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A new NMR refinement method, FINGAR (FIt NMR using a Genetic AlgoRithm), has been developed, which allows one to determine a weighted set of structures that best fits measured NMR-derived data. This method shows appreciable advantages over commonly used refinement methods. FINGAR generates an ensemble of conformations whose average reproduces the experimental NMR-derived restraints. In addition, a statistical importance weight is assigned to each of the conformations in the ensemble. As a result, one is not limited to simply presenting an envelope of sampled conformers. Instead, one can subsequently focus on a select few conformers of high weight. This is critical, because many structural analyses depend on using discrete conformations, not simply averages or ensembles. The genetic algorithm used by FINGAR allows one to simultaneously and reliably fit against many restraints, and to generate solutions which include as many conformations with non-zero weights as are necessary to generate the best fit. An added benefit of FINGAR is that because the time-consuming step in this method needs only to be performed once, in the beginning of the first run, numerous FINGAR simulations can be performed rapidly.

Caffeine administration has been used to stimulate respiration and reverse metabolic alterations in high-birthweight piglets that suffer neonatal asphyxia. However, its effect has not been evaluated on low-birthweight neonates. This study determined the effect of subcutaneously administering caffeine on the physiometabolic profile of neonate piglets with low birthweight and neonatal asphyxia. A 35-mg subcutaneous dose of caffeine, or an equivalent placebo, was randomly administered at 0 and 24 h to neonate piglets (n = 120) diagnosed with intrapartum asphyxia and classified as low-(LW) or high weight (HW) in a 2 by 2 experimental design. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2 and 24 h postpartum. At 2 h, blood glucose concentrations diminished in the animals in both groups that were treated with caffeine (P < 0.005). Of those animals, only the ones in HW showed increased glucose concentrations by 24 h. At 0 h, group LW exhibited the highest levels of pCO2 (P < 0.005). In contrast, from 2 to 24 h only the neonates in group HW treated with caffeine reached the levels of pCO2 and pO2 characteristic of non-asphyxiated piglets. At the conclusion of the experiment, the weight of the piglets in group LW that were treated with caffeine was less than that of those that received the placebo. In contrast, the weight of the piglets in group HW that were treated with caffeine was 19% higher than that of those which received the placebo (P < 0.005). In this study, administering two doses of 35 mg of caffeine to LW neonate piglets significantly accelerated their energy expenditure, thus reducing their weight gain at 8 days of life; in contrast, the physiometabolic profile of the HW neonate piglets improved and they showed greater weight gain.

It is not understood why disturbed menstrual function occurs in as many as 50% of women with bulimia nervosa who are at normal weight. The authors measured luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone in 13 women with bulimia nervosa who were at normal weight and six normal comparison subjects. They found that the women with bulimia nervosa were likely to have abnormal 24-hour luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion if their current weight was less than 85% of their past high weight.

In terms of the problem of formaldehyde-releasing, glyoxal is one of the interesting dialdehydes as a crosslinking agent for wood. In the present report, the reaction of glyoxal and glyoxal/glycol with the wood of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim.) has been studied. Particular attention to the structure of the product (after treatment with glyoxal/glycol (glycol: ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol)) was made and the formation of crosslinking has been discussed. Reaction of only glyoxal with wood showed little reactivity, while that of glyoxal/glycol gave high weight increases for each glycol. The appropriate condition was at 100° to 130°C for 2 hrs. It was found that the product forms network structures, at least within itself. The crosslinking between the product and wood components, however, could not be confirmed, although it was assumed that the product was structurally linked to wood by its reactive sites.

A statistical design and analysis of both elemental analyses and weight percent solids analyses data was utilized to evaluate the MFT homogeneity at low heel levels and low agitator speed at both high and low solids feed concentrations. The homogeneity was also evaluated at both low and high agitator speed at the 6000+ gallons static level. The dynamic level portion of the test simulated feeding the Melter from the MFT to evaluate the uniformity of the solids slurry composition (Frit-PHA-Sludge) entering the melter from the MFT. This final report provides the results and conclusions from the second half of the study, the low weight percent solids concentration portion, as well as a comparison with the results from the first half of the study, the high weight percent solids portion.

The performance of various carbon-based materials in flowing, high-temperature helium and hydrogen is described. These materials which are candidate hot frit substrates for possible application in a PBR include various grades of graphite, carbon-carbon and vitreous carbon. Vitreous carbon showed extremely good performance in helium, while that of the various graphite grades was quite variable and, in some cases, poor. Purified grades performed better than unpurified grades, but in all cases large sample-to-sample variations in weight loss were observed. For carbon-carbon samples, the performance was intermediate. Since the weight loss in these samples was in large measure due to the loss of the densification media, improvements in the performance of carbon-carbon may be possible. With respect to the performance in hydrogen, high weight losses were observed, re-enforcing the need for coating carbon-based materials for service in a flowing hydrogen environment.

