a one-pot thermoreduction approach towards the preparation of single-crystal Pt nanoplates, which were uniformly deposited on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer. The size of Pt nanoplates can be tuned from 6.8 to 10.1 nm by controlling Pt loading. The as-prepared Pt/PVP/RGO catalysts show high stability and activity towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Their MOR current can reach up to 401 mA mg(-1) Pt and MOR current can maintain 89.4% of its initial value after 10 000 potential cycles.

The scarcity of inexpensive and efficient electrocatalyst for acid water oxidation to molecular oxygen presents the development of nonprecious catalysts for water oxidation a scientific priority. For water splitting, transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted great interest as advanced catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction, but there has been no sincere attention to generate significant anodic current density of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with these materials. Addressing this unmet need, here, the outstanding catalytic performance of MoS2 and TaS2 in OER is demonstrated. Chemically exfoliated 2D thin sheets of MoS2 and TaS2, in both of their 1T and 2H polymorph, have been employed for OER catalysis in acid medium. The best performance for oxygen evolution, which is also comparable to benchmark IrO2, comes out from 1T-MoS2 followed by 1T-TaS2, 2H-MoS2, and 2H-TaS2. Theoretical study reveals that the dominant catalytic activity is on edge sites instead of surface and corroborates the experimental results of polymorphic dependence of electrocatalytic activity. The materials have also shown moderate durability in the harsh acidic medium. The study brings up new set of electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution in acid regime that hitherto has remained largely unrevealed.

We provide empirical support for the conventional wisdom that there are times when optimistic investors tend to build their hopes into castles in the air, and pay a large premium over intrinsic value for stocks of firms in the early stages of their life cycles with perceived growth opportunities. We use industry IPO waves containing a set of firms in the same industry that went public at about the same time in a cluster to identify those time periods and firms that are relatively homogenous and in the same early growth stages of their life cycles. We find that three years after an industry IPO wave ends, among the firms in the wave with relatively high historical sales growth rates, those with low gross margins are over-valued relative to firms with high gross margins. They under-perform their industry IPO wave peers by 0.92% per month, or about 12% per year, during the subsequent four-year period after adjusting for risk and firm characteristics differentials. Further, the average future returns on these firms are even below the corresponding risk-free returns. Our findings contribute to the literature on inefficient capital markets by identifying situations when prices of some stocks are likely to be affected by bounded rationality or biases in the way investors make decisions, and agency issues limit the ability of more sophisticated arbitrageurs who have to rely on other people's money from exploiting any resultant profit opportunities.

A methodology is described for the preparation of pH- and temperature-responsive double network (DN) hydrogels with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as a tightly crosslinked 1st network, polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a loosely crosslinked 2nd network and graphene oxide (GO) as an additive. GO sheets were first prepared via an oxidation reaction and then dispersed in NIPAM aqueous solution via silanization. Free-radical polymerization of NIPAM was carried out at 20 °C in a water bath, and then subjected to UV light, leading to the formation of pH- and temperature-responsive PNIPAM/AA/GO DN hydrogels. The effects of GO sheets and AA contents on various physical properties were investigated. Results show that PNIPAM/AA/GO hydrogels undergo a large volumetric change in response to temperature. It also exhibits significantly fast swelling/deswelling compared with conventional PNIPAM hydrogel. Moreover, the PNIPAM/AA/GO hydrogels have a much better mechanical property than the conventional PNIPAM hydrogels.

