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This essay looks at three books on the histories of anti-colonialism: Desai's the United States of India, Getachew's Worldmaking after Empire, and Gopal's Insurgent Empire. I argue that despite it not being the authors' primary focus, these books collectively push forward the sociology of race. In particular, each of these books shows the importance for contemporary race and racism scholarship to adopt a transnational, temporally connected approach which is able to both study and forge global anti-colonial solidarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book of the poet, scientist and public figure of Kazakhstan Olzhas Suleimenov, published in 1975 in Almaty, was aimed at centuries-old stereotypes in Russian and Soviet historical science, for which the Soviet science officials accused the author of “panturkism”. As a continuation of this book in 1998, O. Suleimenov publishes a new book "Language of Writing", in the new conditions of Kazakhstan's independence. O. Suleimenov completes his original concept on world history, substantiates a new concept this time aimed at the basic principles of "Indo-European studies" in linguistics, which now dominates linguistics and world history in this book. The article deals with the new “nuclear linguistics” by O.Suleymenov, which contributes to the word genetics, and analyzes the concept of Ferdinand de Saussure in linguistics, which is the foundation of Indo-European studies. The author's views on several aspects of prehistoric society research are fundamental. Thus, we can distinguish his interpretation of the world of the first symbols in the inscriptions on the stone. Special attention of modern researchers should be drawn to the views of O. Suleimenov on the religious beliefs of primitive people-Neanderthals and Homo sapiens (wise man), assertions that Neanderthals were worshippers of the Moon, and wise man was a worshipper of the Sun. The author claims that the bloody conflicts between them were no less violent than the religious wars of the modern period and draws attention to the probable reasons for the extinction of Neanderthals from the historical scene. Analyzing the vast collection of materials of the prehistoric period, the author puts forward a scientifically based hypothesis on the formation of the main directions of the first geographical discoveries in prehistoric times. It also proves that the appearance of the "East-West" dichotomy occurs not at the stage of development of the civilizational process, but during the period of prehistoric society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the little-known humanist Pompeo Pazzaglia of Bologna (Pompeius Bononiensis). Drawing on the evidence of two collections of his works preserved in miscellaneous manuscripts, it not only reconstructs his biography, but also showcases a selection of his Neo-Latin poems, published and translated here for the first time. Moreover, it publishes some letters and writings which provide new information about book history as well as social, cultural and political events in mid-fifteenth-century Italy, especially in the ambit of Pomponio Leto's Roman Academy, the papal curia and the court of Naples. Pompeo's previously unstudied writings yield unique insights into such diverse subjects as the decoration and symbolism of the Roman Pantheon and the Palazzo di San Marco, the marriage of Ippolita Maria Sforza and King Ferrante in Naples, the death of Jacopo Piccinino (1465) and the fall of Negroponte to the Ottomans (1471). This study therefore makes a valuable contribution to scholarship on early Renaissance humanism in Rome and Aragonese Naples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Mosul’s Jews remains mysterious, and this comes due to the scarcity of what was reported about them in history books, translations, and other blogs. This research attempts to shed light on some religious and economic aspects of Mosul’s history in the light of a book you judge for Judah bin Suleiman Al-Harizi, who visited the city of Mosul in the beginnings The seventh century AH / thirteenth century A.D., and the researcher's attempt to track the information he provided in his book came, and the study was divided into two topics, the first focused on the definition of the life of Judah bin Suleiman Al-Harizi, and talking about his books with a focus on a judgment book, while the second dealt with the religious aspects and In response to the Mosul Jews, the researcher decided to follow the method of analysis, comparison and criticism, and the study relied on many studies related to the subject of the research written in English, Hebrew, Arabic and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Brazilian perspective on audiobooks. It contextualizes the past and current realities of the format in the country, on the basis of surveys coordinated by national associations connected to the book market and of archival research we have undertaken, and shows some examples of recorded literary works and recent initiatives in audiobook production. The 'acoustic-editorial project' idea is proposed as a way to highlight and deepen the materiality and production process of audiobooks, and to understand the editorial elements through which the listening experience is created. Authors from book history, bibliography, communication theory, and audiobook studies influenced this investigation and strengthened our construction of audiobooks as a research object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how digital methodologies expand the capabilities of book history scholarship through a case study of the Women's Print History Project. The WPHP is a database