Male and female broiler chicks from five different broiler crosses (WI, LF, and HF = Israeli chicks selected for high body weight gain, and low and high abdominal fat, respectively; FC and WN = Dutch chicks selected for favorable feed conversion and high body weight gain, respectively) were raised at a high ambient temperature (32 to 33 C). Weight gain, protein and fat content in the carcass and feed, and protein efficiency were determined at 4, 6, and 8 wk of age. The effect of the high temperature was evaluated by comparing these data with those of similar chicks raised at a normal temperature (20 to 33 C) up to 6 wk of age. The reductions in body weight, protein gain, and feed and protein efficiency due to the high temperature increased with age and were much larger in males than in females. This trend was more pronounced in WI and WN chicks than in LF, HF, and FC chicks. Females of WI and WN crosses were as heavy as males at 6 wk and heavier at 8 wk. In LF, HF, and FC crosses, both sexes had similar weights at 8 wk. Growth reduction due to the high temperature was largest in the groups with the highest growth rate at the normal temperature (WI and WN males). Chicks with a lower growth rate and a higher capacity for energy storage in fat depots (all females, HF chicks), or a higher capacity for heat loss (FC chicks), were less affected by the high temperature. The results suggest that females should be preferred over males for broiler production in hot facilities or locations. Broiler genotypes selected for feed efficiency at the expense of fast growth may allow for a more profitable broiler production in high-temperature regions.

Roselle has been popular, because of the calyx become to medicated with high nutrient. The calyx are rich in ascorbic acid and also highly antioxidant. The seed of roselle are high in protein and fatty oil. Therefore the purpose of the research was increased of roselle calyx and seed yield. The research was carried out in Kec. Ngaglik Sleman-Yogyakarta at March-August 2008. The experiment was arranged in factorial, Randomized Complete Block Design, Phospat fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and Organic liquid fertilizers (0, 1, 2 and 3 cc/l water/plant). Result of the research showed that; 1) the high of the number and dry weight of the roselle calyx at P fertilizer, 200 kg/ha was combined with organic liquid fertilizer 10x2 cc/l water/plant, 2) P fertilizer, 100 kg/ha only was produced high seed yield per plant and high weight of the 1.000 of seed on 200 kg/ha or organic liquid fertilizer 10x2 cc/l water/plant, 3) the high of the Vit. C content of the roselle calyx on organic liquid fertilizer 10x1 cc/l water/plant of P fertilizer, 300 kg/ha only. Roselle has been popular, because of the calyx become to medicated with high nutrient. The calyx are rich in ascorbic acid and also highly antioxidant. The seed of roselle are high in protein and fatty oil. Therefore the purpose of the research was increased of roselle calyx and seed yield. The research was carried out in Kec. Ngaglik Sleman-Yogyakarta at March-August 2008. The experiment was arranged in factorial, Randomized Complete Block Design, Phospat fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and Organic liquid fertilizers (0, 1, 2 and 3 cc/l water/plant). Result of the research showed that; 1) the high of the number and dry weight of the roselle calyx at P fertilizer, 200 kg/ha was combined with organic liquid fertilizer 10x2 cc/l water/plant, 2) P fertilizer, 100 kg/ha only was produced high seed yield per plant and high weight of the 1.000 of seed on 200 kg/ha or organic liquid fertilizer 10x2 cc/l water/plant, 3) the high of the Vit. C content of the roselle calyx on organic liquid fertilizer 10x1 cc/l water/plant of P fertilizer, 300 kg/ha only.

The focus of this study was the effect of unstable weight history on current body-image among women. Participants were 45 college women of average weight (median age = 23 yr.); 15 had stable weight histories, 15 had past lowest weights 15% or more below current weight, and 15 had past highest weights 15% or more above current weight. The women were assessed on perceptual and attitudinal measures of body-image and a self-report measure of preoccupation with weight. In comparison to women with stable weight histories, those with unstable weight histories indicated greater dissatisfaction with the shape and size of their bodies, expressed more negative body attitudes, and reported increased concern about weight. Women with high weight histories overestimated their frontal body-size and expressed greater dissatisfaction with frontal size than women with low weight histories, but the two groups did not differ significantly on any of the other dependent measures. Possible explanations for increased body-image disturbance and weight concern among women with unstable weight histories are presented.

The contribution of the solar f modes of oscillation to the inversion of high-degree rotational splitting data is examined. We find that the f modes play an important role in such inversions as revealed by the magnitude of their weighting coefficients c i . This may be attributed to the single-peaked structure of the f-mode kernels, which is similar to that of the desired averaging kernels and in contrast to the many-peaked shape of the higher-order kernels. The high weight placed on the f modes in the inversions raises issues for observational techniques since the f modes possess modest power levels and their detection is influenced by the choice of spatial filtering.

