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This study aims at investigating the link between international oil prices and the exchange rate in the case of a small open industrial economy without oil resources - Turkey. Johansen cointegration and Granger causality tests are used to analyze the relationship between oil prices and the exchange rate in the period 1982:12-2006:5. We find that international real crude oil prices Granger cause the USD/YTL real exchange rate.

This paper examines the stationarity of real GDP per capita for 27 OECD countries during the period 1950 to 2004. Using ADF unit root test on single time series, it is found that real GDP per capita series of most OECD countries have unit root. This outcome, however, might be due to the generally low power of this test. The aim of this paper is to reconsider this issue by exploiting the extra information provided by the combination of the time-series and cross-sectional data and the subsequent power advantages of panel data unit root tests. We apply the test advocated by Im, Pesaran and Shin (1997). The results overwhelmingly indicate that real GDP per capita series among OECD countries are nonstationary.

This paper examines the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in Turkey for the period 1986:1-2006:4 using dynamic time series models. The results of the cointegration analysis provide evidence of no long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth. Therefore, the empirical investigation is carried out in a vector autoregression (VAR) framework to analyze the short run effect of the financial intermediary development on economic growth. The results show a one-way causal relationship running from the financial development to the economic growth in Turkey.

WOS: 000187003200004, The Cyprus problem became a subject that not only threatens the acceptance of Cyprus to the European Union but the whole enlargement process as well. Greece strongly supports the acceptance of Cyprus to the Union even without a solution to the Cyprus problem. On the other hand, other EU members and Turkey firmly reject this proposal. The study evaluates the application of South Cyprus to the European Union and the reasons for application. Although there are various possible economic gains for South Cyprus from EU membership, political gains go far beyond them and acceptance of Cyprus to the Union before a solution is reached for the Cyprus problem would bring many political benefits for South Cyprus in respect to its relations with Turkey.

Today, the Southeastern and Eastern (SE&E) parts of Turkey are facing many problems. The clear difference in economic development between the Western and Eastern parts of Turkey has dropped the Eastern part into deep crises. Many have debated these crises and postulated different causes. Some say that it is an identity crisis and some argue that there is no substance, the economic bias, created against the Eastern part of Turkey which on the whole is inhabited by a different ethnic group. In this study, the current educational institutions and the economic situation in this region and the role of pre-university education in economic development of these parts of Turkey will be analyzed. Thus, the educational, economic and social structures of the SE&E parts of Turkey will be compared with Turkey as a whole. Based on these findings generalization will be made on factors causing the political instability that have been ongoing for many years in SE&E. The study will put forward suggestions for solutions to these problems.

The Turkish economy has experienced high and persistent inflation rates in the last two decades. This inflation has persisted despite many unsuccessful stabilization policies, which have caused volatility in macro-economic indicators. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of velocity on inflationary trend in Turkey over the period between 1996 and 2001. We assumed that there is a direct relationship between the two factors. However, velocity is not the major cause of inflation. The integration and co-integration tests have been adopted on monthly time series data to test the validity of the model by adding some control variables. Results show that velocity has a weak and negative effect on the inflationary growth of Turkey during this period. The effects of other control variables on inflation growth have also been tested. Some aspects of this linear relationship have been obtained by Granger’s Causality Test.

WOS: 000337798300002, This study reexamines the relationship between energy consumption per capita and real GDP per capita for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand using both panel data causality which is taking into account cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity among the countries and time series causality tests for the period 1971-2009. The findings indicate that taking into account cross-sectional dependence has a substantial effect on the achieved results. The conservation hypothesis is supported for Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Although a bidirectional relation is found in the case of Thailand, since there is no positive effect of energy consumption on GDP, the conservation hypothesis is supported. In the pattern of Singapore, the neutrality hypothesis is supported. In addition, the increase in investment and labor force lead to more energy consumption in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

In this paper, the convergence of difference scheme for ordinary differential equation of second order which contains fractional derivative showed. Morerover, how to find the solution of the mentioned problem by using iterative process is also discussed.

WOS: 000264712700002, In this paper we review the literature on the finance-growth nexus and investigate the causality between financial development and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 1975-2005. Using panel co-integration and panel GMM estimation for causality, the results of the panel co-integration analysis provide evidence of no long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth. The empirical findings in the paper show a bi-directional causal relationship between the growth of real GDP per capita and the domestic credit provided by the banking sector for the panels of 24 sub-Saharan African countries. The findings imply that African countries can accelerate their economic growth by improving their financial systems and vice versa.

WOS: 000257521400002, This paper examines the long-run determinants of the,demand for money in ten transition countries using panel data for the 1994-2005 period. Using panel unit root tests we rejected the null hypothesis of the nonstationarity and employed the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) model. Consistent with theoretical postulates, it is found that (a) the demand for money in the long-run, positively responds to real GDP and inversely to the inflation and the real effective exchange rate and (b) the long-run income elasticity is about unity.

WOS: 000325781500006, This study investigates the long-run relationship between natural gas prices and stock returns in Turkey by using Johansen and Juselius, and bounds testing approach of cointegration tests using quarterly data from 1995: 1 to 2009 : 3. Empirical findings suggest that there is no a unique long-term equilibrium relationship between natural gas prices, real GDP, real exchange rates and stock returns. On the other hand, Toda - Yamamoto causality approach results indicate that a unidirectional Granger causal relationship from stock prices to real GDP and natural gas prices and a unidirectional Granger causal relationship from real GDP to real exchange rates seem to exist in Turkey.