Recent studies conflict sharply about the stock returns of financially distressed firms. Both the basic empirical pattern and interpretation have been challenged. This study addresses both critiques. Analyzing about 4.3 million firm-months observations in 38 countries from January 1992 to June 2013, we find a strong, negative link between credit risk and subsequent equity returns, concentrated among low-capitalization stocks in developed countries in North America and Europe. Comparisons between countries reveal: 1) no relation to creditor rights, inconsistent with theories based on shareholders expropriation, but 2) a strong, positive relation to individualism, a proxy for investor overconfidence. Additional analysis using within-country proxies for investor overconfidence further supports an overconfidence-based explanation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a severe public health problem. Investigating its prevalence and trends is essential to prevention. METHODS: To evaluate the effectiveness of HBV vaccination under the 1992 Intervention Program for infants and predicted HBV prevalence trends under the 2011 Program for all ages. We conducted a community-based investigation of 761,544 residents of 12 counties in Zhejiang Province selected according to their location, population density, and economic development. The HBV prevalence trends were predicted by a time-shifting approach. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were determined. RESULTS: Of the 761,544 persons screened for HBsAg, 54,132 were positive (adjusted carrier rate 6.13%); 9,455 had both elevated ALT and a positive HBsAg test (standardized rate 1.18%). The standardized HBsAg carrier rate for persons aged ≤20 years was 1.51%. Key factors influencing HBV infection were sex, age, family history, drinking, smoking, employment as a migrant worker, and occupation. With the vaccination program implemented in 2011, we predict that by 2020, the HBsAg carrier rate will be 5.27% and that for individuals aged ≤34 years will reach the 2% upper limit of low prevalence according to the WHO criteria, with a standardized rate of 1.86%. CONCLUSIONS: The national HBV vaccination program for infants implemented in 1992 has greatly reduced the prevalence of HBV infection. The 2011 program is likely to reduce HBV infection in Zhejiang Province to a low moderate prevalence, and perinatal transmission is expected to be controlled by 2020.

We provide novel evidence supporting the view that stock prices of some firms in the early growth stage of their life cycle are set by optimistic investors fixated on sales growth. We identify these firms as those that went public during an industry IPO waves, had high sales growths but low gross margins in the first three years following the IPO. Consistent with overpricing, their stocks under-perform their peers by 0.92% per month during the subsequent four year period on a risk-adjusted basis, suggesting limits to arbitrage. This pattern is unrelated to the well documented long-run under-performance of IPOs.

Analysts follow disproportionally firms whose fundamentals correlate more with those of their industry peers. This coverage pattern supports models of profit-maximizing information intermediaries producing preferentially information valuable in pricing more stocks. We designate highly followed firms whose fundamentals best predict those of peer firms as bellwether firms. When analysts revise a bellwether firm’s earning forecast, it changes the prices of other firms significantly; however, revisions for firms that are less intensely followed do not change the prices of heavily followed firms. Unidirectional information spillovers explain how the more accurately priced stocks might exhibit more comovement.

The synthesis of the novel title compounds (VI) and (VIII) with a biologically active thiazole moiety is presented.

The title compounds (VI) and (VIII) are prepared via [3 + 2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the presence of chloroamine T, a method that is simpler than the conventional procedure.

In this work, a novel and facile method for covalent attachment of biomaterials to graphene oxide sheets (GOS) was developed. Four conjugates were obtained via the diimide-activated amidation reaction under ambient conditions. Final products were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical characterization of the composite showed that the covalently bonded biomaterial retained its bioactivity. This method may provide a way for further preparation of graphene-based biodevices.

In the present study, a single intravitreal erythropoietin (EPO) to diabetic rats produced therapeutic effects on blood-retinal barrier (BRB) function and neuronal survival at different time courses of retinopathy. In parallel, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) pathway has been quantitatively studied, including VEGF-A, endogenous EPO, EPO receptor (EpoR), prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-3) and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). The mRNA levels of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF-A, endogenous EPO, PHD1-3 and VHL are all up-regulated in the diabetic retina, and suppressed by exogenous EPO. The increased protein levels of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF-A, and endogenous EPO found in diabetic retinas also have been down-regulated by exogenous EPO. The results demonstrate that the HIF-1 pathway is activated in the retina in early diabetes, but is negatively regulated by a feedback loop following the administration of exogenous EPO. Exogenous EPO at pharmacologic levels leads to suppression of VEGF and in turn, restoration of the normal functions of BRB in a time-dependent manner. In the diabetic retina, the same level of exogenous EPO that inhibits VEGF also exerted neuronal protection.

