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概観 I 一般テーマ「裁判所のヒューマニズム化」 : 特別テーマ「控訴裁判手続」 II ドイツ法による民事事件における控訴についての基礎報告 1 控訴という上訴とZPOの権利救済制度 2 上級審による上訴としての、又、審級序列、民事裁判権の機構としての控訴 3 控訴手続の実践的意味について III 控訴(あるいは上訴)の定義・公認・課題 1 上訴の基礎と可能な上訴の理由づけ 2 上訴の目的設定 3 上訴請求権の憲法上の上訴の保証 IV 控訴(あるいは上訴)形式上の制限と非形式の制限(Restriktion) 1 法律上の制限 2 事実上の制限 V 控訴手続きの訴訟上の機能・構造・個別的形態について VI 要約と予測, 資料

一 ドイツの消費者法における今日の状況について 二 新しい民法上の消費者保護法と立法の試み 三 特別私法たる消費者法と一般私法たる民法との関係について, 論説

Like many other small languages in Europe, Luxembourgish is embedded in a specific multilingual situation, which is leading to intricate patterns of language variation. While language contact - here: with German and French - is clearly one of the main factors in language variation, Luxembourgish is furthermore characterized by regional variation within the country and internal changes, both related to the mainly spoken status of Luxembourgish and ongoing language standardization. In order to address language variation from a broad perspective, in this article a crowd-sourcing approach for data collection and several case studies for linguistic variables are going to be presented. For data collection a novel smartphone application has been developed which allows to elicit variable linguistic phenomena in a coherent way and which is at the same time easy to use for the participants. This technique allowed to collect audio speech data for over 3700 speakers, which permits to analyze variation on the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical level on a hitherto unachieved quantitative level. The aims of this long-term project are thus to document spoken Luxembourgish and its variation and to develop a new kind of linguistic atlas, in which variation is not only illustrated as a geographical phenomenon but further correlated with several social and demographic factors. Data analyses will then provide a comprehensive picture of language variation and general trends in Luxembourgish.

The mobile app Schnëssen is intended to establish a state-of-the-art digital platform to collect data on the present-day language situation of Luxembourgish by means of crowd-sourcing and to document and present results to a broader public. Users can participate in a large set of audio recordings tasks and in sociolinguistic surveys. By presenting all audio recordings via an interactive map, participants can explore the language variation of their language. In the first year of data collection, around 210.000 recordings could be collected for numerous variation phenomena from all linguistic levels and over 2800 sociolinguistic questionnaires have been filled out. The app allowed us to compile thus the largest systematic spoken language corpus of Luxembourgish.

Sentiment is all around us in everyday life. It can be found in blog posts, social media comments, text messages and many other places where people express themselves. Sentiment analysis is the task of automatically detecting those sentiments, attitudes or opinions in written text. In this research, the first sentiment analysis solution for the low-resource language, Luxembourgish, is conducted using a large corpus of user comments published on the RTL Luxembourg website www.rtl.lu. Various resources were created for this purpose to set the foundation for further sentiment research in Luxembourgish. A Luxembourgish sentiment lexicon and an annotation tool were built as external resources that can be used for collecting and enlarging training data for sentiment analysis tasks. Additionally, a corpus of mainly sentences of user comments was annotated with negative, neutral and positive labels. This corpus was furthermore automatically translated to English and German. Afterwards, diverse text representations such as word2vec, tf-idf and one-hot encoding were used on the three versions of the corpus of labeled sentences for training different machine learning models. Furthermore, one part of the experimental setup leveraged linguistic features for the classification process in order to study their impact on sentiment expressions. By following such a broad strategy, this thesis not only sets the basis for sentiment analysis with Luxembourgish texts but also intends to give recommendations for conducting sentiment detection research for other low-resource languages. It is demonstrated that creating new resources for a low-resource language is an intensive task and should be carefully planned in order to outperform working with translations where the target language is a high-resource language such as English and German.