of thousands of bibliographical records about printed books linked to records about the persons and business firms that created them. Using what we call "radical descriptivism" tempered with "radical skepticism," we explore how traces of women's labor exist in plain sight and how books can obscure and reveal gendered norms. We conclude that incorporating gender studies and digital methodologies into the history of print moves us closer to the capacious potential of the sociology of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attributes one of the three "first" editions of Leviathan to the London printer John Richardson (fl. 1673–1703), revising Noel Malcolm's attribution to a different printer in the recent Clarendon Edition of Leviathan. We lay out the mystery of Leviathan 's so-called "Ornaments" edition and use evidence from damaged type pieces to say why we attribute its printing to Richardson. We then give a short sketch of Richardson's life and career and present evidence that supports a new date for the edition, including newly discovered advertisements and evidence from deteriorating type. We conclude with some implications for book history and bibliography, on the one hand, and Hobbes scholarship on the other. We argue that what we call "computational bibliography"—the analysis of bibliographical evidence through computational methods such as machine learning and computer vision— offers new angles for seeing the materiality and craft of clandestine, anonymously-printed books like Hobbes' Leviathan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asks the same question of four different types of sources: traditional literary histories, the English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC), contemporary newspaper advertisements, and contemporary records of reading. By examining how these sources represent what was in print in Britain in the year 1728 differently, this article argues that close attention to the methods of digital book history and the origins, assumptions, and limitations of different archives is needed. While digital databases are more comprehensive than previous sources were, they too have limitations—but when used in combination, they can provide new answers to old questions and allow for new avenues of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the current state of research at the intersections of book history and digital humanities within the field of eighteenth-century studies. It addresses the popular and intellectual origins of the nexus between the book and the digital and surveys developments in this area of eighteenth-century studies in the last decade. The article examines current research trends within the field, with a particular focus on large-scale corpora and databases and the use of distant reading methods, and assesses what directions the future might hold for research in book history and digital humanities in the long eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the Hubert Heilbronn Literary Library, sold at Sotheby's Paris to be kept as a precious reference instrument. Topics include bibliophilic value which infallibly distinguishes the connoisseur in the library; and number of 20th century books that the bibliophile had covered with modern bindings that appreciate mastery with a fossilized and chilly conception of bibliophilia.

In an era in which literary histories are written by collective of academics trying to transcend the national paradigm in which these works were once wrote, The History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020 by Mihai Iovănel is an intellectual effort that may seem obsolete. Nevertheless, Mihai Iovănel’s book proposes new ways of understanding the contemporary Romanian literary field that were not taken into consideration by previous similar critical endeavours. This paper aims to investigate how The History of Contemporary Romanian Literature constructs an overview of the Romanian fiction wrote in the last three decades and the critical approaches deployed for this purpose. The main interest of this article will be how does Mihai Iovănel discusses Romanian contemporary fiction and how does he instrumentalizes the concept of realism. We will look more closely at the third part of the book, “The Evolution of Fiction,” but the discussion will not omit the relation of this chapter with others. The paper will concentrate on the concepts put forward by Mihai Iovănel to systematize the complex subfield of contemporary Romanian fiction, like capitalist realism, the famous term coined by Mark Fisher. Also, we will try to see how The History of Contemporary Romanian Literature relate to previous literary histories or books of literary criticism that resembles Mihai Iovănel’s work in some respects or that have similar goals but different methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista General de Información y Documentación is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article consists of three parts. In the first one: Krystyna Pisarkowa as a Supervisor, the author shares her memories from the times when she wrote the doctoral thesis supervised by Pisarkowa. In the second part: Krystyna Pisarkowa – the Author of an Article, the author discusses how the text by Pisarkowa entitled Semantic Connotation of Nationalities provided inspiration to fourteen authors of twenty-three monographs and one lexicon. Most of those scholars are experts in Polish language and linguists, but the thoughts included in Pisarkowa’s article also influenced two experts in Russian studies: one sociologist and one anthropologist of culture. Those books were published within 40 years (1980–2020). Five of them were published after the death of Krystyna Pisarkowa. This proves the power of her article’s influence. The third part of the article is entitled Supplement. It describes the history of the book by Ogden and Richards: The Meaning of Meaning. A Study of The Influence of Language upon Thought and of The Science of Symbolism with Supplementary Essays by B. Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank, which followed a strange route from London and reached Pisarkowa who used it while writing: Linguistics by Bronisław Malinowski, vol. 1: Bonds of Shared Language (2000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a study of Thomas Hobbes's reading of Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historiographer of the 1st century BC whom Hobbes called "the greatest antiquary perhaps that ever was." After offering a comparison of the works of Thucydides (often regarded as Hobbes's greatest classical model) and Diodorus, the article traces the reception of Diodorus' work in early modern England and examines Diodorus' strong influence on two principal works, De Homine and Behemoth. Early human histories in the first books of Diodorus' Bibliotheke Historike ('Historical Library), including anthropological and cosmological narratives, are a recurrent feature of Hobbes's focus, and a certain subversiveness animates Hobbes's use of Diodorus and underpins his critique of contemporary theological and political structures. One result of this research is to suggest a greater place for Diodorus in Hobbes's intellectual world than previously realised, alongside a strong appreciation for Diodorus across multiple learned discourses in the pre-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanitas: Revista de Estudos Greco-Latinas is the property of Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of L'Année Ronsardiennne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of L'Année Ronsardiennne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyse the second volume of Pérez Goyena's Ensayo de bibliografía navarra, a compendium of prints published between 1601 and 1700. The work is not without erratas and other shortcomings, and so it needs to be updated with the introduction of new findings. Methodology: This work explores the bibliographer's method and techniques for studying prints and books in the kingdom of Navarre during the seventeenth century. To do so, a variety of approaches have been applied: for instance, the location and consultation of exemplars in local, provincial and national libraries and digital resources (for foreign libraries), and the study of documents such as trials, notarial protocols and administrative documentation, mostly from the General Archive of Navarre. Results: Along with new testimonies located in libraries and archives, the study highlights the problems facing the attempts to update the history of books and printing in Navarre in the seventeenth century and prepares the way for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates consumption patterns in digital subscription-based streaming services for books by means of a large-scale dataset derived from Storytel. The aim is twofold: to empirically discuss how book consumption in the commercial top segment diverges between print books and digital streaming platforms, and to conceptually show the usefulness and considerable possibilities with computational approaches for digital publishing studies and contemporary book history. This is accomplished by introducing the concept of the beststreamer, and the average finishing degree measure. The empirical output shows large differences between print bestsellers and digital beststreamers, both in terms of genre distributions, finished streams, and levels of completion. These results are discussed in relation to factors fostering consumption patterns, such as platform design, pricing models, supply, marketing, customer base, and media-specific features of the audiobook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Portable Magic: A History of Books and their Readers" by Emma Smith, Professor of Shakespeare Studies at the University of Oxford, is a comprehensive exploration of the love affair between books and their readers. The book delves into the history of printing, the rise of paperback books through Armed Services Editions, the tradition of giving books as Christmas gifts, and the phenomenon of "shelfies" during the pandemic. It also examines the concept of bibliomania, the relationship between religion and books, the history of book burning, and other related topics. Smith argues that books are interactive objects and emphasizes the importance of both the physical form of books and the connection between books and their readers. [Extracted from the article]

Ignacio Boix y Blay was a bookseller, printer and editor who displayed an intense activity during the second third of the 19th Century, mainly in Spain, but also in some strategic points of its overseas territories and Europe. Boix is a paradigmatic exponent of the modern Spanish publishing and typographic market, in a transitional stage between the ancient guild practices of the Old Regime and the creation of the new modern literary market. In fact, he is present in almost any exploration on the 19th Century book publishing and printing; however, no comprehensive study on the topic has been conducted so far and the scattered information available about him is insufficient to understand the scope of this figure. To fill that gap, a journey through the biographical, editorial and investing trajectory of Boix is offered through hemerographic, archival and bibliographical research. The aim of this study is to place Boix on the map of the 19th Century Hispanic edition.

