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Tourism is the third largest generator of jobs and investment industry after oil and automotive industries. Tourism industry is among new domains which is being supported through the body of intellectual property rights in terms of literary and artistic property as well as industrial property. Nowadays, various issues relating to intellectual property in the tourism industry can develop this sector and attract more tourists. Therefore, considering these issues as traditional cultural expression (folklore), architecture works, geographical indications and trademarks has been very common and popular. Like other industries, tourism has related goods and services. It also has a lot of major and various factors influencing this industry. These factors might be based on attractiveness and competitiveness. (Such as brands tourist destinations). This paper attempts to answer these questions: What is the role of intellectual property rights in protection and competitiveness of the tourism industry? Can this legal regime provide opportunities and adequate protection measures to increase productivity and fair competition for stakeholders in the industry? To answer these questions, this article analyses the capacities of the existing intellectual property system in the framework of folklore, architecture works, geographical indication, and collective marks in order to protecting artistic and cultural tourism, agricultural (rural) tourism and health tourism as well as development of tourism destination brand.

Origin labels, more specifically Geographical Indications (GIs), allow organised producers to define quality standards and defend their food products’ reputation while highlighting their geographical origin and value to consumers. Café de Colombia was the first non-European food product registered as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) under EU legislation (510/2006, followed by 1151/2012). This paper aims to identify the dynamics of collective efforts and the rules of the game developed by coffee growers to protect the collective intellectual property right. Our guiding research questions are: i) to what extent can the Ostrom’s design principles explain effective collective action for GI registration and implementation? and ii) can collective action for GIs re-shape relations between supply chain actors and support producers in gaining control over origin products? We collected data using semi-structured interviews and document analysis, which we then processed in a qualitative text analysis. Results show that the principles are very helpful for understanding the internal collective action of coffee growers and also clearly show the challenges in the interaction with industrial coffee processors (e.g. international roasters, brand owners). A pure focus on the producers’ collective action for establishing and managing the origin protection does not give a full picture, since green coffee beans are roasted and commercialised abroad. The GI has already re-shaped the relationships along the supply chains, as international roasters sign the producers’ rules governing the PGI use. The commercial GI impact however, will depend on consumers’ willingness to appreciate and pay extra for high quality origin coffee as well as the readiness of international roasters or brand owners to emphasise on origin coffee, in addition to their brands of blended coffee.

The possible application of a simple analytical method based on a UV (ultraviolet) spectral dataset coupled with SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogy) for authentication of Indonesian specialty ground roasted coffee with different botanical and geographical indications (GIs) was demonstrated. Three types of Indonesian specialty ground roasted coffee were used: GIs arabica coffee from Gayo Aceh (96 samples), GIs liberica coffee from Meranti-Riau (119 samples), and GIs robusta coffee from Lampung (150 samples) with 1 g weight of each sample. All samples were extracted using hot distilled water and 3 mL aqueous filtered samples were pipetted into a 10 mm quartz cell. Original UV spectral datasets were recorded in the range of 190-399 nm. The pre-processed spectral dataset was generated using three simultaneous different preprocessing techniques: moving average smoothing with 11 segments, standard normal variate (SNV), and Savitzky-Golay (SG) first derivative with window size and polynomial order value of 11 and 2. The supervised classification based on the SIMCA method was applied for preprocessed selected spectral data (250-399 nm). The PCA data showed that GIs coffee with different botanical and geographical indications can be well separated. The SIMCA classification was accepted with 100 % of correct classification (100 % CC). This dataset demonstrated the potential use of UV spectroscopy with chemometrics to perform simple and affordable authentication of Indonesian specialty ground roasted coffee with different botanical and geographical indications (GIs)., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The fate of protection of geographical indications (GIs) within the UK after it leaves the EU has been a subject of controversial discussion within the Brexit discussions. The EU has implemented a high level of protection of its GIs and is pursuing their protection in its free trade agreements. The type of Brexit finally adopted, if actually implemented, will heavily prescribe the future protection of GIs in the UK. This paper will trace the available options open to the UK with respect to its future arrangements for protecting GIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The world's first GIs were in the wine sector and delineated the 'terroirs' of Burgundy, Port, Chianti and Champagne. • Trade was important in the creation of all 'terroirs' but through different mechanisms. • Later adjustments in the GIs were caused by changes in