This thesis is part of a descriptive work in acoustic phonetics, with the aim of studying the productions of Luxembourgish vowels in native and non-native speech. Its objective is to conciliate the variation of Luxembourgish, mainly a spoken language, composed of many regional varieties, evolving in a multilingual context, and the learning of Luxembourgish as a foreign language in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. As we assume the fact that language acquisition implies knowledge of sound contrast in speech, we investigate the productions of speakers whose mother tongues have different features than Luxembourgish, such as French, to see whether if the contrast are reproduced in non-native speech. Productions of French speakers are compared to those of native speakers from the region around the capital city of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, whose variety serves as a reference to the teaching of Luxembourgish as a foreign language. The purpose of the study is the following : - to extend the descriptions on the acoustic properties of vowels produced in a regional variety of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, - to highlight the specific difficulties of productions by French learners of Luxembourgish, - to interpret the results regarding the teaching of Luxembourgish as a foreign language. Fieldwork and the creation of a corpus through recordings of 10 Luxembourg speakers and 10 French speakers are an important part of the empirical work. We obtained a corpus of 12 hours and a half of spoken and spontaneous speech, including native speech and not native of Luxembourgish and also native speech of French. This corpus represents a first corpus containing native and non-native speech of Luxembourgish and enables to conduct different comparative studies. In our thesis, we did comparative analyses of the data in read speech. The methodology we used made it possible to compare data of native and non-native speech and also data of the L1 and L2 of French speakers. The results gave information about native and non-native productions of vowels. They showed that, on the one hand, vowel productions vary among speakers, even if these speak the same regional variety and, on the other hand, French speakers who learn Luxembourgish at B1/B2 level have difficulties producing contrasts in Luxembourgish. This concerns: - the quantity of the long vowels [iː], [eː], [aː], [oː], [uː] and short vowels [i], [e], [ɑ], [ɔ]. [u], - the quality of the long vowel [aː] and the two short vowels [æ] and [ɑ], - the quality of the beginning of the diphthongs [æi], [æu], [ɑi], [ɑu]. These results as well as thorough descriptions of the vowels in native speech, extend knowledge not only of Luxembourgish, but also of the variety which serves as the reference for Luxembourgish as a foreign language. In addition, they open up prospects for studying Luxembourgish by problematizing the introduction of rules for this type of education, despite the absence of language instruction in schools and the evolution of regional varieties in a concentrated geographical area.

In this work, the composite semiotics of interactional repair is analysed across n=409 tokens of different repair types in French and Italian TV debates. Three methodologies are merged to understand if variables correlate on the contextualisation of repair and how. Talk in interaction is transcribed and analysed following conversation analytic methods (Sacks et al., 1974). Acoustic analysis is run to detect average means, minimum and maximum pitches movements (Boersma and Weenink, 2014). Facial action units of the upper face are transcribed following the FACS methodology (Ekman and Friesen, 1983 and Ekman et al., 2002). In the datasets sampled, both French and Italian speakers produce AU 1+2 more often than other movements. The duration of facial action units is also considered. Action units (AU) below 500 ms and above 500 ms are distinguished. According to previous literature (Ekman, 1969), movements below 500 ms are involuntary. Data show that both in French and Italian, AUs are more frequently shorter than 500 ms on speech errors, cut offs, and edits and more frequently longer than 500 ms on recyclings and replacements. The movements preceding and following the AU in analysis are also analysed. When AUs at AU-1 and AU+1 differ in configuration or drastically in intensity with respect to the AU in analysis, the AU is said to be in prosodic break with respect to its surroundings thus a cue to the contextualisation of the action it accompanies usually a repair (or an increment repair). In n=409 instances of repair analysed, n=174 AUs in analysis are in prosodic break with both AU-1 and AU+1, and in half of these instances a maximal pitch accent correlates too.

Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2015 Im Fokus der Studie steht die Analyse der medialen und sprachvariativen Möglichkeitsräume der luxemburgischen Facebook‐Kommunikation in den neuartigen Alltagsroutinen der Pinnwandgespräche. Die medialen Kommunikationsbedingungen der Pinnwandgespräche (1. Teil der empirischen Studie) charakterisieren die außersprachlichen Gegebenheiten bzw. die kommunikativen Grundvoraussetzungen, die die Versprachlichungsstrategien steuern (2. Teil der empirischen Studie). Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die zunehmende Verwischung der Grenzen von Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit in der digitalen Kommunikation bzw. das eingegrenzte konzeptionelle Kontinuum fürs Luxemburgische, deren Ausprägungen als hybride Oraliteralitätsmerkmale interpretiert werden. Zur Untersuchung der eingesetzten Ressourcen der Facebook‐Nutzer wird ein repertoireorientierter Ansatz verwendet, der es ermöglicht, die Sprachdaten auf unterschiedlichen linguistischen Ebenen zu untersuchen. Sämtliche medialen und sprachlichen Erscheinungsformen dieser oraliteralen Prozesse werden als Möglichkeitsräume interpretiert (in einem Kontinuum von Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit). Umrahmt werden die Pinnwandgespräche von dem kommunikativen Ausgangspunkt, dass jegliche Form von Interaktion vor einem mitlesenden und kommentierenden Publikum erfolgt.

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This article discusses the standardisation of Dutch in Flanders and the media efforts made in this respect.