Objective: Identify crop and producer characteristics affecting food miles. Design, Setting and Participants: A convenience sample of growers, drawn from the Colorado Agriculture Directory Database, was balanced across high weight/low value (potato), low weight/high value (spinach) and high weight/ high value (fruit) producers. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Structured telephone interviews collected data on producer characteristics and perceptions about critical factors affecting where they sold their produce and what was needed to increase local food sales. Thematic data analysis identified the importance of each factor in determining whether sales for the selected crop were primarily focused at in or out-of-state marketing (secondary focus on direct versus wholesale channels). Results: Fifteen growers completed the interviews and most produced on 50 acres or less. More than half the sales were direct to consumers and most producers used multiple channels: farmers markets (73%), farm stand (53%), small retail store or co-op (47%), and CSA or mail delivery (20% each). Highly ranked factors relative to local marketing included production capacity, product characteristics (perishable crops, quality), access to buyers/location, postharvest considerations, and consumer perceptions. Respondents perceived that local sales could be increased by maintaining quality standards, increasing education of and marketing to consumers, promoting agro-tourism, and developing local and state policies to support local sales. Conclusions and Implications: The most critical factors supporting local sales were smaller volume, niche markets, and belief that local food is important while packaging and transportation costs were not a major consideration for local sales. Smaller producer size and limited volume encourages local, direct sales to maximize profits while limiting access to larger markets.

The most significant basis of the reputation of a scientific organization is the accuracy and influence of its work. From a comparison of values of certain astronomical constants and stellar parallaxes obtained at Pulkovo and elsewhere, the extremely high weight given to the Pulkovo values (e.g. by Newcomb) is further justified in retrospect given the small deviations between Pulkovo values and the “modern” values accepted a century later.

This article is an expansion of the notes to a one-hour lecture for an MSRI workshop on computational number theory. The editors of Mathematics of Computation kindly asked us to submit these notes for publication, and we are enormously pleased to do so. Our original audience did not consist of experts in the field of modular forms, and we have tried to keep this article accessible to nonexperts. We have made an experimental investigation of certain arithmetic conjec- tures using MACSYMA. This investigation requires a search for certain mod- ular eigenforms of high weight. These computations pose problems which we feel may be interesting on their own. We are novices here, and we seek advice from people more experienced in making computations of an analogous sort. We are, in fact, deeply grateful to J. F. Mestre, who came to our aid and who vastly extended our computations using PARI.1 Mestre has graciously allowed us to present his computations in this article. The kind of families we have in mind, as in the title of this lecture, has as its prototypical example the standard family of classical Eisenstein series of level 1 and weight k for k = 4, 6, 8, ... , whose Fourier expansions are given by oo

For many years now, the system designer has had to weigh the low yield, small size, and high cost of multichip hybrids against the relatively low cost, but high weight and volume of conventional dual-in-line package/printed wiring board (DIP/PWB) assemblies when dealing with complex, high-density system functions. Texas Instruments' approach to solving this problem is described using chip-carrier packaging techniques. A brief introduction to chip-carrier packages is given. A discussion of the various ways to use these packages in assemblies follows. The advantages of the use of chip-carrier packaging techniques as adopted by Texas Instruments in terms of assembly size and weight reduction, improved thermal and electrical performance, and assembly repairability are discussed. The possibilities of automation of such assemblies are described. A brief section describes, in some detail, the applications of chip-carrier packaging techniques considered for use at Texas Instruments. In each case, the resultant application benefits are detailed.

Goppa codes are a subclass of alternant codes, described in terms of a Goppa polynomial. In contrast to cyclic codes it is easy to estimate the minimum distance of a Goppa code from the degree of the polynomial. The extended double-error- correcting Goppa codes were proved cyclic by Berlekamp and Moreno [1]. This paper contains a result for a subset of the class of extended three-error-correcting irreducible Goppa codes, viz. from the existence of one code word of high weight one can deduce that these codes are not cyclic.

Relationships of growth in weight to mantle length were examined for short-finned squid Illex illecebrosus collected near Holyrood, Newfoundland, from 1964 to 1985. For lengths typically encountered in the commercial fishery, males generally were significantly heavier than females at a given length. Fish appeared to be the most suitable prey type for promoting growth of inshore short-finned squid, whereas crustaceans appeared to be the least suitable prey type in that respect. Relatively high weight at length during July in years of high short-finned squid abundance was related to a high level of predation on fish. Seasonal change in condition was also directly related to prominence offish in the diet. Incidence of cannibalism increased dramatically after July in years of high short-finned squid abundance as predation on fish declined sharply. In contrast, there were no seasonal changes in the diet during years of low abundance. In such years, the diet was mixed throughout the season and cannibal...

Total body water (TBW) was measured by 18O dilution in 139 undernourished, preschool Peruvian children with high weight-for-height. Values for TBW as a percent of body weight were relatively high, averaging 67.4 +/- 6.4%. Depending upon the method of calculation, mean values for the sample population for percent fat ranged from 9.4-18.5%. Regression of TBW on lean body mass suggested that hydration of the fat-free body was higher than for normally nourished children of comparable age. Thus, the increased weight-for-height in these children did not result from increased fat tissue, but from increased hydration of the fat-free body. TBW was most highly correlated with height and weight, both with r = 0.95. Equations predicting TBW from either height or weight were significantly different from those developed by other investigators to predict TBW for normal, well-nourished American children.