Despite the increasing empirical literature on foreign direct investment (FDI)-led growth, export-led growth (ELG) and import-led growth (ILG) hypotheses, this study investigates the validity of the FDI-export-growth and FDI-import-growth hypotheses in Turkey by using quarterly time series data for 1998:1-2009:1 period. To examine these linkages, we use the two-step procedure from the Engle and Granger model: In the first step, we define the order of integration in series and explore the long run relationships among the variables by using four unit root tests and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration test, respectively. In the second step, we test causal relationships by using the error-correction based causality models. The ARDL bounds test reveals that there is an evidence of a long-run relationship between the FDI, import (IM) and real gross domestic product (GDP), but no evidence of a long-run relationship between the FDI, export (EX) and GDP in Turkey. According to the causality test results for GDP-IM-FDI equation, there is evidence of two-way (bidirectional) causality between GDP and IM, evidence of one-way (unidirectional) causality from FDI to GDP and evidence of one-way Granger causality from FDI to IM. The existence of unidirectional causal links suggests that FDI strategies should be designed to promote economic growth.

WOS: 000311324400062, This study investigates the export and productivity growth in agriculture sector for 4 selected Mediterranean countries (France, Italy, Spain and Turkey) during 1975-2007. Despite increasing interest in the relationship between trade and productivity, very limited studies have been conducted on the causal links between exports and productivity in agricultural sector. The causal relationship between productivity and export is a debate still; there has been a more reasonable approach in other sectors such as in industry. In this study, the empirical analysis results provide support to a long-term relationship between agricultural export and productivity only for Italy among the 4 countries. The results suggest that the relation between agricultural export and productivity has been ambiguous in the long term still.

This paper examines the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey during 1971-2006. We employed two multivariate models, namely demand model and production model, based on vector error correction model. Then, we tested Granger causality after finding cointegration among variables for the both models. The results indicate that energy consumption and economic growth are cointegrated and there is bidirectional causality running from energy consumption to economic growth and vice versa. This means that an increase in energy consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further energy consumption. Consequently, we conclude that energy is a limiting factor to economic growth in Turkey and, hence, shocks to energy supply will have a negative impact on economic growth and vice versa.

This paper employs a panel data set of 20 European countries and examines the impacts of energy consumption on youth unemployment over the period 1990-2011. We follow panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimations, panel Granger causality tests based on vector error correction model and panel causality tests of Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) and Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012). According to the panel FMOLS and DOLS estimators results, there is negative impact of energy consumption on youth unemployment rates. In addition, the causality tests yield unidirectional causality from energy consumption to youth unemployment rates. The outcome of this paper explores the importance of energy policies to decrease youth unemployment rates and, hence, it may suggests policymakers follow relevant policies encouraging energy consumption and new potential energy investments to diminish youth unemployment rates. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

This study makes an attempt to examine the long run relationship between the official and black market exchange rates using monthly data for a sample of 13 Middle East and Northern African (MENA) countries from 1970 to 1998. Using the Pool Mean Group framework, the article provides evidence on proportional long run relationship between black and official market exchange rates in sample countries. The positive common long run official exchange rates (OEX) elasticity is statistically significant and slightly greater than one. The hypothesis of portfolio balance model is confirmed, implying that there exists a proportional long run equilibrium relationship between official exchange rates and black market exchange rates. However, the short run dynamics remain heterogeneous across countries.

This paper estimates the aggregate import demand function for Slovakia, using recent cointegration approach, the ARDL bounds testing approach, for the quarterly period of 1993:1-2003:3. The results show that real import, relative price and real GDP are cointegrated. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests indicate that there exists a stable import demand function. The results imply that price stabilization policies may not be used as instruments to maintain a favorable trade balance for Slovakia. Therefore, for a sustainable trade balance, the development of local industries should be encouraged in order to have less import.

Cogeneration is known as the generation of heat energy and electricity at same time by using the fuel's energy. There are various cogeneration systems, and steam injection is made into combustion chamber to increase the efficiency of the cycle and to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. The most fundamental thermodynamic, operational, economical and thermo-economic factors must be considered when choosing the appropriate cogeneration system and designing the system. For the thermodynamic factors, such as the amount of fuel to be consumed, the electric heat rate, the artificial thermal efficiency, the fuel energy gain rate must be found for the unit amount of electric power to be obtained. The cost and availability of the fuel to be used must also be estimated by considering the problems will be affected by repair maintenance and economic fluctuations. In economic factors, the annual cash flow of the system and the amortization itself are calculated. In the thermo-economic factors, the investment costs depend on the exergy efficiency and the exergy of the products of the devices and the fuel required to operate are calculated. In this study, the analysis of steam injection into cogeneration systems according to performance and evaluation criteria was done using energy, exergy and economic methods. To calculate the energy and exergy values of the flows, a program was written by the authors in the FORTRAN programming language and the results obtained by running them were used. The results obtained were compared with the literature values and correctness was observed.