political power, economic philosophy and infrastructure. • Economic (efficiency) and political (redistributive) elements interacted in the delineation of GIs. Abstract The world's first geographical indications (GIs) were in the wine sector and focused on the delineation of the location of production, the ' terroirs ': the Burgundy wines in the fifteenth century, the Port wines and Chianti wines in the eighteenth century, and the Champagne wines in the early twentieth century. We analyze the causes for the introduction of these GIs (' terroirs ') and for changes in their delineation (expansion) later on. Trade played a very important role in the creation of the ' terroir s' but the mechanisms through which trade stimulated GIs varied. For the Port and Chianti GIs it was exports to foreign markets (Britain) that were crucial; for Burgundy it was domestic trade to Paris; and for the Champagne GI it was not exports but pressure from wine imports and new wine regions that played a crucial role. For the expansions of the GIs later in history, other factors seem to have been more important. Expansions of the GIs in the years and centuries after their introduction followed (1) major changes in political power; (2) the spread of a new philosophy in liberal and free markets across Europe; (3) and infrastructure investments which opened up markets and made exports cheaper from "new" producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article intends to examine the diversity of intangible cultural heritage of Alagoas, as a resource for the promotion of territorial development. In order to do so, the objective is to make a survey of the records of intangible heritage of the state, as well as possible geographical indications and verify the potential of such cultural references become sources of dynamism. The research is qualitative, descriptive and analytical and employs the instruments of bibliographic review, documentary research and individual interview. It was verified that, despite the recognition of the richness and diversity of the cultural heritage of Alagoas, much still needs to be done in the sense of valuing and transforming these resources into assets for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since geographical indications are set out in the TRIPs Agreement, Indonesia, as a member of the WTO, has established a regulation on geographical indications in its national law. The geographical indications regulation was first stipulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 14 of 1997 concerning Trademarks. After several changes, the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications superseded the previous trademark law. The title of this statute separates the terms trademark and geographical indications; however, is this division correct? This paper examines the normative provisions on geographical indications in that statute and examines the practice of registering geographical indications products originating from Lampung Province. The results show the new Indonesian trademark law has few changes, geographical indications are still associated with trademark registrations and registering geographical indications is a long and complicated process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US way of protecting geographical indications (GIs) as collective or certification marks and the European way of treating GIs as sui generis intellectual property rights represent practices that could make a country's legislation conform to the TRIPS Agreement. However, the US trademark system and the European sui generis system are common knowledge, whereas the trademark regime in Europe and other countries with similar sui generis systems is less well known. This article shows how the different trademark systems, more specifically the systems of collective and certification marks, can be "designed" and thus shows the different roles that they will have in GI protection. This article has chosen to compare Europe and China because they both have developed the sui generis GI regime but have adopted contrasting approaches to an alternative tool, the trademark regime. Europe confines trademark use to a complementary purpose, which is reflected in the EU trademark reform of 2015 and the European Court of Justice case law. China is adapting the system to meet the needs of GI protection that the European trademark law is unwilling to cater to. A discussion of different ways of "designing" trademark systems will shed light on their multifaceted role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, as the title suggests, explores TRIPS compatibility of Bangladeshi legal regime on geographical indications along with its challenges and potential impacts. The global transformation of IPRs regime, as significantly developed by TRIPS Agreement, was and still is not a pleasant journey for many countries in general and for the least developed countries (LDCs) in particular. Arguably, the developing nations and LDCs were not able to negotiate their interests adequately in the drafting process of TRIPS. However, TRIPS is a global reality now and WTO members are inherently under an obligation to replicate TRIPS principles and guidelines in their domestic legal regimes. Bangladesh, as a member of WTO, has started to redesign its legal frameworks to be among the TRIPS compliant countries. In this process of transformation, sui generis Legislation along with a Rule for the protection of geographical indications has been enacted by Bangladesh. This paper sheds light on the two key issues—TRIPS compatibility of Bangladeshi GI legal regime and unexplored challenges of geographical indications of Bangladesh. Placing the TRIPS as the guiding document, this paper compares the Geographical Indication Law of Bangladesh and provides some critical observations in appropriate cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feretiko (Rize Fabric) has still been woven