Two experiments were conducted to determine if food intake of free-feeding chickens could be affected by infusions of plasma from fasted fowl. In the first experiment, chickens from two lines genetically selected for high or low body weight were infused intrahepatically with plasma collected from free-fed and fasted individuals from each line. Food intake of low-weight line birds was increased significantly by infusions of plasma from fasted high-weight line chickens when compared to food intake of low-weight line birds receiving plasma from free-fed low-weight line chickens. Food consumption in high-weight line birds was unaffected by any of the plasma treatments. In the second experiment, plasma from free-fed and fasted high-weight line chickens was infused intrahepatically into Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels. Again the birds receiving the plasma from the fasted fowl consumed significantly more food than those infused with plasma from free-fed fowl. The results of these experiments suggest that some property of plasma from fasted birds stimulates appetite. Selection for increased body weight may have intensified this hunger factor in high weight fowl.

The superficial morphology of the pleura has been observed in humans by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pleural samples from the visceral, mediastinal, diaphragmatic and costal normal human pleura were observed, and a thorough morphometric study was performed. The most evident feature was the ubiquitous presence of microvilli and micropores. The secretion and absorption activities therefore should not be regarded as accomplished by different topographic zones of the pleura. Discontinuities and clefts were observed at the level of cellular junctions; absorption of high weight molecules and cells from the pleural space may be facilitated at this level, but the structures which were observed in humans may not be considered "stomata," according to the definition of such morphologic units as we give in the present study. Cilia and blebs, described in the experimental animal or in other mesothelia, were not seen in the human pleura.

Two types of multivariate analysis of cranial metrical data have been tried for the whole Primate Order (Hominoidea excluded). The Prosimian heterogeneous group has been analysed in greater detail. Principal component analysis using the Chi-square metric for 16 parameters resulted in good differentiation of subgroups, often down to generic level. Discriminant analysis pointed out the major importance of the opposition cranium-masticatory apparatus, in the whole order and at all taxonomial levels, together with the high weight of basal width discriminating power for comparison of Primate skulls shape. Thus, it seems legitimate to use such methods in our future research for locating fossil specimens with a limited number of measurements.

Egg weight and egg components were measured at two ages in random samples of 30 nondwarf and 30 dwarf chickens from lines selected for high and low body weight at 56 days of age. Egg, dry shell, dry albumen, total moisture, relative moisture, and dry albumen weights as well as albumen and yolk percentage dry matter were similar at 300 and 360 days of age. Absolute and relative dry yolk weights increased with age, whereas relative shell weight and wet and dry albumen to yolk (A:Y) ratios decreased. Pullets from the high weight line laid larger eggs with more dry yolk, but less relative dry yolk and shell dry matter than those from the low weight line. Nondwarf pullets produced larger eggs with more absolute and relative dry yolk and shell dry matter than dwarf pullets. Line × genotype interactions were present for egg traits other than absolute and relative dry yolk and shell dry matter, providing evidence of differential effects of the dwarfing allele in different genotypic backgrounds.

Qualities of Indian gooseberry fruits ( Phyllanthus emblica L.) were determined after dip-treatment with wax emulsion (WE) with or without morphactin (Mor) and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ). Dip-treatments with 100–500 mg l −1 Mor reduced marketability by inducing browning and high weight loss, but loss in ascorbic acid was checked and phenols increased. 10 mg l −1 Mor maintained marketability at par with control, effectively controlled loss in ascorbic acid, and increased acidity and reducing sugars. GA 3 , although failing to control the loss of ascorbic acid, was effective in checking browning and thereby increased the market value of fruits as compared with controls and Mor-treated fruits. WE with or without Mor (10 mg l −1 ) controlled browning, accumulation of phenols and losses in weight and moisture as compared with 10 mg l −1 Mor, 100 mg l −1 GA 3 , or control, but could not retain ascorbic acid in comparison to 10 mg l −1 Mor-treated fruits. Marketability of fruits having had treatment with either WE or GA 3 was the same. Fruits having had combined treatment with WE and 10 mg l −1 Mor had maximum marketability. Minimum marketability was observed in fruits subjected to a combined treatment of WE + 100 mg l −1 GA 3 due to maximum infection with Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.

The efficacy of feed additives in enhancing the performance of growing pigs, together with the effect of different protein levels (18 v. 16% from 13 to 18 kg body weight and 16 v. 14% from 18 to 39 kg body-weight), were evaluated in three experiments with 412 pigs. In Experiment 1, from 13 to 39 kg body weight, pigs receiving 55 p.p.m. carbadox (C) produced a greater (P0·05) trend n i daily feed intake and gain/feed ratio. The ASP pigs also produced a greater (PIn Experiment 2, from 16 to 39 kg body weight, NM control pigs achieved high weight gains, and all the feed additive treatments studied [C+106 p.p.m. of the worming agent pyrantel tartrate (C+P); ASP+8 mg of the worming agent levamisole-HCl per kg body weight fed once on day 7 of the experiment (ASP+L); and 113 p.p.m. tylosin+13 p.p.m. of the worming agent hygromycin B] were similar to the NM controls in daily feed intake, weight gain and gain/feed ratio. However, in Experiment 3, the C+P and ASP+L treatments resulted in a greater (P

The agonistic behavior and development of the social hierarchy of juvenile pullets were studied in two lines of chickens which had been divergently selected for juvenile body weight and in which the dwarf gene (dw) was segregating. The lines differed significantly in both the frequency and intensity of agonistic encounters. Dwarf and normal genotypes differed in the frequency of encounters in both lines, whereas for the intensity of encounters, the difference was only in the high weight line. Although the frequency was more important than the intensity of encounters in determining social rank, agonistic behaviors accounted for only 20% of the variation in rank. The stability of the social orders increased slightly between 6 and 10 weeks of age. Although the correlations between behavioral and physiological variables agreed in sign with those predicted of stressors, their values were low. Therefore, it was concluded that the pullets were only minimally stressed by normal agonistic activity during the development of the social hierarchy.

