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This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device–Self-Report (APSD-SR), the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), and the YPI–Short Version (YPI-SV) in detained female adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. The proposed three-factor structure of the YPI and YPI-SV was replicated, whereas the proposed three-factor structure of the APSD-SR or alternate models did not yield adequate fit. Overall, reliability indices for the YPI and YPI-SV were higher than those reported for the APSD-SR. APSD-SR and YPI scales were positively related with each other, except the affective dimensions of the instruments. All questionnaires showed good criterion validity but the YPI’s factor structure and reliability was superior to the APSD-SR. This superiority is not because of the larger number of items in the YPI, because we also demonstrated that the factor structure and reliability of the YPI-SV was better than that of the APSD-SR.

Mounting evidence indicates that emotional maltreatment is at least as harmful as physical and sexual abuse. Notwithstanding their high occurrence among detained adolescents, the link between emotional maltreatment and mental health problems in these youths is not well researched. This study, therefore, was designed to examine the unique link between emotional maltreatment and mental health problems, with particular attention to gender differences. Well validated self-report measures of maltreatment experiences (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and mental health problems (Youth Self Report) were completed by 341 detained adolescents (156 boys, 185 girls) aged 12 to 18 years. As expected, girls reported higher levels of maltreatment experiences and internalizing and externalizing mental health problems than boys. Blockwise multiple linear regression analyses indicated that in both genders emotional abuse was uniquely and positively associated with internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, over and above the influence of other types of maltreatment. Furthermore, sexual abuse was uniquely related with internalizing problems in girls only, whereas only in boys this type of abuse was uniquely related with externalizing problems. Detained adolescents who have been the victim of emotional abuse in combination with another type of maltreatment may be the worst subgroup in terms of mental health problems. Therefore, emotional maltreatment experiences in adolescents who offend should receive more research and clinical attention.

Background: Incarcerated inguinal hernia is a commonly encountered urgent surgical condition, and tension-free repair is a well-established method for the treatment of noncomplicated cases. However, due to the risk of prosthetic material-related infections, the use of mesh in the repair of strangulated or incarcerated hernia has often been subject to debate. Recent studies have demonstrated that biomaterials represent suitable materials for performing urgent hernia repair. Certain studies recommend mesh repair only for cases where no bowel resection is required; other studies, however, recommend mesh repair for patients requiring bowel resection as well. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of different surgical techniques performed for strangulated hernia, and to evaluate the effect of mesh use on postoperative complications. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: This retrospective study was performed with 151 patients who had been admitted to our hospital’s emergency department to undergo surgery for a diagnosis of incarcerated inguinal hernia. The patients were divided into two groups based on the applied surgical technique. Group 1 consisted of 112 patients treated with mesh-based repair techniques, while Group 2 consisted of 39 patients treated with tissue repair techniques. Patients in Group 1 were further divided into two sub-groups: one consisting of patients undergoing bowel resection (Group 3), and the other consisting of patients not undergoing bowel resection (Group 4). Results: In Group 1, it was observed that eight (7.14%) of the patients had wound infections, while two (1.78%) had hematomas, four (3.57%) had seromas, and one (0.89%) had relapse. In Group 2, one (2.56%) of the patients had a wound infection, while three (7.69%) had hematomas, one (2.56%) had seroma, and none had relapses. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to wound infection, seroma, hematoma, or relapse (p>0.05). In Group 3, it was observed that one (6.7%) of the patients had wound infections, while one (6.7%) had a hematoma, one patient (6.7%) had seroma, and none had relapses. In Group 4, seven (7.2%) of the patients had wound infections, while one (1%) had a hematoma, three (3%) had seromas, and one (1%) had a relapse. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to wound infection, seroma, hematoma, or relapse (p>0.05). Conclusion: In urgent groin hernia repair surgeries, polypropylene mesh can be safely used even in the patients undergoing bowel resection.