This paper aims to present a brief overview on Emanuele Casamassima and his research on palaeography and the history of the book. The following topics are discussed: - cataloguing manuscripts according to different models (analytical, short, shared descriptions) - restoration of manuscript and printed books - palaeographic doctrines from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance - importance of sixteenth-century Italian writing masters for the study of the history of handwriting - aspects of the history of the handwriting in the late Middle Ages (the writing of Petrarch and Boccaccio; the humanistic graphic reform) - palaeography as a study of graphic structures, with a focus on the cursive tradition, especially during the Roman age (1st-4th centuries) and in the Middle Ages (10th-13th centuries). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history of the so-called book program—a joint effort by the US government, the East European diaspora, and readers of prohibited books behind the Iron Curtain. Between 1956 and 1989, the program purchased some ten million copies of publications and delivered them to people in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe in order to undermine communist rule. The article gives nuanced explanations of the motivations and practices of book-takers, placing Cold War books in the context of consumer goods trades. Using the historical materials of the Polonia Book Fund, a US-sponsored publishing project for Poland, this article contributes new insights on the transatlantic perspective of the cultural Cold War. This article focuses on the program's early stages, and describes various elements of the transnational smuggling network. The program's state–private partnership was a workable solution that helped to foster a diversity of opinions in post-Stalinist Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue offers a capacious sample of scholarship on religion and material texts in the Americas, and seeks to reveal the potential of material-texts approaches for the study of religion. It features articles by four early-career Americanists (Emily Floyd, Alexandra Kaloyanides, Roxanne Korpan, and Martin Tsang) whose research bridges both areas. Because material texts research typically relies on archives for its source base, I asked the authors of the "In Conversation" essays (Matthew P. Brown, Steffi Dippold, Kyle Roberts, and Judith Weisenfeld) to discuss what they see as the challenges and opportunities confronting archival research in material texts today. While the collected eight pieces reflect the diversity and originality of their authors, they make several collective contributions. They demonstrate how material texts mediate power, especially amid encounters involving state, colonial, and missionary actors; exemplify the strength of interpretations informed by hands-on encounters with material texts; display a critical alertness to the structures through which material texts have been collected and made legible to researchers today; and show what we stand to gain from collaborative scholarship [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an analysis of the most successful books on materia medica printed in Portugal in the seventeenth century and their influence on subsequent works. The study is informed by methodologies and concerns from the field of the history of the book and pays particular attention to paratexts, genres as well as to physical formats. It shows that these elements were fundamental in defining intended audiences and in constructing strategies of legitimation for their authors. In addition, it assesses issues of readership by considering the marginalia preserved in some copies of these books. The investigation has also into account a significant number of manuscripts on the subject. In spite of their limited circulation, this article shows the advantage of manuscript culture in the dissemination of knowledge on materia medica. Since they could circumvent censorship, particularly in the case of chemical remedies, they reveal a more open approach towards therapeutic innovations and the integration of new ideas and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the publication is to attract attention to the problem of book heritage artifact value, to present particular evidence from the past book historians' works, dedicated to book rarities. Such information is important not only for single bibliophiles but also for the history of book culture, for the book science as an auxiliary science of history. The discovery and analysis of such information demanded the application of the following methods: heuristics, source search, selection, analysis and synthesis of information, and the most important - the attribution: defining the author, the title, the time, and the place of book publishing, defining its value and rarity. The scientific novelty. The information on some early printed editions, known only in the bibliography, and also on extraordinary editions or separate copies of rare books of 17th - the beginning of 20th cc., which differ from the majority of printed copies. The information was collected by the author of the article in documents from archive collections of V.Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine and some publications, as well as personal empiric observation of book monuments. The main results. Besides of introduction to scientific use hardly known or forgotten information from the works of past book historians on unique editions or copies, the concepts of unicum, rare book, variants of editions, editorial forgeries, falsifications, pseudo-editions, etc. were also analyzed. It was pointed out that accurate attribution of ancient editions demands investigation of the book paper, its art decoration, and the quality of the polygraphic process, the uniqueness of the edition due to alternative dedication, autograph of a prominent person, valuable for the history comments, left by the owner of the book on its margins. It is proved that book monuments researches, the first stage of which is the attribution of books, their careful storage, accurate scientific description, popularization in different ways make a basis of the book memorabilia - the scientific approach and at the same time the sphere of practical work with rare and valuable books that are the monuments of the history and the culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant practice in Western map studies has been to consider maps as "sovereign," that is, as individual images separated from the material context of their production, circulation, and consumption. Book studies, also, have