Chicks from a nongrowth-selected randombred population (AC) and from various growth-selected broiler strain crosses (SC) were reared in two brooding temperature environments (26.7 and 32.2 C) for a period of 2 weeks. Strain and temperature effects on weight gain and serum corticosterone (B), growth hormone (GH), and thyroxine (T4) were measured at 1, 7, and 14 days of age. Brooding at 26.7 C increased mortality and reduced weight gain. Serum corticosterone levels were significantly higher in chicks brooded at 26.7 C on Days 7 and 14, whereas statistically higher levels of GH were observed only at 1 day of age for chicks brooded at 26.7 C. The T4 levels were also significantly higher in 1-day-old chicks brooded at 26.7 C, but at 7 and 14 days of age T4 levels were significantly higher in the chicks brooded at 32.2 C. The magnitude of the effect of brooding temperatures on responses was related to the strain of chick. Weight gain of all chicks brooded at 32.2 C was significantly correlated with serum levels of B, GH, and T4, but only the correlation between gain and B level of 26.7 C brooded chicks was significant. Serum corticosterone and GH were negatively associated with gain, whereas a positive relationship existed between gain and T4 levels. Among AC chicks, gain was negatively correlated with B levels and positively correlated with GH levels. There was a positive correlation between gain and T4 levels of the strain cross with the smallest body weight whereas the gain of the high weight strain crosses was correlated to both T4 (positive) and B (negative) levels.

Partial substitution of Mg in CeMg 12 by M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co has been investigated for the composition CeMg 11 M. For each system at least two phases are obtained. The absorption-desorption hydriding cycles have been compared with that of CeMg 12 itself. Although the hydriding speed is not strongly modified by the presence of the 3d-element, dehydriding is much enhanced. Thanks to their performances and their high weight content, such alloys may be used for hydrogen storage.

An experiment was conducted to compare mathematical models describing how people combine information to form an impression of another person. Subjects rated how much they would like stimulus persons described by one or two adjectives. Subjects also reported their level of uncertainty about each evaluation. Models using the uncertainty measures to predict integration weights were no more successful than the equal weight averaging model. There was no evidence that extreme adjectives were given high weight. Information integration was best described by a model in which the more negative adjective in a pair is given more weight than the other adjective.

Even though we acquire more negative information about people as we get to know them better and negative information has a disproportionately high weight, our liking for a friend does not automatically diminish with continued acquaintance. It is difficult to reconcile this fact with the commonly held assumption that liking-disliking is a unidimensional judgment. An alternative view is proposed in which liking and disliking are seen as separate judgments. The several premises are: 1) the criteria for liking and disliking are distinct; 2) friendship choices are made from a set of eligibles; 3) people are rejected from the set of eligibles on the basis of dislike criteria; 4) friends are chosen from the set of eligibles on the basis of like criteria; 5) the like criteria are likely to be context specific. Analysis of dislike judgments suggests a differentiation of negative information into disliked and disfavored attributes. Given this distinction, the fact of nondiminishing friendship poses no difficulty. The analysis of liking judgments suggests no substantive additions to what is already known about like criteria. It does, however, point up a nontrivial methodological problem with traditional measures of liking--a difficulty associated with the failure to take the context specificity of like criteria into account.

In the study of finite simple groups by means of the geometries provided by their local subgroups, problems of structure often reduce to questions about modular representations in finite characteristic. Of particular interest are modules spanned by fixed points of Sylow groups (including “high weight” modules for Chevalley groups) for which the homology methods of Ronan and Smith [6]can be very useful. This note presents an elementary sufficient condition for splitting of some reducible modules of this type. Among the applications, we generalize a number of results appearing in recent work of Timmesfeld [11], which provided the original inspiration for this analysis. Some of the ideas had appeared, in a special case, in [10].

A framework is developed to take explicitly into account the conflicting demands of ethics and scientific rigor in the design of clinical trials. The framework recognizes the part played by the clinical-scientific community in the weighing of a new result provided by a clinical trial. To illustrate the usefulness of the framework, a value system is adopted which gives relatively high weight to ethical considerations. The analysis based on this value system reveals some limitations of the present clinical-trials mechanism, especially if success is defined exclusively in terms of cure, and other dimensions of the health system, such as explanatory, care, cost or prevention variables are neglected. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that: (a) If randomized clinical trials are to be ethically acceptable, they will necessarily yield a large proportion of null results. (b) Positive results from ethically acceptable clinical trials would be expected to have less impact than null results; unless this is the case, there will be a tendency to encourage false hopes. (c) Trials need not yield entirely null results, provided that attention is not focused exclusively on a single outcome variable. A trial of chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia in adults is used to illustrate the need for new approaches to the planning and design of clinical trials.

