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194 results on '"Galbarczyk, A"'

151. Weight discrimination and body mass indexes as predictors of body esteem in members of the Bear subculture.

Author

Mijas, Magdalena, Koziara, Karolina, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, and Jasienska, Grazyna

Subjects
*APPEARANCE discrimination, *DISCRIMINATION against overweight persons, *SEXUAL minority men, *BODY mass index, *BODY weight
Abstract

Aims: The Bear subculture is a community of sexual minority men who are distinguished by their preference for muscular or large body build and pronounced body hair in men. Previous studies indicated that Bears experienced weight stigma within and outside the gay community. In this study we focused on body esteem in members of the Bear subculture and explored its associations with anthropological body mass indexes and experiences of weight discrimination. Methods: The study, which included questionnaires and anthropological measurements, involved 64 cisgender sexual minority men from the Polish Bear community. Analyses focused on predictors of body esteem measured with The Body-Esteem Scale, including body mass indexes (e.g., waist circumference) and self-reported exposure to weight discrimination. Results: Every three out of four study participants reported exposure to weight stigma. Greater exposure to weight discrimination predicted lower ratings of one's Physical Attractiveness, Upper Body Strength and Physical Condition. Body mass indexes were significantly and negatively related only to Physical Condition factor. Discussion: Our study confirms previous observations of increased body mass indexes and exposure to weight stigma among Bears. Interestingly, weight discrimination but not body mass indexes consistently and negatively predicted self-assessed body esteem across its all dimensions. Conclusion: Men from the Bear community constitute a population that may be particularly vulnerable to health inequalities due to increased body mass and weight stigma exposure. Health promotion interventions targeting this population should be tailored to Bears' subcultural norms, support healthier lifestyles and effective coping with stigma as opposed to focus on weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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152. Digit ratio (2D:4D) does not correlate with daily 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations in healthy women of reproductive age

Author

Magdalena, Klimek, Andrzej, Galbarczyk, Heidi, Colleran, Inger, Thune, Peter T, Ellison, Anna, Ziomkiewicz, and Grazyna, Jasienska

Subjects
Adult, Fingers, Young Adult, Estradiol, Humans, Female, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Saliva, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone
Abstract

Second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is proposed as a proxy for the prenatal balance of sex hormones, is related to hormone-dependent characteristics in adult life, and is a possible predictor of disease later in life. Here, we studied the relationship between 2D:4D and ovarian steroid hormones (17β-estradiol and progesterone) among women of reproductive age.From 186 healthy premenopausal women, aged 24-37 years, we collected saliva samples daily during the entire menstrual cycle. Data on reproductive and lifestyle characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements were performed.No statistically significant relationships were detected between adult women's sex hormone concentrations (17β-estradiol and progesterone) during the menstrual cycle and 2D:4D, in either left or right hand, when controlling for size at birth, body mass index, and physical activity.This study shows, for the first time in a large sample of women of reproductive age, that 2D:4D is not a predictor of adult women's sex hormone concentration. The lack of relationship may be because 2D:4D might be genetically determined and is not related to maternal nutritional environment during fetal development. These results support the hypothesis that, in contrast to the nutritional quality of the fetal environment, the fetal hormonal environment (reflected by 2D:4D) does not determine reproductive physiology in later life.

Published
2014

153. Being born after your brother is not a disadvantage: Reproductive success does not depend on the sex of the preceding sibling

Author

Karolina, Puskarczyk, Andrzej, Galbarczyk, Magdalena, Klimek, Ilona, Nenko, Ludwik, Odrzywołek, and Grazyna, Jasienska

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Menarche, Reproduction, Siblings, Age Factors, Parturition, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Sex Factors, Animals, Humans, Female, Poland, Birth Order, Aged
Abstract