generally overlooked maps when considering graphic elements such as engravings and photographs. Yet many maps are located within, and contribute to, the larger arguments of books of all kinds, including histories, geographies, travel accounts, and novels. This article asks what changes theoretically and in practice when we dethrone the "sovereign map" and engage with maps as "bound images," a hybrid graphic and textual part of the stories told by authors and publishers which is experienced by readers in book form through materiality, context, and significance. By way of conclusion, we offer an approach to analyzing maps in context, and an appendix with initial guiding questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of cataloguing on an item level – i.e., the presentation of special features as well as data on the history of a particular book in the catalogue – increased in recent years due to research on and reconstruction of old and valuable holdings, research concerning holdings of Nazi-provenance, and digitization. In order to find common solutions for cataloguing, but especially for the network-wide presentation and searchability of item level information, a working group of the Austrian Cataloguing Committee was established. The article presents the results of the working group, including working documents for indexing as well as the necessary set-up of the Consortium Search Interface, which allows for specific searches, item-specific links and, last but not least, the provisional use of authority data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Polono-Ruthenica is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current text is a review of Anna Angelova’s book „Bulgarian Oldprinted Editions 1806–1878: A study of the collection of the Sofia University Library „St. Kliment Ohridski“, 416 p., hardcover. The book includes two author’s studies, a catalog of printed editions, stored in the library, and 734 handwritten notes from books and newspapers, left as written traces by owners, readers, and donors. The publication of the notes and a part of the author’s analyzes are assessed as contributions to the history of the book. A number of criticisms have been formulated regarding the language normalization of manuscripts and titles and regarding the numerous typographical errors, which are noticeable in the book. My recommendation is for a more in-depth and extensive analysis of the studied corpus. Anna Angelova’s book gives me a reason to keep insisting on a full digital corpus of the Revival editions and full-text publications of all old printed books on the Internet, including handwritten notes on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book of the History of Gaza, written by Aref al-Aref while staying in Gaza city, was published by Dar al-Aytam al-Islamiyya Press, located in Jerusalem in 1943. At that time, Aref al-Aref assumed the position of sub-governor of the Gaza district (Ottoman district officer) in Gaza in the period from 1940 to 1944. The book consists of 356 pages and contains mid-sized paragraphs. The author addresses the history of Gaza sequentially over time. He starts by talking about its position, historical significance, different historical names, and the meaning of each name. Then, he turns to talk about Gaza's first builders, the peoples that inhabited Gaza since ancient times, the historical times, the nations that ruled it until the Islamic conquest, and the conditions of Gaza city during the different Islamic ages. Furthermore, he elaborates on the Ottoman rule period until the British Mandate that resulted in the fall of Gaza under the British rule where the author himself experienced these events and wrote about them. After that, he devotes an entire chapter to Gaza until the year 1943. The last chapter of the book is devoted to talking about the people of Gaza and their manners, morals, clothes, and festivals. The author also talks about Gaza's economic, social, and cultural circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of Richard White's germinal text, Inventing Australia, this article presents a cultural history of the book, with particular attention to its influence on the fields of cultural history and Australian studies. Influenced by poststructuralist theory, White's book has prompted generations of scholars and students to critically examine the ways in which the Australian nation is 'invented' and the particular role of cultural power brokers in this process. Although White identifies historians as playing a particular role in the process of inventing the nation, it is striking to the contemporary reader how little he ultimately engaged with this observation in the text. The article compares White's approach to understanding the idea of the Australian nation and Russel Ward's exploration of Australian character in The Australian Legend, and considers the important work performed by Catriona Elder's extension of White's ideas in Being Australian. Ultimately, White's book remains an important touchstone not just in terms of understanding the invention of Australia, but for analysing the role we play as scholars in this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article treats the reception history of Herodotus—reputed to be both "the father of history" and "the father of lies"—between about 1670 and 1850. It focuses attention on book 2 of The Histories , in which Herodotus offers an extensive, and ostensibly firsthand, account of the monuments, geography, customs, flora, and fauna of Egypt. Most arrestingly for modern European readers, book 2 also contains descriptions of Egyptian religious practices and a chronology of Egyptian kings. Crucially, however, much of what Herodotus reports on these two subjects he learned not directly, but by listening to accounts of men whom he labeled "Egyptian priests." In the eighteenth century in particular, I argue, these "priests" and their indirect testimony began to pose a serious historiographical problem: had Herodotus, naively, trusted them too much? If so, was his credibility with respect to the other contents of the "oriental" prelude to The Histories (books 1–4) impugned? The essay shows that, while some skeptics, and especially philhellenes, favored relegating books 1–4 entirely to the status of myth, "orientalists," and especially those eager to save the credibility of the Old Testament, defended Herodotus. Their faith in him, I conclude, kept alive belief in the possibility of reconstructing Near Eastern antiquity before the great age of decipherments and archaeological finds began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]