Analysis of disease-free survival rates in 374 women with operable breast cancer revealed that preoperative weight, particularly in combination with serum cholesterol, is a significant prognostic determinant. Overall, women weighing under 150 pounds had a significantly higher cumulative five-year disease-free survival rate (67%) compared with women weighing more (49%) (z = 2.2298, P = 0.026). Women with low serum cholesterol levels had better cumulative five-year disease-free survival (67%) than women with high serum cholesterol levels (58%) (z = 1.1008, P = 0.27). The combination of high weight and high serum cholesterol levels was associated with an extremely poor cumulative five-year disease-free survival (32%) compared with that observed for women in whom values of either, or both, variables were low (68%) (z = 3.7843, P = 0.0004). These patterns in disease-free survival persisted even after controlling for tumor stage. The findings indicate that weight and cholesterol, in addition to their previously reported effect on the risk of breast cancer development, influence significantly the subsequent course of the disease.

Body weight, body components, and reproductive traits were compared during the first 60 days after onset of lay in pullets from lines of White Plymouth Rocks selected for high or low juvenile body weight, their reciprocal F1 crosses, an F2 cross, and dwarfs from the parental lines. Absolute and relative body weight gains were less for dwarf than for nondwarf pullets in the high weight line. In the low weight line, there were differences in absolute but not relative weight gains. Among nondwarfs, both relative and absolute changes in body weight during the first 60 days of lay were similar for crosses and the high weight parental line, and considerably less for the low weight parental line. Numbers of ovulation were the same for the crosses and the high weight parental line, however, more normal eggs were produced by F1 crosses than either parental line. Rate of production was influenced mainly by variation in body weight at onset of lay in the high weight nondwarfs and low weight dwarfs, and by age at first egg in low weight nondwarf pullets. None of the independent variables had a significant association with normal egg production in crosses and high weight dwarf populations.

The visible absorption spectrum of thiocarbonyl chlorofluoride, C1FCS in the 495-nm region has been observed in the vapour phase under conditions of high resolution and pressure x path-length and has been assigned to the ā3A'' (n, π*) ← X1A' electronic transition. Three of the six fundamental modes have been assigned for the upper electronic state. Prom a fit of the observed levels in v1o (the out-of-plane wagging mode) to the eigenvalues obtained from a quadratic-gaussian potential, the barrier to inversion in the ā3A state has been evaluated to be 1622 cm−1 The electronic effects of replacing a sulphur by an oxygen atom on the height of the barrier to inversion in the nπ* carbonyl and thiocarbonyl halides have been explored by the CNDO/2 method. The much lower barriers in the thiocarbonyl compounds has been attributed to the sulphur dxz AO which is not present in the carbonyl compounds. This AO, which has relatively high weight in the LCAOs which form the π* MO, has the effect of relieving some of the antibonding density which resides on the carbon atom and thereby reduces the barrier to inversion.

If p is an arbitrary parabolic subsuperalgebra of g = gl(m + nɛ), p(m), a character formula for the generic finite-dimensional irreducible g-module, such that p is the stabilizer of its lowest weight space, is announced. Furthermore, an estimate for the character of any finite-dimensional irreducible g-module in terms of its highest weight with respect to a distinguished Borel subsuperalgebra is presented (inequality (4)) and a sufficient condition for this to be an equality is found. In this way, two generalizations of the Kac character formula for typical modules are obtained: a formula concerning an arbitrary Borel subsuperalgebra ((1)) and a more effective formula ((3)) for the special case of a distinguished Borel subsuperalgebra. The complete proofs will appear in [14].