Background Incarcerated abdominal wall hernias may contain a variety of contents, but very rarely contains the gallbladder. This rare diagnosis is often not considered and, when diagnosed, has a different management approach. The experience of the small number of case reports have yet to be collected and summarised. Case presentation We report a presentation and management of an 85 year old Caucasian female with a gallbladder hernia into a parastomal defect, and outline the operative management. Conclusion Incarcerated gallbladder hernia is an extremely unusual condition, best diagnosed by CT scan. Management should involve operative reduction, cholecystectomy and consideration of repair of the defect.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur den ideella föreningen Bryggan och Kriminalvården ger stöd till barn med frihetsberövade föräldrar. Vi ville undersöka hur de yrkesverksamma tar barnets bästa i beaktning och hur de använder och definierar begreppet “barnperspektiv” i sin verksamhet. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod genom fem intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom Bryggan och Kriminalvården. Analysen av materialet gjordes med empowerment som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att Bryggan och Kriminalvården definierar barnperspektiv på olika sätt, men att de båda verksamheterna har en ambition att ha ett bra bemötande i möte med barnen. Som ideell organisation jobbar Bryggan mer direkt med barnen och kan då i större grad tillgodose deras behov jämfört med Kriminalvården som begränsas av lagar och regler. The purpose of this study was to explore how the non-profit organization Bryggan and The Prison and Probation Service support children with incarcerated parents. We wanted to research how the professionals in these organizations have the best interest of the child at hand, and how they use and define “children’s perspective” in their daily work. The qualitative study involved interviewing professionals that worked in the chosen organizations. The analysis was made with empowerment as the theoretical frame of reference. The result of the study shows that Bryggan and the prison service define “children’s perspective” differently. However both organizations aim to meet the children with a good treatment. As a non-profit organization, Bryggan works more towards the children, and can therefore satisfy their needs in a greater extent than the prison service, which are more bound by laws and rules.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication Prison sentence used in Polish penal system is one of the most widely criticised punishments used for criminals. The convicted are sent into prisons or detention centres, which makes them (the incarcerated) even more vulnerable to committing a crime due to their isolation and solitary confi nement. In this way, a distinct subculture is created. It is conditioned by many factors which determine its size, form, norms and rules enforced by the prisoners. The phenomenon of prison subculture causes a wide range of negative consequences, e.g. self-aggression; aggression towards other inmates, prison offi cers, or even family; mental or physical abuse; mental or sexual disorders. Such situations have a negative infl uence on the process of resocialisation, because they are destructive for the personality of a prisoner, especially for a juvenile delinquent as his/her decision making possibilities related to themselves are limited. Therefore, one might venture to say that the bigger the infl uence of subculture norms and rules, the more disturbed the process of resocialisation.

Amyand's hernia is a rarity and a recurrent case is extremely rare. A 71-year-old male with a previous history of right inguinal hernia repair presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of pain in the right groin. A physical examination revealed a nonreducible right inguinal hernia. A computed tomography scan showed a 1.3-cm appendix with surrounding inflammation within a right inguinal hernia. An emergent right groin exploration revealed an incarcerated and injected non-perforated appendix and an indirect hernia. Appendectomy was performed through the groin incision, and the indirect hernia defect was repaired with a biological mesh (Flex-HD). We hereby present this unique case – the first reported case of recurrent Amyand's hernia and a literature review of this anatomical curiosity.

IntroductionProlapse of abdominal viscera into the thoracic subcutis through the chest wall is known as transdiaphragmatic intercostal hernia (TIH). Herein, we present the first case of spontaneous TIH presenting as a thoracoabdominal emergency.Presentation of caseA 78-year-old male presented with acute left thoracoabdominal pain following a sudden bulge at the left posterolateral chest wall corresponding to a partially reducible soft tissue mass with ecchymosis at the overlying skin. Paroxysmal cough during the last four days was also reported along with a prolonged daily application of a special tight abdominal belt that used while milking sheep. CT-scan of the abdomen showed intrathoracic proptosis of the splenic flexure through a defect of the left hemidiaphragm and subcutaneous prolapse of the herniated colon through the 7th intercostal space. On laparotomy, the herniated colon showed signs of ischemic necrosis leading to segmental colectomy followed by repair of the diaphragmatic defect.DiscussionThe clinical diagnosis of spontaneous TIH demands very high index of suspicion and thorough patient's history. In this case the daily elevation of the intraabdominal pressure due to an abdominal milking belt might have caused gradual slimming and loosening of the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles rendering them vulnerable to sudden increases of the thoracoabdominal pressure due to violent coughing. Such a hypothesis is reasonable in the absence of traumatic injury in this patient.ConclusionSpontaneous TIH should be suspected in patients presenting with a sudden palpable chest wall bulge and associated thoracoabdominal symptoms in the absence of preceding injury.

