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The vacuole is presumed to be the site of nitrate storage in plants. Various authors (Heimer and Filner, 1971; Ferrari et al., 1973; and Aslam et al., 1976) have demonstrated the existence of an intracellular pool from which nitrate can be made available for reduction. Washout kinetics obtained from tobacco suspension cells indicate that this pool may represent vacuolar nitrate (Ferrari et al., 1973). However, no direct evidence exists that the vacuole is indeed the main storage area of cellular nitrate.

Granstedt Ingmar. Quand ferment les usines. In: Autogestions, NS N°8-9, 1982. Un travail sans emploi. pp. 79-88.

Twelve cases of ileal impaction in the horse were reviewed. Clinical features of the disease included evidence of mild abdominal pain, reduced or absent intestinal sounds, rectally palpable distended small intestine, gastric reflux, and in the early stages, normal peritoneal fluid. Surgical correction of the impaction was accomplished in 10 horses. Of 8 horses discharged from the hospital, 7 returned to full function. It was concluded that the shorter the duration of colic before surgical intervention, the better the prognosis.

A study was done to relate the in vivo reduction of nitrate to nitrate uptake, nitrate accumulation, and induction of nitrate reductase activity in intact barley seedlings ( Hordeum vulgare L. var. `Numar9). The characteristics of nitrate uptake in response to both time and ambient concentration of nitrate regulated reduction and accumulation. Uptake, accumulation, and in vivo reduction achieved steady state rates in 3 to 4 hours, whereas extractable ( in vitro ) nitrate reductase activity was still increasing at 12 hours. In vivo reduction of nitrate was better correlated exponentially than linearly over time with in vitro activity of nitrate reductase. A similar relationship occurred over increasing concentration of nitrate in the ambient solution. The results suggest that the rate of in vivo reduction of nitrate in barley seedlings may be regulated by the rate of uptake at the ambient concentrations of nitrate employed in the study.

This article focuses on the methodology developed in a mixed-method study situated in sparsely populated areas in Sweden within a project that aims at investigating the role of language in place-making and in relation to various groups. These areas have a rich history of multilingualism as well as a more recent influx of multilingualism - the former usually in the form of Indigenous Sámi language and national minority languages; the latter being for example tourism from many parts of the world or refugees. The article discusses a mixed-methods approach that includes textual and numerical data, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis. Register data is both used to select sites for investigation and for the interpretation of the data. The article further focuses on coding and categorizing signs for linguistic code, status, space and function as well as some on methodological issues and challenges that have occurred along the process. The language of place-making. A mixed-method analysis of linguistic landscapes

Vaatamata paljudele meetmetele ei vähene Läänemere eutrofeerumine ja meie ökosüsteemide vastupanuvõime on ohus. Sellises olukorras pole lahenduseks tavapärased meetmed, tarvis on uut lähenemist. BERAS (Baltic Ecological Recycling Agriculture and Society) projekti raames töötatakse välja soovitused, mis tagavad ökoloogiliselt kestliku majandamise kogu toiduahelas põllumehest tarbijani. BERASe põhimõtted on väljatöötatud kahe rahvusvahelise projekti raames, mida on osaliselt rahastanud Euroopa Liit ja Norra (Läänemere piirkonna programm), BERAS (2003–2006) ja BERAS Implementation (2010–2013). Projektid on üheksa Läänemere-äärse riigi (Rootsi, Taani, Saksamaa, Poola, Valgevene, Leedu, Läti, Eesti ja Soome), Venemaa ja Norra ühine jõupingutus, kuhu on kaasatud riiklikud ja kohalikud ametivõimud, ülikoolid ja uurimisinstituudid, nõuandeteenistused, mahepõllumajanduse ja keskkonnakaitsealased MTÜd, tootjaorganisatsioonid ja teised institutsioonid. Ökoloogiline taaskasutav põllumajandus (ÖTP) põhineb mitmeaastastel uuringutel, kus on välja selgitatud meetmed ja tegevused, kuidas maheettevõtteid majandada nii, et need oleksid tõeliselt kestlikud ja keskkonnasõbralikud. BERAS on tõestanud oma potentsiaali vähendada toitainete leostumist, suurendada mulla süsinikusidumise võimet/vähendada kliimamõjusid ning suurendada elurikkust ja mullaviljakust. BERASe raames on edukalt käivitunud piirkondlikud jätkusuutlikud toidukogukonnad kõigis Läänemere-äärsetes riikides. Tarbijaid kaasav „Puhta Läänemere menüü“ pakub võimalust tarbida head toitu ohustamata seejuures Läänemerd ja Maa taluvuspiire. Ökoloogilise taaskasutava põllumajanduse juhend keskendub põllumeeste tegevusele. See on valminud Läänemere-äärsete riikide põllumeeste, nõustajate ja teadlaste koostöös. Juhendiga loodame innustada tavatootjaid ÖTPle üle minema ja toetada mahetootjaid tootmise jätkusuutlikumaks ümberkorraldamisel. Täname kõiki autoreid panuse eest ja Dr. Karin Stein-Bachingeri Saksamaa Leibnizi keskusest koordineerimise eest. Part financed by European Union (European Regional Development Fund and European Regional Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument). Part financed by European Union (European Regional Development Fund and European Regional Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument).