The aim of the present study is to examine whether being born after a brother versus after a sister differentially impacts reproductive outcomes in a contemporary population. The sex of the preceding sibling may influence an individual's fitness, and, in fact, individuals born after a brother have been shown to have lower reproductive success in historical populations. Males, as the more expensive sex, constitute a drain on maternal resources and elicit an immune response during pregnancy, which may have negative consequences on subsequent siblings.A questionnaire was used to collect data on reproductive health and family history from 951 women and 380 men between 20 and 92 years of age in villages throughout the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in southern Poland. Number of children, number of sons and daughters, age at menarche, age at marriage, age at menopause, and age at first and last reproduction were tested as components of reproductive success.The sex of one's preceding sibling had no statistically significant impact on any of the reproductive characteristics tested.Our results suggest that potential immunological and nutritional disadvantages experienced during prenatal life by individuals born after male siblings do not have long-lasting effects in modern, well-nourished populations.

Published
2014

154. Limbic encephalitis – a report of four cases

Author

Pastuszak, Żanna, primary, Stępień, Adam, additional, Tomczykiewicz, Kazimierz, additional, Piusińska-Macoch, Renata, additional, Kordowska, Joanna, additional, Galbarczyk, Dariusz, additional, and Świstak, Jarosław, additional

Published
2017
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156. Community-level education accelerates the cultural evolution of fertility decline

Author

Heidi, Colleran, Grazyna, Jasienska, Ilona, Nenko, Andrzej, Galbarczyk, and Ruth, Mace

Subjects
Male, Family Characteristics, education, Population Dynamics, Reproductive Behavior, Middle Aged, Fertility, Cultural Evolution, community effects, Educational Status, Humans, fertility decline, Female, Poland, cultural transmission, Research Articles
Abstract

Explaining why fertility declines as populations modernize is a profound theoretical challenge. It remains unclear whether the fundamental drivers are economic or cultural in nature. Cultural evolutionary theory suggests that community-level characteristics, for example average education, can alter how low-fertility preferences are transmitted and adopted. These assumptions have not been empirically tested. Here, we show that community-level education accelerates fertility decline in a way that is neither predicted by individual characteristics, nor by the level of economic modernization in a population. In 22 high-fertility communities in Poland, fertility converged on a smaller family size as average education in the community increased—indeed community-level education had a larger impact on fertility decline than did individual education. This convergence was not driven by educational levels being more homogeneous, but by less educated women having fewer children than expected, and more highly educated social networks, when living among more highly educated neighbours. The average level of education in a community may influence the social partners women interact with, both within and beyond their immediate social environments, altering the reproductive norms they are exposed to. Given a critical mass of highly educated women, less educated neighbours may adopt their reproductive behaviour, accelerating the pace of demographic transition. Individual characteristics alone cannot capture these dynamics and studies relying solely on them may systematically underestimate the importance of cultural transmission in driving fertility declines. Our results are inconsistent with a purely individualistic, rational-actor model of fertility decline and suggest that optimization of reproduction is partly driven by cultural dynamics beyond the individual.

Published
2014

158. Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males

Author

Ilona Nenko, Louis Calistro Alvarado, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Magdalena Klimek, and Grazyna Jasienska

Subjects
Adult, Male, Aging, Digit ratio, Evening, Adolescent, Physiology, Epidemiology, Birth weight, Population, Human Males, Fingers, Young Adult, Genetics, Medicine, Body Size, Humans, Testosterone, education, Child, Morning, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Family Characteristics, Anthropometry, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Testosterone (patch), Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Child, Preschool, Poland, business, Demography
Abstract

The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is thought to reflect exposure to androgens during foetal development. This study examined the relationship between low (more masculine) and high (more feminine) 2D:4D and body size at different stages of the life course, adult testosterone levels and number of children among males.Five hundred and fifty-eight men from rural Poland at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site participated in this study. Life history data and anthropometric measurements were collected. Salivary morning and evening testosterone levels among 110 men from the same population were measured.Low 2D:4D was related to higher birth weight (p = 0.04), higher birth length (p = 0.01), higher body mass during childhood and adolescence (p = 0.01), higher BMI (borderline significance, p = 0.06), higher number of children among fathers (p = 0.04) and higher testosterone levels during adulthood (p = 0.04).This study shows, for the first time in a single population, that digit ratio is related to sub-adult body size at different stages of the life course, adult testosterone levels and number of children. The observed results suggest that digit ratio might be a valuable predictor of male body size and reproductive characteristics.