The influence of physiological stage and age was examined in pupae of 1–4-8 days-old and adults of 2–9 days-old of Ceratitis capitata. Flies were irradiated with microwaves at 9 GHz in a rectangular waveguide applicator with a power density of 8.6 W/cm2 and exposure times ranging from 7.5 s to 2.25 min. Data could be represented by parallel probit-log dose lines of common slope b= 6.127 ± 0.283. Significant differences among all lines were obtained at the 0.05 level. The susceptibility to microwave exposure was higher in adult flies than in pupae. The sequence of tolerance was 4 > 8 > 1 (pupae) > 2 > 9 (adults). The TL50 extreme values in minutes were 0.155 to 9 days-old adults and 1.089 to 4 days-old pupae. Pupae sensibility to microwaves was related to weight loss during the treatment. The high weight loss was recorded on 1 day-old pupae which were the most susceptible to radiation in the pupal stage. Reciprocity law was also studied on adults of 2–9 days-old irradiated at 9 GHz and power densities of 4.3 and 8.6 W/cm2. In C. capitata we found that high power densities and short exposure times were the most effectives. Resume Influence de l'âge et de l'etat physiologique sur la sensibilite envers les micro-ondes de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Trypetidae) On a etudie l'influence de l'âge et de l'etat physiologique sur la sensibilite envers les micro-ondes des adultes âges de 2 et 9 jours et des nymphes âgees de 1–4 et 8 jours de C. capitata. Les irradiations ont ete realisees a la frequence de 9 GHz et les insectes ont ete exposes a des niveaux de 10 W pendant periodes entre 7.5 s et 2.25 min. Il y a des differences significatives entre toutes les droites de regression calculees (signification 5%) afin d'exprimer les donnees par des lignes paralleles de pente commune b=6.127 ± 0.2825. Les nymphes ont une sensibilite inferieure envers les micro-ondes par rapport aux adultes, pour tous les âges etudies. La sequence de tolerance est 4 > 8 > 1 (nymphes) > 2 > 9 (adultes). Les TL50 extremes enregistrees en minutes furent 0.155 pour les adultes âges de 9 jours et 1.089 pour les nymphes âgees de 4 jours. On met en evidence la relation entre la sensibilite envers les micro-ondes des nymphes et la disminution de leur poids pendant les irradiationes. On a etudie la loi de reciprocite avec des adultes âges de 2 et 9 jours at niveaux de puissance de 5 W et 10 W. On a trove que dans C. capitata les puissances hâutes et les expositions courtes sont plus effectives. Zusammenfassung Zur abtotenden Wirkung von Mikrowellen auf Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Dipt., Trypetidae). Einflus des Entwicklungsstadiums und des Alters Die Wirkung von Mikrowellen auf C. capitata wurde in Abhangigkeit von Entwicklungsstadium und Alter bei 1, 4 und 8 Tagen alten Puppen sowie 2 und 9 Tage alten Imagines untersucht. Die Fliegen wurden mit Mikrowellen von 9 GHz bei einer Leistung von 8,6 W/cm2 und einer Expositionszeit von 7,5 s bis zu 2,25 min bestrahlt. Die Versuchsdaten konnten als Probit-Regressionsgerade mit einer einheitlichen Steigung von b= 6,127 ± 0,283 dargestellt werden. Zwischen allen Geraden ergaben sich signifikante Unterschiede auf dem 5-%-Niveau. Adulte Tiere waren gegenuber Mikrowellen empfindlicher als Puppen. Die Reihenfolge der Empfindlichkeit war: 4>8>1 (Puppen) >2>9 (Imagines). Die Extremwerte der TD50 betrugen bei 9 Tage alten Imagines 0,155 min und bei 4 Tage alten Puppen 1,089 min. Die Empfindlichkeit der Puppen gegenuber Mikrowellen war abhangig vom Gewichtsverlust wahrend der Behandlung. Der hochste Gewichtsverlust konnte bei 1 Tag alten Puppen, die auch gleichzeitig die empfindlichsten Puppen waren, festgestellt werden. Das Reizmengengesetz wurde bei 2 und 9 Tage alten Fliegen bei 9 GHz und einer Leistung von 4,3 und 8,6 W/cm2 untersucht. Fur C. capitata konnte festgestellt werden, das hohe Leistung und kurze Expositionszeit am effektivsten waren.

The possibility of using known techniques of study of the physicochemical characteristics of high weight polymers to obtain information on the structure of solutions of high polymers in which reduction in turbulent resistance occurs is shown.

Two experiments were conducted to compare body composition, plasma concentrations of glucose, lipid and protein, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology, and digestive enzyme activities among populations of chickens exhibiting wide differences in growth. In the first experiment, males from a high weight (HW) line, a low weight (LW) line, and crosses between the lines (HL) were examined. In the second experiment, the same high weight (HW′) line, a White Leghorn (LEG) line and their crosses (HLEG) were compared. In both experiments, comparisons were made at both 25 and 61 days of age. The HW chicks were heavier and had larger breasts and longer shanks than the LW or LEG chicks. Although the crosses (HL, HLEG) exhibited values for these traits intermediate to those of the parental lines, HLEG chicks tended to resemble one of the parental lines more closely than did the HL chicks. Differences among all mating combinations were significant for body fat, but the crosses (HLEG, HL) tended to more closely resemble their HW parental line. The HW chicks had significantly higher concentrations of glucose, lipid, and protein in plasma at 25 but not 61 days of age. No differences in glucose, lipid, or protein concentrations in plasma were observed in the second experiment. When expressed as a percentage of body weight, LW and LEG chicks tended to have larger GIT than HW chicks, whereas crosses more closely resembled the HW line. Although significant differences in digestive enzyme activities were obtained, these differences were generally associated with differences in body weight. It was concluded that genetic variation in the traits examined was dependent on both population and age.

SummaryOver a period of 3 years 18 autumn-calving, single suckled, April-weaned cows were stocked at three rates at pasture to gain 132, 70 or 25 kg (H, M and L respectively) between April and August and fed to lose 100, 54 or – 13 kg (H, M and L respectively) while housed between November and April, the relative total energy intake over winter being 0·64, 0·83 and 1·00 respectively. Milk yield was reduced by 2·68 kg/day on the H and 1·25 kg/day on the M treatment and as a result calves gained 37 and 10 kg less respectively over winter than on the L treatment. However, despite poorer calf performance economic considerations would indicate a preference for high weight gain during the grazing season and a corresponding loss over winter.