In agricultural systems which rely on organic sources of nitrogen (N), of which the primary source is biological N fixation (BNF), it is extremely important to use N as efficiently as possible with minimal losses to the environment. The amount of N through BNF should be maximised and the availability of the residual N after legumes should be synchronised to the subsequent plant needs in the crop rotation. Six field experiments in three locations in Finland were conducted in 1994-2006 to determine the productivity and amount of BNF in red clover-grass leys of different ages. The residual effects of the leys for subsequent cereals as well as the N leaching risk were studied by field measurements and by simulation using the CoupModel. N use efficiency (NUE) and N balances were also calculated. The yields of red clover-grass leys were highest in the two-year-old leys (6 700 kg ha-1) under study, but the differences between 2- and 3-year old leys were not high in most cases. BNF (90 kg ha-1 in harvested biomass) correlated strongly with red clover dry matter yield, as the proportion of red clover N derived from the atmosphere (> 85%) was high in our conditions of organically farmed field with low soil mineral N. A red clover content of over 40% in dry matter is targeted to avoid negative N-balances and to gain N for the subsequent crop. Surprisingly, the leys had no significant effect on the yields and N uptake of the two subsequent cereals (winter rye or spring wheat, followed by spring oats). On the other hand, yield and C:N of leys, as well as BNF-N and total-N incorporated into the soil influenced on subsequent cereal yields. NUE of cereals from incorporated ley crop residues was rather high, varying from 30% to 80% (mean 48%). The mineral N content of soil in the profile of 0-90 cm was low, mainly 15-30 kg ha-1. Simulation of N dynamics by CoupModel functioned satisfactorily and is considered a useful tool to estimate N flows in cropping systems relying on organic N sources. Understanding the long-term influence of cultivation history and soil properties on N dynamics remains to be a challenge to further research. Luonnonmukaisessa viljelyssä, jossa typen (N) lähteenä käytetään vain biologisen typensidonnan (BNF) kautta saatua orgaaniseen ainekseen sitoutunutta typpeä, on erityisen tärkeää käyttää typpi mahdollisimman tehokkaasti minimoiden hävikit ympäristöön. Tällaisissa viljelytavoissa BNF tulisi maksimoida ja palkokasvien jälkeen maahan jäävän typen saatavuus tulisi sovittaa viljelykierron seuraavien kasvien tarpeisiin sekä ajallisesti että määrällisesti. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin yhteensä kuusi kenttäkoetta kolmella paikkakunnalla Suomessa vuosina 1994 2006. Tavoitteena oli selvittää luonnonmukaisesti viljeltyjen eri-ikäisten säilörehuksi korjattujen puna-apila-heinänurmien sadontuotto ja BNF. Nurmien jälkivaikutusta seuraaville kahdelle viljalle kuten myös typen huuhtoutumisriskiä selvitettiin kenttäkoemittauksilla sekä CoupModel tietokonesimuloinnin avulla. Typenkäytön tehokkuutta (NUE) ja typpitaseita laskettiin myös. Tutkitut puna-apila-heinänurmet tuottivat keskimäärin korkeimmat sadot 2-vuotisina (6 700 kg ha-1), mutta ero 3-vuotisiin nurmiin oli pieni. BNF (90 kg ha-1) korreloi voimakkaasti apilan kuiva-ainesadon kanssa, kun apilan typestä suurin osa (> 85 %) oli peräisin ilmakehästä ja maan liukoisen typen määrä oli alhainen. Nurmiviljelyssä, jossa nurmisato korjataan pois, pitäisi nurmen apilapitoisuuden olla yli 40 % kuiva-aineesta, jotta nurmen typpitase olisi positiivinen ja typpeä jäisi seuraavan kasvin käyttöön. Tutkittujen nurmien peltoon jättämä typen ylijäämä oli pieni, mikä selittänee nurmen alhaista jälkivaikutusta seuraavien viljojen satoon ja typen ottoon. Toisaalta nurmisadot ja niiden C:N, kuten myös nurmesta maahan muokattu typpi- ja BNF -määrä vaikuttivat viljasatoihin. Viljojen NUE oli kohtalaisen korkea, 30 % - 80 % (keskimäärin 48 %), kun se laskettiin nurmien maahan muokatun typen perusteella. Maan liukoisen typen pitoisuus koko maaprofiilissa (0 - 90 cm) oli matala, pääosin 15 - 30 kg ha-1. Tietokonesimulointi CoupModel -ohjelmalla onnistui kohtalaisen hyvin ja se vaikuttaakin lupaavalta jatkokehittelyyn käytettäväksi luomuviljelyssä. Lisätutkimusta tarvitaan selvittämään viljelyhistorian ja maaperätekijöiden vaikutusta luomutuotannon typpitalouteen koko viljelykierrossa.