Published
2014

160. Costs of reproduction are reflected in women's faces: Post-menopausal women with fewer children are perceived as more attractive, healthier and younger than women with more children.

Author

Marcinkowska, Urszula M., Little, Anthony C., Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Nenko, Ilona, Klimek, Magdalena, and Jasienska, Grazyna

Subjects
FACE perception, POSTMENOPAUSE, OXIDATIVE stress, BIOLOGICAL evolution, COMPUTER software
Abstract

Objectives: The costs associated with reproduction (i.e., gestation, lactation, childcare) have longterm negative consequences by elevating risk of disease and reducing lifespan. We tested the hypotheses that high parity, and thus high reproductive costs bear by women, is perceived by other people when they evaluate facial appearance of health, attractiveness and age of mothers. Materials and Methods: Using computer software we created average facial images based on real photographs of post-menopausal women with varying number of children; 3 parity categories were created (1-2, 4-5, and 7-9 children). Study participants (N=571) were asked to choose the face they perceived as more attractive, younger and healthier via two-alternative forced choice questions asked in three randomized blocks. Results: Women who had given birth to fewer children were judged both by men and women as more attractive, younger and healthier than women with more children. In each category the lowest scores were received by women from highest parity category (7-9 children). Discussion: Mechanisms behind the observed variation in facial appearance are not known but higher levels of oxidative stress among women with high parity may explain their faster aging and lower attractiveness in older age. These results suggest that costs of reproduction might affect women's physical appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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161. Timing of natural menopause covaries with timing of birth of a first daughter : evidence for a mother-daughter evolutionary contract?

Author

Andrzej Galbarczyk and Grazyna Jasienska

Subjects
Adult, Male, media_common.quotation_subject, Models, Biological, Mother daughter, Developmental psychology, Young Adult, Pregnancy, Cooperative breeding, medicine, Humans, Young adult, Aged, Oldest daughter, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, Daughter, Natural menopause, business.industry, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Biological Evolution, Mother-Child Relations, Menopause, Anthropology, Female, Poland, business, Demography
Abstract

Age at natural menopause is characterized by significant variability, but the factors responsible for this observed variation are still not well recognized. Humans are cooperative breeders and non-reproducing grandmothers play important roles in raising children. We propose an evolutionary "mother-daughter contract" hypothesis that suggests that the oldest daughter helps her mother to raise younger siblings but, in return, expects her mother to cease her reproduction, shifting energy and time once her daughter's children are born. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 914 Polish postmenopausal women. From among those, 506 women, 44-98 years old, who had at least one child and who went through a natural menopause were included in the analysis. A woman's age at menopause was sensitive to the age at which she had her first daughter. The age of giving birth to the first daughter, even when she was not her first child, positively correlated with the age of the mother's menopause (N=332, p

Published
2013

163. Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis : a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331288 participants