Highlights • We report aspiration pneumonia as a complication of incarcerated stomach. • CT scanning helped to diagnose both the incarcerated hernia and the pneumonia. • Antibiotics and conservative treatment were effective in managing the patient., INTRODUCTION Inguinal hernias are a common pathology and can contain unusual abdominal contents; the stomach is only infrequently involved due to its position in the abdominal cavity. PRESENTATION OF CASE An 85-year old male patient presented with symptoms of bowel obstruction and was subsequently found to have an incarcerated stomach within his chronic left-sided inguinal hernia. The patient had also developed aspiration pneumonia. DISCUSSION Aspiration pneumonia is a yet unreported complication of this unusual type of hernia. Our aim is to describe the presentation and management of this complication. CONCLUSION Development of aspiration pneumonia in a patient with an incarcerated stomach within an inguinal hernia.

Incarcerated women, in comparison to nonincarcerated women, are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and many have experienced interpersonal violence. The psychological construct of emotional dysregulation—which includes heightened intensity of emotions, poor understanding of emotions, negative reactivity to emotion state, inability to control behaviors when experiencing emotional distress, and maladaptive emotion management responses—is a possible pathway to explain the link between interpersonal violence exposure and STI risk. The present study examined maladaptive emotion management responses for emotional dysregulation (i.e., avoidance and numbing, and dissociation) occurring in the context of risky sexual behavior. We collected qualitative data from 4 focus groups with a sample of n = 21 incarcerated women (aged 18+ years) from urban facilities in New England. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Findings indicated that incarcerated women reported engaging in a variety of maladaptive responses for emotion management during sexual encounters. These maladaptive responses for emotion management appear to increase sexual risk behaviors and alter women’s ability to implement STI protective behaviors, such as sexual negotiation and condom use. Preventive interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviors should incorporate strategies to promote emotional regulation among incarcerated women with histories of interpersonal violence.

Urinary bladder catheter encrustations are known complications of long-term urinary catheterisation, which is commonly seen in clinical practice. These encrustations can impede deflation of the balloon and therefore cause problems in the removal of the catheter. The options in managing an encrusted and incarcerated urinary bladder catheter include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and lithoclast. We describe here another technique of dealing with a stuck and encrustated catheter, via direct crushing of the encrustations with a rigid cystoscope inserted through a suprapubic cystostomy tract. Keywords: encrustations; bladder; catheter; complications; incarcerated; stuck; urinary (Published: 25 November 2010) Citation: Libyan J Med 2010, 5: 5686 - DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5686

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease may present to the emergency department (ED) with vomiting, abdominal pain or hernias, renal insufficiency or failure, or bleeding from cerebral aneurysms. A 37-year-old man presented to the ED with signs and symptoms of incarcerated inguinal hernia. Laboratory studies showed renal failure with anion gap acidosis, and bedside ultrasound showed multicystic kidneys. Computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis. Emergency physicians should be aware of this common connective tissue defect and its serious associated conditions. [WestJEM. 2009;10:55-57]

Summary Introduction Using laparoscopic methods for incarcerated scrotal hernias is controversial because of the perceived technical difficulties in treating such hernias. Herein, we present our experience with laparoscopic repair of such hernias. Materials and methods A retrospective review was undertaken to evaluate our experience with laparoscopic transabdominal approach and its modification for incarcerated hernias over a 3-year period. Two laparoscopic techniques were used for the repair of such hernias. The first technique, an exploratory laparoscopy, was performed to inspect the content of the hernia. This was followed by gentle retraction of the hernial content into the abdominal cavity and performing a standard transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. If the hernia was not reducible, then a second technique involving a paramedian scrotal incision was performed. The sac was isolated, opened, and its contents were examined. If the bowel was encountered, it was reduced into the peritoneal cavity. However, if it was the omentum, it was excised. Following ligation of the scrotal sac and re-insufflation of the abdomen, a standard TAPP ensued. Results A total of 20 male patients with incarcerated scrotal hernia underwent laparoscopic TAPP repair (mean age: 48 years). Six had scrotal incision. Surgical site or mesh infection was not observed in any of the cases. Likewise, no recurrence after a mean follow-up of 22 months was encountered. Conclusion Using the above modifications, we were able to perform laparoscopic repair of large incarcerated scrotal hernias, which previously would have been treated with an open procedure.