locally in Rize which is located in region of Black Sea. Feretiko is a kind of cloth which are woven on hand looms. Feretiko belongs to culture of Rize and it is known as "Rize Cloth" due to woven in region. Today, Rize Cloth (Feretiko) weaving, are shown considerable interest in Rize. Thanks to Geographical Indications this interests getting higher. Culture and handcrafts goes together, they improve and identity eachother. Today, Rize Fabric (Feretiko) weaving shows the cultural aspect of Rize province. In this research, Rize Cloth (Feretiko) weaving has been examined. In this respect, Feretiko's cultural side, importance of Geographical Indication, connection between handcraft and culture, present state, used motifs of the woven fabrics, composition and chracteristic of handling have been indentified by photos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to understand the global importance of foods with Geographical Indications (GIs), it is essential to get an overview of the market size for such products. In spite of the relative importance of GI policy in EU trade agreements, there are only very limited data available on the actual market size for GI labelled products. Against this background this paper collects all the available data that provides estimates of the market size for GI foods, analysing the available datasets and reports of the European Commission and conducting a systematic literature review on the academic papers related to this topic. Based on the results we can underline the high level of concentration of GI products in terms of origin and product category. The most important GI market is the domestic market of the European Union even though the share of GI production is only a minor part of total agri-food output. On the other hand, GI products with both significant market size (domestic and export) and remarkable market share also exist, but these are a small set of all registered GI products and are concentrated in only a few countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical Indication (GI) is a relevant strategy for firms and for the development of a territory. Aiming at understanding the coordination among social actors within the territory of the Norte Pioneiro do Paraná, this research demonstrated that the GI contributes to development as it encourages joining efforts to develop the territory, valuing coffee production, accessing segmented markets and collective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical Indications are the Intellectual Property Rights' system protecting a sign attached to a good or service indicating its geographical origin. A Geographical Indication is the only conventional intellectual property subject matter where the right holder is an entire community rather than an individual. The communal nature of rights to community property such as genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions makes obtaining protection difficult under conventional intellectual property regimes where rights holders are conventionally individuals. This article considers Geographical Indications as a promising legal option and responds to the need for pragmatic legal means by which Indonesian products embodying genetic resources, traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expressions may enjoy protection within Indonesia's current Intellectual Property System. The main questions posed include the following: does the Geographical Indication Protection System in Indonesian Law Number 20 of the Year 2016 sufficiently protect all products deriving from or associated with genetic resources, traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expressions? How should this system be positioned relative to other pertinent Laws and regulations dealing with the same matter(s)? Should another Law or regulation be added or considered in order to strengthen protection? This article aims to provide answers by analysing results from literature and empirical studies. Data from literature studies were obtained from primary and secondary legal resources, in particular from Laws and implementing regulations, as well as various published research on protected products. Data from empirical studies consists of qualitative data gathered through direct observations and non-structured interviews. Results of these studies demonstrate Geographical Indication systems can be used to protect some but not all products associated with or derived from genetic resources, traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expression. Geographical Indication protection should therefore be exercised in addition to other Laws and implementing regulations specializing in safeguarding and protecting genetic resources, traditional knowledge and/or traditional cultural expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at the analysis of the public tools for promotion and information implemented by all the Italian Regions to develop the local Economy of Taste. The Economy of Taste is made up of foodstuffs and drinks characterized by European and national quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs i.e. designations of origin and geographical indications (GIs) and traditional agri-food production (Italian national rules). All the managers for the promotion of the Departments of Agriculture of the twenty Italian Regions were involved, through semistructured interviews, at two different time frames. The activities allowed for the grouping of the development tools into two food assets: "Food Quality Systems" i.e. important tools for the dissemination of information and promotion of products, ensuring high quality standards and guaranteeing visibility for consumers, which involves company accredited certification, and "Other promotional tools" i.e. such as quality systems that either still to be implemented, or have already been implemented without any company accredited certification. The results evidenced the