In this paper, we propose a novel foreground segmentation approach for applications using static cameras. The foreground segmentation is modeled as an energy function optimum process, where energy function is based on Markov Random Field (MRF) and efficiently optimized by Gibbs sampling. The essence of our method is that we fuse four foreground/background models based on color and texture. This allows composing a robust likelihood term that not only reflects the appearance of foreground/background, but also models the shadow removal process, together with a spatial contrast term and a better temporal persistence term, which achieves a more accurate segmentation. This method has been run on both indoor and outdoor sequences, and the results have proved its effectiveness.

Purpose To characterize the neuroprotective mechanisms of erythropoietin (EPO) against the stress of glyoxal-advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in retinal neuronal cells. Methods Rat retinal organ culture, primary retinal neuron culture, and retinal cell line (R28 cell) culture under glyoxal-AGEs insult were used as in vitro models. Exogenous EPO was applied to these models. Retinal neuronal cell death was assessed by TUNEL, ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining, and cell viability assay. R28 cell proliferation was evaluated by BrdU incorporation and propidium iodide staining. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Bax, BAD, and products of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt pathways. Specific inhibitors and plasmids were used to pinpoint the roles of ERK and Akt pathways. Results. EPO protected the retinal cells from glyoxal-AGE-induced injury in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. The protective function of EPO was proved to be antiapoptotic, not pro-cell proliferative. Glyoxal upregulated Bax expression but suppressed Bcl-xL expression and BAD phosphorylation. In contrast, EPO enhanced BAD phosphorylation and Bcl-xL expression but downregulated Bax. The regulation of these apoptosis-related proteins by EPO was through ERK and Akt pathways. Conclusions These data demonstrate that exogenous EPO significantly attenuates the retinal neuronal cell death induced by glyoxal-AGEs by promoting antiapoptotic and suppressing apoptotic proteins. EPO/EPO receptor signaling through ERK and Akt pathways is pivotal in EPO neuroprotective mechanisms.

Anionic and cationic multiwalled carbon nanotube polyelectrolytes, prepared by covalent modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide), were used for the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly of MWCNTs on different substrates with polyelectrolytes, such as poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate). Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to demonstrate the modification of MWCNTs. Investigations using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, SEM, and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy proved this method to be practicable for preparing LBL films.

This paper shows that the degree of information asymmetry is lower for firms with more frequent news releases. The relation holds for various measures of information asymmetry such as the probability of information-based trading (PIN), permanent price impact, and adverse selection component of bid-ask spread, even after adjusting for endogeneity between news release and information asymmetry. By decomposing the PIN into intensities of uninformed and informed trades, similarly to Brown and Hillegeist [2007, Review of Accounting Studies 12, 443-477], we find that intensity of uninformed trading increases much more than that of informed trading for firms with more frequent news releases. As a result, information asymmetry, as is measured by PIN, decreases for such firms due to the large increase in the intensity of uninformed trading. Our findings highlight not only the importance of news releases in leveling the playing field of investors but also the role of uninformed investors in reducing trading cost due to information asymmetry.

Roll (1988) finds that idiosyncratic influences strongly dominate systematic influences in stock returns. However, it is extensively debated that whether the prevailing idiosyncratic influences are due to firm-specific information or noise. In this paper, I empirically address this question by examining the contribution of the proxies of private information, public information and noise to the variation of idiosyncratic volatility. My empirical findings suggest that the amount of private information incorporated in the prices strongly dominates public information and noise in driving variation of idiosyncratic volatility. Furthermore, the explanatory power of noise for idiosyncratic volatility decreases with the horizon over which returns are measured. The findings in this paper support the information-based interpretation of idiosyncratic volatility that prices of stocks with greater idiosyncratic volatility are more informative.