Author

Danaei, Goodarz, Fahimi, Saman, Lu, Yuan, Zhou, Bin, Hajifathalian, Kaveh, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Lo, Wei-Cheng, Reis-Santos, Barbara, Cowan, Melanie J., Shaw, Jonathan E., Bentham, James, Lin, John K., Bixby, Honor, Magliano, Dianna, Bovet, Pascal, Miranda, J. Jaime, Khang, Young-Ho, Stevens, Gretchen A., Riley, Leanne M., Ali, Mohammed K., Ezzati, Majid, Abdeen, Ziad A., Kadir, Khalid Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Ahmadvand, Alireza, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Andrade, Dolores S., Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Aris, Tahir, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Arveiler, Dominique, Assah, Felix K., Avdicova, Maria, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bandosz, Piotr, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barcelo, Alberto, Batieha, Anwar M., Baur, Louise A., Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Yufang, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Blake, Margaret, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Boehm, Bernhard O., Boissonnet, Carlos P., Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, de Leon, Antonio Cabrera, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C., Capuano, Vincenzo, Carvalho, Maria J., Casanueva, Felipe F., Caserta, Carmelo A., Castetbon, Katia, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Shuohua, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chetrit, Angela, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Cho, Yumi, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Claessens, Frank, Concin, Hans, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Rachel, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Crujeiras, Ana B., D'Arrigo, Graziella, Dallongeville, Jean, Dankner, Rachel, Dauchet, Luc, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, Deepa, Mohan, Dehghan, Abbas, Dhana, Klodian, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Djalalinia, Shirin, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Du, Yong, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, El Ati, Jalila, Elosua, Roberto, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erem, Cihangir, Ergor, Gul, Eriksen, Louise, la Penaa, Jorge Escobedo-De, Fall, Caroline H., Farzadfar, Farshad, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Finn, Joseph D., Foger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H., Frontera, Guillermo, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghasemain, Anoosheh, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gross, Marcela Gonzalez, Rivas, Juan P. Gonzalez, Gorbea, Mariano Bonet, Gottrand, Frederic, Grant, Janet F., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grontved, Anders, Gruden, Grabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guan, Ong Peng, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gutierrez, Laura, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, He, Jiang, Heidemann, Christin, Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hofman, Albert, Russo, Andrea R. V., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Hussieni, Abdullatif S., Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Iacoviello, Licia, Iannone, Anna G., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M. Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E., Islam, Muhammad, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jafar, Tazeen, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Pradeep, Kafatos, Anthony, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kasaeian, Amir, Katz, Joanne, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kelishadi, Roya, Kengne, Andre P., Kersting, Mathilde, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Kiechl, Stefan, Kim, Jeongseon, Kiyohara, Yutaka, Kolsteren, Patrick, Korrovits, Paul, Koskinen, Seppo, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kromhout, Daan, Kula, Krzysztof, Kurjata, Pawel, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Landrove, Orlando, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Laxmaiah, Avula, Leclercq, Catherine, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lehtimaki, Terho, Lekhraj, Rampal, Leon-Munoz, Luz M., Li, Yanping, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lissner, Lauren, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lozano, Jose Eugenio, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lytsy, Per, Ma, Guansheng, Machado-Coelho, George L. L., Machi, Suka, Maggi, Stefania, Makdisse, Marcia, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Manios, Yannis, Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Martorell, Reynaldo, Masoodi, Shariq R., Matsha, Tandi E., Mbanya, Jean Claude N., McFarlane, Shelly R., McGarvey, Stephen T., McLachlan, Stela, McNulty, Breige A., Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Menezes, Ana Maria B., Merat, Shahin, Meshram, Indrapal I., Mi, Jie, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohan, Viswanathan, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Moller, Niels C., Molnar, Denes, Mondo, Charles K., Moreno, Luis A., Morgan, Karen, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota, Jorge, Muiesan, Maria L., Muller-Nurasyid, Martina, Mursu, Jaakko, Nagel, Gabriele, Namesna, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Navarrete-Munoz, Eva Maria, Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Nguyen D., Nieto-Martinez, Ramfi S. E., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Noale, Marianna, Noto, Davide, Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M., Oh, Kyungwon, Onat, Altan, Osmond, Clive, Otero, Johanna A., Palmieri, Luigi, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Panza, Francesco, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Pereira, Alexandre