Search

Three liquid-based solar heating systems employing different types of solar collectors were tested side by side near Chicago, Illinois for one year. The three different types of collectors were: (1) a flat plate collector with a black-chrome coated absorber plate and one low-iron glass cover; (2) an evacuated-tube compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with a concentration ratio of 1.1, oriented with tubes and troughs along a north-south axis; and (3) an evacuated-tube CPC collector with a concentration ratio of 1.3 and one low-iron glass cover, with tubes and troughs oriented along an east-west axis. Results indicate that the flat plate collector system was the most efficient during warm weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, and the CPC systems operated under conditions too adverse for the flat plate collector. The computer simulation model ANSIM was validated by means of the side-by-side tests. The model uses analytical solutions to the storage energy balance. ANSIM is compared with the general simulation TRNSYS.

A novel design of a solar collector, having absorbing and reflecting surfaces under the glass cover, has been developed. The required inclination is given to finned tubes, instead of the collector body and hence the reflecting collector can be installed nearly horizontally. Because of larger heat input, the performance of the reflecting collector is quite higher than a similar flat plate collector of the same absorbing surface. Design details and performance are presented.

The slowing of deleterious reactions through temperature reduction has long been recognized as an effective way of prolonging the storage of biological material. Storing whole blood at 4°C has extended its useful lifetime to 21 days. However, variations of supply and demand, particularly among the rare types, is such that even this extension in storage time is insufficient to prevent substantial loss of banked blood through outdating. Statistics gathered by the National Blood Council for the year 1956l’ indicate that of approximately 4.5 million units of blood drawn that year, only about 2.5 million were actually transfused, a large proportion presumably having been lost through outdating. Unfortunately, an additional extension of storage time through further reduction in temperature is not possible since the freezing of a red cell suspension to temperatures below -3°C results in the crystallization of sufficient water to cause virtually complete hemolysis. The first indication that this might not necessarily be an inevitable event was suggested by a report of Luyet in 1949” to the effect that a thin layer of red cells, sandwiched between two glass cover slips, frozen rapidly by immersion in liquid nitrogen and thawed rapidly in warm saline, showed the recovery of intact erythrocytes. The observation was not pursued further at the time.

THE ability of materials in the form of a film to induce sarcomas at the site of implantation was first shown by Turner in 19411 when he implanted disks of ‘Bakelite’ subcutaneously in rats. Oppenheimer and his associates re-discovered this phenomenon in 19482. Later, they extended their work to show that the same applied to mice and that many different kinds of plastic film, metal foils, and glass cover slips were capable of inducing sarcomas3,4. Few tumours developed when the same materials were implanted in the form of powders, granules, or sponges3.

A method of retaining bacterial cells in place on glass cover slips or on electron microscope films for cytochemical tests was described. The method consisted basically of applying a film of "formvar" over the cells on cover slips or on electron microscope object-supporting screens. The "formvar" film did not interfere with many stains and cytochemical tests, nor with the use of enzymes.

A simple radiometric procedure for study of acid-insoluble products synthesized in monolayer cell cultures is described. Cell cultures were produced directly on the bottom surface of scintillation vials or on glass cover slips (8 X 30 mm). The cells were labeled and extracted; the radioactivity was determined while the cells remained affixed to the glass surface upon which they were grown. This procedure enabled rapid investigations of certain biosynthetic processes to be carried out by using many individual cell cultures. The method was applied to an investigation of 3 H-thymidine incorporation induced by vaccinia virus in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant cell line. 14 C-labeling was evaluated as an alternate procedure for cell quantitation.

We report the use of a microfabricated post array with supporting pillars to apply direct mechanical force to initiate and elongate multiple neurites from chick forebrain neurons in vitro. The micropost array was, placed on top of the cell culture on a glass cover slip; a gap of 3-5 /spl mu/m was achieved between the tips of the posts and the cell culture surface substrate due to the differential height of the posts and the supporting pillars. After allowing /spl sim/1.5 hours for the cells to adhere to the posts, the post array was moved laterally with respect to the substrate and cells at a constant velocity of 36 /spl mu/m/hr. Several neurite-like cytoplasmic processes initiated from cells that had formed adhesion to the posts, and these neurites elongated in response to further translation. This is the first report of the use of a microfabricated device to simultaneously apply mechanical force to multiple neurons to elicit and elongate neurites. We envision that this technique will enable the construction of living neural networks having defined connectivity.