proliferation of enhancement of promotion tools for quality foodstuff, which, although can be useful, both for the transfer of information and for their diffusion in commercial terms, it may also can disorient and confuse the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications (GIs) are a 25 years old European policy instrument and one objective of GIs is to foster rural development. In this respect, very few studies have quantitatively investigated to what extent this policy is effective. In fact, the literature is mainly focused on specific GIs, examined through case studies, in an attempt to identify which factors are responsible for the success or failure of specific initiatives. By contrast, the aim of the present study is to quantify the impact of such policy instrument on a single indicator of rural development: the agricultural value added. To assess the impact we firstly built an index measuring the number of GI schemes implemented at the NUTS3 level in the Italian regions. Then, following a difference-in-difference evaluation strategy and relying on an explicit theoretical model, a fixed effect estimator was implemented. The choice of the model, as well as the variables considered, was specified using a directed acyclic graph. The results show that an overall positive effect of GI protection on agricultural value added was identified in Italy, thus providing evidence of a positive impact of the European policy on rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inonu University Law Review / İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Inonu University Law Review (IULR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The EU regulations on geographical indications for wines establish a scheme that provides GI-like protection for an assortment of non-geographical words, phrases and initials known as 'traditional terms'. These terms may only be used with wines with a GI according to specified conditions and they constitute an absolute ground for refusal of a trade mark application. The European Union has shown flexibility in allowing identical terms to be used with different wines from different EU member states and from third countries that conclude a bilateral wine agreement, but it has ceased to consider applications for recognition of the same terms from other countries. The EU scheme is inconsistent with WTO obligations, not in TRIPS but rather in the TBT Agreement and GATT 1994, because it is discriminatory and administered in an unreasonable manner, and it may also create an unnecessary obstacle to trade. The United Kingdom may decide to abandon this scheme after Brexit [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Geographical Indications (GIs) are a form of collective intellectual property through which, it is anticipated, producers can capture the place-related value embodied within a product. As such, they are often promoted as a development initiative for lagging rural communities to improve livelihoods and alleviate poverty. This article applies the concepts of value capture and strategic coupling from the Global Production Networks (GPN) literature to assess the developmental impacts of formally-registered (protected) GIs in the Indonesian coffee sector. Based on an assessment of indicators along a logical impact pathway, our study finds little evidence, and a limited likelihood, of tangible economic benefits for coffee growers resulting from current GIs in Indonesia, at least in the immediate future. This poor developmental performance is explained in terms of the inability of local institutional settings supporting the GIs to strategically couple with the actor practices of lead firms in the coffee sector. The GIs, however, do appear to deliver intangible benefits for some stakeholders in terms of promoting a sense of regional pride and cultural identity. While one intention of GIs is to assert a moral claim over the geographical and cultural property embodied in consumer products, they require far greater engagement with extra-legal moral conventions throughout the value chain to achieve rural development outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed producers' awareness and perceptions of territorial-based qualities and the economic potential of two potential origin-based geographical indications in two semi-arid counties in Kenya. Protection of the origin products as geographical indications is presented as an option for ecosystem approach in managing fragile semi-arid regions while providing producers economic incentives and social inclusion; key components of green growth. Factor analysis was conducted on Likert scale perception questions administered to producers of goats (Baringo) and mangoes (Makueni). The producers were aware of the uniqueness of their products and its geographical source. The resultant factors reveal the importance of public policies, institutions, market access and public sector actors as important to producers' perception of the success of protecting their products as geographical indications. Clustering revealed producer heterogeneity in their perceptions of protecting their respective products as geographical indications. The constitution of the clusters was significantly different based on the number of years the producers had practiced farming in the region, their awareness of the uniqueness of their goats, income received from goat production and institutional factors. Enhanced collective action for both goats and mangoes in the semi-arid regions would ensure collective reputation in the product presented to the market. The producers' perceptions emphasise geographical indications as a marketing tool rather than an environmental tool, agreeing with Principle 4 of the ecosystem approach on managing ecosystem in an economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment on the Port Charlotte II judgment of 14 September 2017 analyses the position taken by the Court of