The results of the study show that production of fertilizers is the biggest factor in the rye production chain. Therefore organic rye tillage is not as intensive in energy usage as conventional practices. The energy consumed for transportation does not play a big role in total energy consumption of rye consumed in Helsinki.

The project aims at improving the quality of composts made of municipal biowaste and sewage sludge and at developing the quality control of composts. The most important objective is to study and verify the effects of the use of biowaste and sewage sludge composts in plant production under Finnish conditions.

The subject of this paper is the integration of food production and processing, distribution, and consumption on local markets in rural areas. We approach this integration from the point of view of an alternative food supply chain, a local food system as an example. The data were gathered through semistructured interviews with 12 entrepreneurs and 9 representatives of institutional food service units and restaurants in Eastern Finland.

Nutrient balances are used as a measure of nutrient utilization. It is, however, difficult to compare the nutrient utilization between farms, especially if their production systems are different. New analytical tools and methods of interpreting nutrient utilization based on nutrient balances are introduced.

In the beginning of the 1990's, spelt cultivation in Finland was rather unknown. First cultivation experiments at the organic research farm of MTT/Agricultural Engineering Research (Vakola) were done in co-operation with some farmers since 1993. Many farmers showed interest in cultivating spelt because of curiosity about crops suitable for organic farming, competition leadership by marketing new niche products, and consumers demand for healthy and high quality food produced pro-environmentally. Constraints like lack of certified organic seeds, missing national legislation for propagation of spelt seeds, unsuitable drilling machines, inappropriate dehusking machinery, and lack of marketing infrastructure are compensated by a wide product range made of spelt: whole grains, flours, break flour, flakes, semolina, and green kernel (made of yellow ripe spelt dried with smoke of beech wood). Spelt husk is used to fill mattresses and cushions or as litter. Cultivation of spelt and marketing of spelt products in Finland showed that this versatile cereal created new initiatives amongst farmers, processors, traders, and consumers. Consequently, farmers, millers and retailers established processing sites, arranged local marketing of spelt products in healthy food shops, schools, and kindergartens, participated in exhibitions and organised seminars. The "new" crop also rises questions concerning legislation, research, nutrition, and health. There is a strong need for research in nutritional and allergy issues. The most important challenge for the future will be to find new ways learning co-operation between all members the food chain. This concerns the development of common strategies for production, processing, marketing, and research in the sense of brotherliness in economic life. Spelt offers ideal opportunity to train the required faculty and social capacity of farmers, processors, traders, and consumers.