Results on the creep-induced anisotropy in CoFeSiB amorphous glass-covered wires with nearly zero magnetostriction and in such wires after glass removal are reported for the first time. The particular characteristics of such magnetic materials determine particular aspects of this anisotropy induced by stress-annealing. For the experimental investigation of the creep-induced anisotropy we used for the first time magneto-impedance-based measurements. Stress-annealed wires after glass removal behave similar to conventional in-rotating-water quenched amorphous wires with the same composition. The glass-covered wires display a specific behavior originating in the presence of the glass cover.

In this paper a FPSC with TIM and an overheating protection system is investigated numerically and experimentally. The studied collector has been manufactured using a process similar to that of the conventional FPSC but by inserting a honeycomb TIM glued under the glass cover. The designed overheating protection system consists of a ventilation channel inserted between the absorber and the back insulation and has a thermally actuated door which opens when it reaches a specific temperature and remains closed otherwise. This system is designed to protect the collector when reaching stagnation conditions while preserving good performances during normal operations.

Sludge, which is produced as a by-product of all treatment processes, has considerable potential as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Many authorities now discharge the sludge after treatment directly to agricultural land in liquid form, while some others dewater and dry it first. In either case, with proper marketing, it is generally possible for an authority to earn revenue by this means, although it is rare for the income to cover all the cost involved. In some industrial sludge the total solid concentration may range between 2000-100000 ppm and it is reported that more than 6000 waste water treatment plants use the conventional sludge drying sand bed. An experimental investigation was carried out to assess the efficacy of solar energy for drying of sludge from pharmaceutical industrial waste over a sand bed covered with glass as compared to the conventional sludge drying over a sand bed as well as to reduce environmental pollution The two drying beds are constructed in 12 cm thick brick wall with cement mortar and has an effective area of 0.5 m (2). On the 0.4 m thick layer of gravel and send the sludge layer from pharmaceutical industry was deposited. The Solar Sludge Drying Sand Bed (SSDSB) reduced drying time by about 25-35% as compared to the Conventional Sludge Drying Sand Bend (CSDSB). The rate of evaporation from the sludge surface and hence the drying was a function of solar radiation. The condensed evaporated water was qualitatively analyzed for probable reuse.

A straightforward transient analysis of a double basin solar still has been presented, incorporating the effect of water flow over the glass cover and flow of hot water in the lower basin by a flat plate collector. It is concluded that, for higher daily yield, the collector should be disconnected from the still during off-sunshine hours.

Silanization of supporting glass plates avoiding fixation of polyacrylamide gels to glass cover plates

ably influenced by the size as well as the number of mature nematodes. The number of mature worms in 9-year-old fish from Burchell Lake was almost 7 times higher than in similarly aged fish in Greenwater Lake (Black and Lankester, 1981, loc. cit.). In comparison, fish from Burchell Lake had only twice as many swimbladder lesions. The larger size of worms in fish from Greenwater Lake may have contributed to the comparatively high number of lesions in the lake trout from this lake. The cause of the lesions is unknown. Worms do not attach to the wall of the swimbladder nor is there any difference in the morphology of the anterior end between fourthand fifth-stage nematodes (Black and Lankester, 1980, Can. J. Zool. 58: 1997-2005) which would suggest a difly influenced by the size as w ll as the number ference in feeding habits between juvenile and adult worms. Lankester and Smith (1980, Can. J. Zool. 58: 1298-1305) reported that a tangled ma s of C. farionis Fischer, 1798 was invariably associated with lesions in the swimbladder of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. These observations suggest that swimbladder lesions may develop as a result of chronic mechanical irritation caused by mature worms congregating, possibly to mate. Drs. R. C. Anderson and M. W. Lankester provided valuable comments on the manuscript. The work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through operating grants to RCA and MWL and an NSERC Post-graduate Scholarship to GAB.

All basin solar still in general use under the askew glass cover as condensation media toplace the condensate flows toward the lower sections with use gravitation. It is known thatwhen condensation occurs release considerable heat energy to environment. Solve thisproblem, in this research is to minimize the loss of substantial energy, utilizing the heat fromthe solar collector. Heat is supplied to the bottom of the heat absorber and heat exchanger.Research methods is experiment. In this research is examine both the prototype, that is basinsolar still with solar collector and basin solar still without solar collector. The measuredparameter is temperature button section heat absorber, outside heat absorber, buttonsection of glass cover, condensate water, environment, solar collector, heat exchanger andsoar radiation.In this result temperature average at button section heat absorber is 47,03oC for prototypewith solar collector and without solar collector is 45,25oC. Solar radiation average is 304,11W/m2. Efficiency both prototype is 29,45% with solar collector and 19,86% without solarcollector. By comparing efficiency two prototype is concluded that the Solar Collector aspreheater water and additional heating of water under heat absorber 67.45% better than thatwithout using Solar Collector.