Summary Trials were performed under model conditions to evaluate the addition of liquid materials to crushed solid household wastes. The intension was to judge the effect of SHW on the conversion of organic substances and on the obtained quality of ripened substrates. Additions of pig slurry and sewage sludge were evaluated. The results confirm that in untreated crushed SHW, C undergoes a marked mineralization, and this leads to high weight losses and poor quality of the ripened composts. The addition of sewage sludge influences a slower and more productive conversion of organic substances, immobilization of mineral N, and this manifests itself in a higher quality and lower weight losses. Pig slurry, with its higher content of organic substances and with its microflora, contributes to a broader mineralization of organic substances, as distinct from the effect of sewage sludges, and to a quicker production of stable organic substances, while the weight losses are higher. Neither of the added liquid materials did affect the sanitary conditions of the commercial production of composts. Hence their use is a good tool for regulating the technological process of commercial compost production and the resultant quality of ripened composts.

The effects of different sources of dietary protein (milk, soy, wheat, fish and beef), fat (corn oil and butter), and carbohydrate (dextrin and sucrose) on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in virgin female C3H/HeJ mice were investigated. Weanling mice were randomly divided (28 mice/group) and fed ad libitum one of 14 equicaloric diets containing either 11% or 33% protein and 5% or 30% fat or a standard mouse feed for approximately 2 years. Beginning at 6 months of age, tumor incidence, non-specific deaths, individual weights and amount of food consumed were monitored. Variations in tumor incidence were most pronounced when the mice fed different sources of protein (at a high level) were compared. The mice fed the low fat diets containing either low milk protein (high carbohydrate) or high fish protein generally exhibited the lowest tumor incidence and highest percent survival. High weight gain was correlated with early tumor appearance, but not with tumor incidence later in the experiment. The mice fed a low fat diet containing low milk protein were tumor-free significantly longer than mice fed the diets containing fish or beef. The only groups with 100% tumor incidence by 120 weeks of age were those fed diets containing sucrose (table sugar) or a high fat level.

Intestinal glucose uptake was measured in normal and dwarf chickens from lines selected fro high and low body weight. Jejunal tissue rings were excised from 9-week-old chicks and incubated in a medium containing .002 M glucose. Significantly more glucose (micromoles per gram dry tissue weight) was absorbed by tissues from the low weight line when compared to tissues from the high weight line. The dwarf gene, dw, had no effect on glucose Uptake.

The therapeutic elements of an inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa are presented with the therapy results as well as a 2-year follow-up of 39 patients who were treated at Hamburg University Hospital from 1980 to 1983. The favorable results (high weight gain, short duration of therapy, distinct psychological improvement with a total of 53% of virtually cured patients at the end of therapy) declined partially during the 2-year follow-up period (51% virtually cured). The results are compared with those of an earlier concept which was focussed rather on strict regimen and medical treatment, which also resulted in 53% virtually cured patients (n = 218; follow-up period 9.6 years). We will discuss the question whether the methodology presented here can be an alternative to family therapy for somatically severe cases with structural (psychic) lability, lack of patient motivation and uncooperative families.

The hydrodynamics of the process in bubble-type reactors in the presence of external potential fields are examined for the case of “slow” bubbling characterized by high weight levels of the two-phase layer and low reduced gas velocities. Equations are obtained for the gas content and specific phase contact surface.

Das Korrosionsverhalten von NiCr 20 TiAl ist stark abhangig vom C-Gehalt. In Strausscher Losung neigen die Legierungen mit 0,007% C nicht zu interkristalliner Korrosion, wahrend bei C-Gehalten von 0,036 bis 0,078% C interkristalline Korrosion ahnlich wie im Falle der 18/8-stahle eintritt. In siedender Salpeteraure ist die Korrosionsanfalligkeit auch noch stark von der Warmebehandlung abhangig. Nach Abkuhlen von der Temperatur des Losungsgluhens an der Luft treten hohe Gewichtsverluste auf, die nach Auslagern noch steigen, bei Abschrecken in Wasser hingegen wesentlich geringer sind und dann nur bei den hoheren Kohlenstoffgehalten festgestellt werden konnen. Als Ursache fur die Chromverarmung an den Korngrenzen infolge Carbidbildung angesehen. Intercrystalline corrosion of the nickel alloy NiCr 20 TiAl The corrosion behaviour of NiCr 20 TiAl shows a clear dependence from the carbon content. In Strauss solution the alloys containing 0.007% C are not susceptible to intercrystalline corrosion, while with carbon contents of 0.036 to 0.078% intercrystalline corrosion occurs similar to that in 18-8 steels. In boiling nitric acid the corrosion susceptibility further depends from the heat treatment. After cooling from the temperature of solution annealing in air high weight losses are found which even increase after ageing, while they are reduced by quenching in water and then can be found with the alloys having higher carbon contents only. The intercrystalline corrosion is attributed to a formation at the grain boundaries.