Rapidly increasing global energy demand and developing carbon-neutral economy impose great challenge to the scientific community and it requires untiring efforts to exploit and store abundant but diffuse renewable energy sources. One innovative and promising approach for that is the efficient production of hydrogen serving as fuel, through electricity-driven water splitting. However, the overall efficiency of the reaction is largely impeded by the kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER), imposing serious overpotential requirement. Therefore, an efficient oxygen evolution catalyst is essential to enhance the reaction rate and/ or lower the overpotential. Although precious metal oxides, such as RuO2 and IrO2, are considered to be the most active OER electrocatalysts, they are not suitable for large-scale applications because of their scarcity and high costs. So There is an ongoing interest to find earth-abundant and inexpensive electrocatalysts for OER. In response, non-noble transition-metal-based oxides, layered double hydroxides (LDH), perovskite-type metal oxides are some of the advance electrocatalyst candidates with their own limitations. Here, for the first time, we focus on layered transition metal dicalchogenides (TMDs) like MoS2 and TaS2 in this search due to their natural abundance and high activity towards hydrogen evolution. We report MoS2 and TaS2, in both their 2H and 1T polymorphs that display excellent catalytic activity for OER in much required acid medium. They are chemically exfoliated to thinner nanosheets from MoS2 precursor and TaS2 nanostructures synthesized by chemical vapour deposition. Structural and electrochemical studies reveal their corresponding semiconducting 2H and metallic 1T polymorph and the impressive electrocatalytic performance respectively. The proliferation of active sites is such a high for those materials that an electrocatalytic current density of 10 mA cm− 2 is achievable with overpotential much lower than that of the benchmark IrO2 or RuO2OER catalyst. The Tafel slopes found for the different samples are also in good rivalry of the benchmark catalyst. The performances are also analyzed on the basis of their probable structure relation. This work presents general strategies to grow nanostructures of layered TMD materials for the enhanced catalytic performance in OER and open up a new avenue in the pursuance of water splitting research towards the growth of hydrogen economy.

Investors can interpret public information homogenously, which has the effect of reducing information asymmetry. Prices would react to the release of public information and trading plays a secondary role in price discovery. However, investors can interpret public information heterogeneously and this triggers private information acquisition by sophisticated investors. In such a scenario, trading plays a central role in price discovery. We empirically investigate the role of public information on the order flow return relation as well as the volume volatility relation, using www.marketwatch.com as a proxy for firm-specific public information flow, for 1099 NYSE firms during calendar year 2002. We find that the relation between order flow and returns is significantly higher on the days with public information release. This suggests that the releases of firm-specific public information triggers private information collection and superior signal extraction by sophisticated investors. We also find that the same is true for the relation between volume and volatility. Public information release results in increased divergence of beliefs, and hence a higher volume volatility relation on days with public information release. Thus trading plays a central role in price discovery around public information release. In sensitivity tests we find that price pressure is not an explanation for the higher order flow return relation and volume volatility relation on days with public information release.

On the basis of analyzing the pick-up operation process for import containers on the gate side of container yard, a multi-phase optimization mathematical model was established, which aimed to minimize the total cost of pick-up operation process. This model was comprised of two sub-models: rehandling operation scheduling and the shortest path searching. A two-layer A* heuristic algorithm was put forward and realized, where the inner A* algorithm structure was embedded into the outer one; the inner A* algorithm was responsible for searching the shortest rehandling operation path, and the outer A* algorithm for optimizing rehandling strategy. By comparing this A* algorithm with genetic algorithm using the same actual case, the conclusion is that A* algorithm presents better performance both in optimization result and execution efficiency

For the optimization problem on container pick-up operation scheduling, a multi-stage mathematical programming model is established to minimize the total operation cost. This model is comprised of two parts: rehandling operation scheduling and the shortest path search. A nested genetic algorithm with two layers is proposed, where the inner layer algorithm is embedded in the outer one. The outer algorithm is responsible for optimizing rehandling operation scheduling, and the inner is for searching the shortest path of rehandling operation. Two reformative operations are introduced, including the parent population involving selection and optimal individual maintaining. With an actual example, the algorithm is testified, the result shows that the algorithm is effective to solve this problem and has a high efficiency and speed of convergence.