C., Peters, Annette, Peykari, Niloofar, Pilav, Aida, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Piwonski, Jerzy, Plans-Rubio, Pedro, Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen L. P., Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Jacqueline F., Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F., Qorbani, Mostafa, Raitakari, Olli, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Sanjay, Rathmann, Wolfgang, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Rigo, Fernando, Robinson, Sian M., Robitaille, Cynthia, Rodriguez, Laura A., Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Rodriguez-Perez, Maria del Cristo, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Romaguera, Dora, Rosengren, Annika, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rui, Ornelas, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sachdev, Harshpal S., Saidi, Olfa, Sakarya, Sibel, Salanave, Benoit, Salonen, Jukka T., Salvetti, Massimo, Sanchez-Abanto, Jose, Nunes, Renata, Santos, Rute, Sardinha, Luis B., Scazufca, Marcia, Schargrodsky, Herman, Scheidt-Nave, Christa, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Youchan, Shiri, Rahman, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M., Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A., Sjostrom, Michael, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, Snijder, Marieke B., Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Soumare, Aicha, Staessen, Jan A., Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D., Stessman, Jochanan, Stockl, Doris, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Sy, Rody G., Tai, E. Shyong, Tarawneh, Mohammed, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B., Thijs, Lutgarde, Tolstrup, Janne S., Topbas, Murat, Torrent, Maties, Traissac, Pierre, Trinh, Oanh T. H., Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K., Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Turley, Maria L., Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ukoli, Flora M., Ulmer, Hanno, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Van Valkengoed, Irene G. M., Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Vega, Tomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, Monique, Vioque, Jesus, Virtanen, Jyrki, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vollenweider, Peter, Voutilainen, Sari, Wade, Alisha N., Wagner, Aline, Walton, Janette, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ya Xing, Wannamethee, S. Goya, Weerasekera, Deepa, Whincup, Peter H., Widhalm, Kurt, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J., Willeit, Johann, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Aleksander Giwercman, Wu, Frederick C., Wu, Shou Ling, Xu, Haiquan, Yang, Xiaoguang, Ye, Xingwang, Yoshihara, Akihiro, Younger-Coleman, Novie O., Zambon, Sabina, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zhao, Wenhua, Zheng, Yingfeng, Danaei, Goodarz, Fahimi, Saman, Lu, Yuan, Zhou, Bin, Hajifathalian, Kaveh, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Lo, Wei-Cheng, Reis-Santos, Barbara, Cowan, Melanie J., Shaw, Jonathan E., Bentham, James, Lin, John K., Bixby, Honor, Magliano, Dianna, Bovet, Pascal, Miranda, J. Jaime, Khang, Young-Ho, Stevens, Gretchen A., Riley, Leanne M., Ali, Mohammed K., Ezzati, Majid, Abdeen, Ziad A., Kadir, Khalid Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Ahmadvand, Alireza, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Andrade, Dolores S., Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Aris, Tahir, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Arveiler, Dominique, Assah, Felix K., Avdicova, Maria, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bandosz, Piotr, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barcelo, Alberto, Batieha, Anwar M., Baur, Louise A., Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Yufang, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Blake, Margaret, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Boehm, Bernhard O., Boissonnet, Carlos P., Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, de Leon, Antonio Cabrera, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C., Capuano, Vincenzo, Carvalho, Maria J., Casanueva, Felipe F., Caserta, Carmelo A., Castetbon, Katia, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Shuohua, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chetrit, Angela, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Cho, Yumi, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Claessens, Frank, Concin, Hans, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Rachel, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Crujeiras, Ana B., D'Arrigo, Graziella, Dallongeville, Jean, Dankner, Rachel, Dauchet, Luc, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, Deepa, Mohan, Dehghan, Abbas, Dhana, Klodian, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Djalalinia, Shirin, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Du, Yong, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, El Ati, Jalila, Elosua, Roberto, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erem, Cihangir, Ergor, Gul, Eriksen, Louise, la Penaa, Jorge Escobedo-De, Fall, Caroline H., Farzadfar, Farshad, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Finn, Joseph D., Foger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H., Frontera, Guillermo, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghasemain, Anoosheh, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gross, Marcela Gonzalez, Rivas, Juan P. Gonzalez, Gorbea, Mariano Bonet, Gottrand, Frederic, Grant, Janet F., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grontved, Anders, Gruden, Grabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guan, Ong Peng, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gutierrez, Laura, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, He, Jiang, Heidemann, Christin, Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hofman, Albert, Russo, Andrea R. V., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Hussieni, Abdullatif S., Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Iacoviello, Licia, Iannone, Anna G., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M. Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E., Islam, Muhammad, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jafar, Tazeen, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Pradeep, Kafatos, Anthony, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kasaeian, Amir, Katz, Joanne, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kelishadi, Roya, Kengne, Andre P., Kersting, Mathilde, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Kiechl, Stefan, Kim, Jeongseon, Kiyohara, Yutaka, Kolsteren, Patrick, Korrovits, Paul, Koskinen, Seppo, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kromhout, Daan, Kula, Krzysztof, Kurjata, Pawel, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Landrove, Orlando, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Laxmaiah, Avula, Leclercq, Catherine, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lehtimaki, Terho, Lekhraj, Rampal, Leon-Munoz, Luz M., Li, Yanping, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lissner, Lauren, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lozano, Jose Eugenio, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lytsy, Per, Ma, Guansheng, Machado-Coelho, George L. L., Machi, Suka, Maggi, Stefania, Makdisse, Marcia, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Manios, Yannis, Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Martorell, Reynaldo, Masoodi, Shariq R., Matsha, Tandi E., Mbanya, Jean Claude N., McFarlane, Shelly R., McGarvey, Stephen T., McLachlan, Stela, McNulty, Breige A., Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Menezes, Ana Maria B., Merat, Shahin, Meshram, Indrapal I., Mi, Jie, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohan, Viswanathan, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Moller, Niels C., Molnar, Denes, Mondo, Charles K., Moreno, Luis A., Morgan, Karen, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota, Jorge, Muiesan, Maria L., Muller-Nurasyid, Martina, Mursu, Jaakko, Nagel, Gabriele, Namesna, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Navarrete-Munoz, Eva Maria, Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Nguyen D., Nieto-Martinez, Ramfi S. E., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Noale, Marianna, Noto, Davide, Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M., Oh, Kyungwon, Onat, Altan, Osmond, Clive, Otero, Johanna A., Palmieri, Luigi, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Panza, Francesco, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Pereira, Alexandre C., Peters, Annette, Peykari, Niloofar, Pilav, Aida, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Piwonski, Jerzy, Plans-Rubio, Pedro, Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen L. P., Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Jacqueline F., Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F., Qorbani, Mostafa, Raitakari, Olli, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Sanjay, Rathmann, Wolfgang, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Rigo, Fernando, Robinson, Sian M., Robitaille, Cynthia, Rodriguez, Laura A., Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Rodriguez-Perez, Maria del Cristo, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Romaguera, Dora, Rosengren, Annika, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rui, Ornelas, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sachdev, Harshpal S., Saidi, Olfa, Sakarya, Sibel, Salanave, Benoit, Salonen, Jukka T., Salvetti, Massimo, Sanchez-Abanto, Jose, Nunes, Renata, Santos, Rute, Sardinha, Luis B., Scazufca, Marcia, Schargrodsky, Herman, Scheidt-Nave, Christa, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Youchan, Shiri, Rahman, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M., Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A., Sjostrom, Michael, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, Snijder, Marieke B., Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Soumare, Aicha, Staessen, Jan A., Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D., Stessman, Jochanan, Stockl, Doris, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Sy, Rody G., Tai, E. Shyong, Tarawneh, Mohammed, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B., Thijs, Lutgarde, Tolstrup, Janne S., Topbas, Murat, Torrent, Maties, Traissac, Pierre, Trinh, Oanh T. H., Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K., Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Turley, Maria L., Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ukoli, Flora M., Ulmer, Hanno, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Van Valkengoed, Irene G. M., Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Vega, Tomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, Monique, Vioque, Jesus, Virtanen, Jyrki, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vollenweider, Peter, Voutilainen, Sari, Wade, Alisha N., Wagner, Aline, Walton, Janette, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ya Xing, Wannamethee, S. Goya, Weerasekera, Deepa, Whincup, Peter H., Widhalm, Kurt, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J., Willeit, Johann, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Aleksander Giwercman, Wu, Frederick C., Wu, Shou Ling, Xu, Haiquan, Yang, Xiaoguang, Ye, Xingwang, Yoshihara, Akihiro, Younger-Coleman, Novie O., Zambon, Sabina, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zhao, Wenhua, and Zheng, Yingfeng