The cage used in the early observation was a gallon salad dressing jar with cheese cloth over the top held in place with rubber bands. Moistened sand was placed on the bottom of the cage to a depth of half an inch. A limb from a tree about an inch in diameter was placed diagonally from the bottom on one side to the top on the opposite side of the jar. The tree frogs usually came to rest on this limb. Later a glass cage 16 x 10 x 12 inches, with a glass cover was used. This contained a small pan of water at one end with soil over the remaining portion of the bottom to the level of the top rim of the water pan. Low spreading plants growing over the soil served no useful purpose, other than appearance. The frogs did well in either cage, but always seemed restless for a few days when placed in a new environment.

The overwintering eggs were obtained September 5-23 from four wild specimens collected at Ithaca, New York. The mosquitoes were confined individually, for oviposition, in small jars in the laboratory. The eggs of each batch were removed from the jar within 24 hours and placed out-of-doors on the roof of a low north wing, and thus were protected from direct sunlight while exposed to out-of-door temperature. They were left there until spring. Both small enameled cups and Syracuse watch glasses were used as containers, each one being covered with a glass cover to retard evaporation. They were all placed under a small glass aquarium as protection against wind, snow and rain. The eggs were placed on water in the containers and confined within waxed paper rings which floated on the surface. The temperature data given are air temperatures which have been secured from the records of the U. S. Weather Bureau Station at Ithaca, which is about 100 yards distant.

This pocket case contains a number of clinical diagnostic aids that are often required in an emergency and are not as a rule carried in the physician's bag. The delay and inconvenience caused when I have been compelled to return to the office for some of these articles led me to design and make this compact case, which fits into my bag and is always at hand when needed. Its convenience and usefulness has been demonstrated many times, and I feel that it merits this description. The case, of German silver, is hinged on one side and opens into two halves. It measures 10 by 15 by 3 cm. and weighs, with its contents, about 425 Gm. It contains the pipets for making blood counts; glass cover slips for blood smears; glass slides for blood or pus smears; a blood agar slant with sterile swab; a sterile test tube for

The paucity of solar radiation data is chiefly due to the lack of simple and portable instruments for direct readings. To fill this lack, there is described, under the name of “Solarimeter,” a combination of a thermopile (modified Moll type), closed hermetically, under a hemispherical glass cover, and directly combined with an electrical measuring apparatus of a simple millivoltmeter-type. A system of two contact screws makes it easy to employ the solarimeter either for sun and sky observations on a horizontal surface or for pyrheliometric readings at normal incidence. For the latter a small pyrheliometric tube on a special holder is connected with the solarimeter box. All these new constructions should be considered as secondary instruments, which necessitate comparisons with normal pyrheliometers.Directions for using and testing the solarimeter are given, in which is emphasized the employment of a solar screen for determining the sky radiation by Doctor Kimball’s method.A recording solarimeter (solarigraph) is also briefly discussed and the importance of sun and sky radiation measurements emphasized not only for meteorological stations, but also for agriculturists, botanists, for aviation (transparency of the atmosphere), and finally for photographic and medical purposes, by using violet and ultraviolet filters.

In 1947, Rebuck1devised a simple technique for the study of inflammation. After abrasion of the skin, a sterile glass cover slip is applied and allowed to remain in contact with the skin for a variable period of time. The cover slips are removed at intervals throughout a 24-hour period, fixed to a glass slide with clarite or balsam, and stained with Wright-Giemsa. With this technique, one is able to follow the orderly progression of events at the inflammatory site. In normal persons, a highly reproducible sequence of events is observed. Initially, typical polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate. In the four-six-hour sampling lymphocytes or small mononuclear cells appear in the exudate, and in subsequent samples they are present in increasing numbers. The mononuclear cells appear to develop into hematogenous macrophages between the 8- and 14-hour stages. In the 18- to 24-hour stages, the mononuclear macrophages display increases in cytoplasmic nuclear ratio

A SOMEWHAT curious state of affairs has recently been brought to light in this Laboratory in connexion with a Unipivot galvo-millivoltmeter. The needle of this instrument, which is used in the determination of pH. values by the electrometer valve glass electrode method, was found to behave erratically in respect of reproducing its maximum position. On closer examination it was found that, particularly in the case of certain individual operators, rubbing the glass cover of the instrument with the finger, or even strong finger pressure, produced deflection of the needle sometimes sufficiently violent to lift it from its suspension. Return of the needle, though not exactly to its former position, could usually be effected by tapping the glass.