Justice with regard to the convergence of wine Common Market Organisation (CMO) and the EU Regulations related to the protection of geographical names of other foodstuffs. The Court, starting from some elements of the 2009 BUD II judgment, outlines the same exhaustive character in all the European regulations regarding the matter. On this basis the Court holds irrelevant the previous Portuguese protection of the name "Port-Porto" in order to evaluate the existence of an "earlier right" which could preclude the registration of the trademark Port Charlotte. In this sense the judgment sets aside the previous evaluations of the General Court in 2015, which had reached a different decision. The article analyses the consequences of the Court's systematic approach to thematter highlighting the elements of the CMO regulation that are not in line with this judgment with specific reference to the competences of the Member States in this field. The comment concludes, therefore, with two different considerations: 1) the EU Commission must take into account this judgment in the ambit of the new regulation of execution of the Single CMO related to wines (which is being done at the present time and will replace EU Regulation No. 607/2009); 2) in the context described it is urgent to re-think the structure of GIs protection in the European Union, limiting the European protection to the best known denominations and products, and leaving the Member States an independent power to protect geographical indications and traditional mentions of other foodstuffs (whose reputation is well known only at a local level). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports published in Sri Lankan newspapers suggest that local industries (particularly cinnamon producers) have raised concerns about the lack of a registration system for geographical indications (GIs) in Sri Lanka. They have even gone on to suggest that the failure on the part of Sri Lankan authorities and stakeholders to obtain protection of Sri Lankan GIs in other jurisdictions (and in particular the EU) is attributable to the tack of a domestic mechanism for the registration of GIs. Both local industries and academics have made reference to the Indian approach on the registration and protection of GIs and have called for the implementation of a similar system in Sri Lanka. It was in order to address this specific concern and plea that the Cabinet of Ministers by a decision made in October 2016 pledged to amend the Intellectual Property Act 2003 (IP Act), which governs the protection and enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Sri Lanka. Yet, contrary to expectations and adopting an approach that is much less comprehensive than the existing legislative approach in India, the proposed amendment to the IP Act merely introduces a single subsection to s.161 that deals with the protection of GIs. Against this backdrop, this article deals with the following points. First, it considers whether the current regime for the protection of GIs in Sri Lanka is sufficient in order to obtain the necessary legal protection for Sri Lankan GIs both locally and globally. Secondly, the article critically assesses the new amendment to the IP Act, comparing it with the Indian approach, in considering its practicality' and utility. It is argued that the new amendment adds nothing to existing law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical Indications (GIs) are examples of food production that leans towards sustainability through management rules laid down by consortia and a Code of Specifications (CoS) that guides good practices. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology grounded in the European union horizon 2020 Strength2food (S2F) project, which can measure the extent to which GI production systems contribute to the fulfilment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The analysis comprises three stages. The first two use the S2F methodology: i) the identification of the benefits that the activities codified in the GI CoS bring to the territory, and ii) the definition of indicators for measuring such benefits, classed as public goods (PGs), and their evaluation criteria. The third stage represents this study's contribution to the methodology, that is, iii) establishing connections between the identified PGs and SDGs. To this end, we discuss a Protected Designation of Origin Parmigiano Reggiano hard cheese case study. Our methodology aims to provide policymakers, operators, and managers of GI value chains with a tool to define which good practices in GI production systems should be supported over time to better achieve the SDGs. • We develop a methodology to measure the contribution of GIs to SDGs • We discuss a PDO Parmigiano Reggiano cheese case study • We establish connections between public goods and SDGs • We offer policymakers a tool to define best practices • The best practices can assist policymakers to achieve SDGs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of increasing attention towards sustainable and high quality food products, Italy plays a key role in Europe due to its embedded territorial vocation for locally produced food and alternative agriculture systems helping biodiversity and landscape preservation. Here, we report an overview of Italian agriculture by analysing organic farming (OF) and geographical indication (GI) systems and their contribution to the national agriculture. Land use data highlight that OF and GI contribute around 10% to the utilised agriculture area (UAA), with relevant distinctions in terms of regional distribution. While GIs are mostly in the north-central regions (8.5%), OF products are most frequent in the south and on the islands (5.0% of UAA). This trend was observed on the one hand in Trentino-South Tirol, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (%UAA GI/%UAA OF>5.9), and on the other in Calabria, Basilicata and Sicily (%UAA GI/%UAA OF