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Schriftsprache ist für hörgesunde Menschen ein sekundäres Medium. Hörgesunde Kinder erlernen die Schriftsprache, wenn im Regelfalle die wichtigsten Stadien des Erstspracherwerbes weitgehend abgeschlossen sind. Die Kinder kennen dann das Lautsystem ihrer Muttersprache, sie sind dabei, die phonologische Kodierung zu erwerben, sie verfügen über die grundlegenden syntaktischen Prinzipien und einen Wortschatz von 2500 Wörtern und mehr, wenn sie erste schriftliche Symbole kennenlernen.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of an evidence-based computer-assisted program vs. standard care to improve maximum cardiorespiratory fitness (cf) and quality of life. Design: RCT and systematic search of the literature and evaluation of the evidence of our structured and guided program of training and nutrition (bestbenefit = bbf). Setting: 54 participants, 31 women and 23 men. Average age was at 43.4 years, the BMI at 25.3 kg/m2; feel "healthy"; no sports for at least 2 years. Interventions: Participants were randomised to a control group (cg) with standard fitness intervention or the bbf group. The bbf program makes use of all proven measures to promote compliance and is tailored to the VO2max, the anaerobic threshold, the personal preference of the probands. Main outcome measure: Compliance, cf and increase in quality of life. Results: The bbf program achieved a significantly higher level of compliance (mean exercise sessions per week: 2 for the bbf vs. 1.4 for the cg; p = 0.002) and a highly significant increase in cf (16.6 % vs. 8.7 %; p < 0.003). In the overweight (BMI > 25; n = 23), a significant increase in the VO2max could be achieved in the bbf group over the cg (19.8 % vs. 4.5 %; p = 0.013). Probands, which were able to accomplish a reduction in weight (> 1kg), have a significantly higher increase in fitness than probands, who could not reduce their weight (12.47 % vs. 22.35 %, p = 0.013). There was no significant difference in improvement of CVD risk, depression, fatigue, MHSS and PHSS. The before/after comparison of the collective was significantly better for these factors. This indicates that exercise has a positive impact on these factors, independent of intensity and the absolute increase in VO2max. Conclusion: This enhancement of fitness of more than 20 %, achievable in the guided setting, may be of interest for risk groups (CVD, depression, cancer) with a substantially decreased cf. The effect on health-relevant end points should be studied in the longer term.

'Die Anwendung einer schriftlichen standardisierten Befragung ist an bestimmte Voraussetzungen der interviewten Personen gebunden. Insbesondere stellt ausreichende Lesekompetenz eine zentrale Anwendungsvoraussetzung dar. Für gehörlose Menschen - d.h. Mitglieder der Gehörlosenkultur - ist die Gebärdensprache die eindeutig bevorzugte Kommunikationsform. Die Lesekompetenz liegt im Durchschnitt unter der der Normalbevölkerung und weist eine große Variationsbreite auf. Es wird daher eine computergestützte Erhebungsform präsentiert, welche die selbstadministrierte Befragung dieser Zielgruppe ermöglicht.' (Autorenreferat) 'Standardized paper-and-pencil interviews are not suitable for administration with every population or with every individual within a population. Respondents require to be literate, that is, able to read the language used for the interview. Severely hearing impaired people who have been deaf from an early age generally use sign language to communicate and their level of reading ability in the national language is generally lower than of the population at large and may also vary greatly among the deaf population. The paper describes a computer-assisted form of administration which allows these deaf respondents to self-complete an interview.' (author's abstract)