Long lasting strontium aluminate phosphors were synthesized by solid state reaction in the experiment. SrO·2Al2O3 ceramics with long afterglow was firstly fabricated at 1400 °C with the aid of B2O3. The effects of B2O3 on the phase composition, porosity, density and microstructure of the sintered ceramics were investigated, as well as the effects on luminescent properties. The results indicated that B2O3 stimulated the formation of SrO·2Al2O3 by consuming the intermediate phases and helped to produce dense ceramics at 1400 °C. The ceramics hold two emission peaks at 390 and 475 nm, due to the luminescent behavior of Eu2+ in 5SrO·4Al2O3 and SrO·2Al2O3, respectively. Emission at 390 nm showed slight afterglow characteristics while emission at 475 nm illustrated good long persistence. The afterglow property was enhanced by the addition of B2O3, due to the increase in the depth of the trap center in the ceramics.

A methodology is described for the preparation of pH- and temperature-responsive semi-interpenetrating hydrogels with surface-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as the crosslinker, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) as the monomer and sodium alginate (SA) as an additive. GO sheets were first prepared via an oxidation reaction in aqueous solution and then modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (TMSPMA) via a silanization reaction. Free-radical polymerization of NIPAM and SA was then carried out with the presence of TMSPMA-modified GO sheets at 20 °C in a water bath, leading to the formation of pH- and temperature-responsive PNIPAM/SA/GO hydrogels crosslinked with TMSPMA-modified GO sheets. The effects of TMSPMA-modified GO sheets content on various physical properties were investigated. Results show that PNIPAM/SA/GO hydrogels undergo a large volumetric change in response to temperature. It also exhibits significantly larger water uptake compared to conventional PNIPAM/SA hydrogels. Moreover, the PNIPAM/SA/GO hydrogels have a much better mechanical properties than the conventional PNIPAM/SA hydrogels.

A one-pot hydrothermal reaction was used to prepare a reduced graphene oxide sheets (RGO)-silver (Ag) nanoparticles composite using graphite oxide and silver nitrate as starting materials. It was found that graphene oxide could be well reduced under the hydrothermal conditions with ascorbic acid as the reductant, while the Ag nanoparticles were grown on the RGO surface simultaneously. The reduction of graphene oxide and synthesizing of Ag-RGO were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Microscopy techniques (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) have been employed to probe the morphological characteristics as well as to investigate the exfoliation of RGO sheets. The intensities of the Raman signals of RGO in the composite are greatly increased by the attached Ag nanoparticles, showing surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity. Besides, it was found that the antibacterial activity of free Ag nanoparticles is retained in the composite, suggesting that it can be used as RGO-based biomaterials.

We demonstrated an environmentally friendly and efficient route for the preparation of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite with a one-step hydrothermal method using glucose as the reducing agent. The reducing process was accompanied by generation of TiO2 nanoparticles. The structure and composition of the nanocomposite has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis and atomic force microscopy. The TiO2-coated RGO nanocomposite was shown to improve the photocatalytic property of TiO2, which would be promising for practical applications in future nanotechnology.

PURPOSE To explore the inhibitive effect of SB-431542 (an ALK5 inhibitor) on scar formation after glaucoma surgery and to identify the potential pharmacologic target(s). METHODS Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits underwent filtration surgery on the right eye and were divided into a control group and three experimental groups (n=6). Human Tenon's fibroblast monolayer was scraped to generate a single gap, and then the control medium with SB-431542 only or containing 10 microg/L TGF-beta1 and SB-431542 (1-20 microM) was added. The cells were pretreated with SB-431542 or in control medium for 30 minutes before induction with 10 microg/L TGF-beta1 or 1 microg/L TGF-beta2. The expression of alpha-SM-actin, CTGF, and Col I, as well as changes in the Smad, ERK, P38, and AKT signaling pathways were detected. RESULTS In comparison with the control rabbits, the IOPs in the experimental groups remained at lower levels until day 25 (P