The aim of this study is to look into the correctional system’s work with parent ship of incarcerated mothers and fathers from a gender perspective. It is a qualitative study and two interviews have been done with employees from a prison for women and one interview from a prison for men. Two interviews have been done with two former incarcerated parents, one mother and one father. One interview has also been done with an organization which gives children with incarcerated parents support and an opportunity to meet other children in the same situation. They also give incarcerated parents support in the contact with their children. The results of the study imply that the correctional system has the same theoretical approach when working with incarcerated mothers and fathers. It is obvious that when it comes to attitudes and presumptions about parent ship, there are differences based on a gender perspective. This affects the practical work with parent ship within the correctional system. The results show that gender is always present in the discussion about parent ship within the correctional system even though the framework tells us different. This makes it even more important to be aware about how gender makes us look at parent ship depending on sex. Not least in the correctional system.

The sexual victimization of women remains an endemic social, criminal, and public health problem. Much research has sought to identify risk and protective factors related to the sexual victimization of women so that prevention and intervention strategies can be more informed and targeted. Modern criminology has recognized the heterogeneous nature of many criminal behaviors in terms of their etiology, offender-, offense-, and victim-related characteristics. Such an approach has been labeled criminal profiling or criminal investigative analysis and yields richer information about the nature of crime than reliance on aggregate statistics (Hazelwood & Burgess, 2001). Knight (1999, p. 304) stated that understanding the taxometric structure of a deviant population is the ‘keystone to theory building and the cornerstone of intervention’. One area where our understanding of the heterogeneity of criminal behavior is lacking is the offenderoffense- victim triad in cases of sexual victimization. Marshall (1997) identified the reduction of heterogeneity among sexual offenders into manageable proportions as a priority research area. Unfortunately, this challenge has largely been met with little to no empirical effort.

The purpose of this study was to determine which of the three reading fluency subskills were most strongly correlated with reading comprehension in adolescent at-risk readers. The participants were 82 adolescent males (ages 13-19) who had been committed to a juvenile detention facility. Archival data from a two-year period was collected from a maximum security juvenile detention facility in a rural section of the Northeastern United States. The Measures of Academic Progress test was used to collect reading comprehension data; the Qualitative Reading Inventory-4 test was used to collect reading speed and reading accuracy data; the Multidimensional Fluency Scale was used to collect reading prosody data. The data was analyzed using a bivariate correlation analysis in order to measure the strength of the correlations. The research revealed that the relationship between reading speed and reading comprehension had an identical correlation coefficient as the relationship between reading prosody and reading comprehension; both correlations were significant and strong. The research also revealed that reading accuracy and reading comprehension were only weakly correlated.

The aim with the study was, that through a qualitative research approach, to examine in which way social services employees perceive information about children with incarcerated fathers and how they furthermore relates to the child's right to both parents in these situations. Seven interviews were implemented with social workers in the Stockholm County to obtain informa-tion on the following questions; how the children's needs are noticed at the social services, how employees discuss the child's right to their incarcerated father and which possibilities and obstacles social workers experience to promote contact between the child and the father. The ecology of human development theory was used in the analysis. The conclusions are that chil-dren with incarcerated fathers seldom is noticed at the social services as a result of inadequate cooperation between authorities but also due to whether the social services should be respon-sible for the children. Furthermore, children always have the right to maintain contact with their incarcerated father, with exceptions for situations where physical or sexual abuse have occurred. Social workers may contribute to contact by awarding a contact person, in cases where the mother is insufficient. Finally, individual assessments must always be done with considerations to the individual child.

This paper deals with the relationship existing between sociodemographic variables and symptomatic mood changes from Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in a sample obtained from incarcerated juvenile offenders. The sample was composed of 90 inmate males, convicted in the Penitentiary Centre of Seville (Spain). All of them are from 18 to 25 years old, with an average of 21.4 years old (DT=1.96). The results evidence that the main factors to predict criminal behaviour in young people are the following: urban origin (58.9%), lack of family members (47.8%), large family (63.3%), low individual educational level (21.1%) low educational level in family members (57.2%) and low income. Our information also demonstrates that sociodemographic variables have an influence on the development of mood symptoms in criminal youngsters who are inmates in any prison.