Abstract

Background Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA(1c). We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA(1c) (HbA(1c) >= 6 . 5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG >= 7 . 0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT >= 11 . 1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG- or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r= 0 . 98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA(1c) was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42 . 8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41

Published
2015
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164. Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331288 participants

Author

Danaei, G, Fahimi, S, Lu, Y, Zhou, B, Hajifathalian, K, Di Cesare, M, Lo, W-C, Reis-Santos, B, Cowan, MJ, Shaw, JE, Bentham, J, Lin, JK, Bixby, H, Magliano, D, Bovet, P, Miranda, JJ, Khang, Y-H, Stevens, GA, Riley, LM, Ali, MK, Ezzati, M, Abdeen, ZA, Kadir, KA, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Acosta-Cazares, B, Aekplakorn, W, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, Ahmadvand, A, Al Nsour, M, Alkerwi, A, Amouyel, P, Andersen, LB, Anderssen, SA, Andrade, DS, Anjana, RM, Aounallah-Skhiri, H, Aris, T, Arlappa, N, Arveiler, D, Assah, FK, Avdicova, M, Balakrishna, N, Bandosz, P, Barbagallo, CM, Barcelo, A, Batieha, AM, Baur, LA, Ben Romdhane, H, Bernabe-Ortiz, A, Bhargava, SK, Bi, Y, Bjerregaard, P, Bjorkelund, C, Blake, M, Blokstra, A, Bo, S, Boehm, BO, Boissonnet, CP, Brajkovich, I, Breckenkamp, J, Brewster, LM, Brian, GR, Bruno, G, Bugge, A, de Leon, AC, Can, G, Candido, APC, Capuano, V, Carvalho, MJ, Casanueva, FF, Caserta, CA, Castetbon, K, Chamukuttan, S, Chaturvedi, N, Chen, C-J, Chen, F, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Chetrit, A, Chiou, S-T, Cho, Y, Chudek, J, Cifkova, R, Claessens, F, Concin, H, Cooper, C, Cooper, R, Costanzo, S, Cottel, D, Cowell, C, Crujeiras, AB, D'Arrigo, G, Dallongeville, J, Dankner, R, Dauchet, L, de Gaetano, G, De Henauw, S, Deepa, M, Dehghan, A, Dhana, K, Di Castelnuovo, AF, Djalalinia, S, Doua, K, Drygas, W, Du, Y, Egbagbe, EE, Eggertsen, R, El Ati, J, Elosua, R, Erasmus, RT, Erem, C, Ergor, G, Eriksen, L, la Penaa, JE-D, Fall, CH, Farzadfar, F, Felix-Redondo, FJ, Ferguson, TS, Fernandez-Berges, D, Ferrari, M, Ferreccio, C, Finn, JD, Foger, B, Foo, LH, Fouad, HM, Francis, DK, Franco, MDC, Franco, OH, Frontera, G, Furusawa, T, Gaciong, Z, Galbarczyk, A, Garnett, SP, Gaspoz, J-M, Gasull, M, Gates, L, Geleijnse, JM, Ghasemain, A, Giampaoli, S, Gianfagna, F, Giovannelli, J, Gross, MG, Rivas, JPG, Gorbea, MB, Gottrand, F, Grant, JF, Grodzicki, T, Grontved, A, Gruden, G, Gu, D, Guan, OP, Guerrero, R, Guessous, I, Guimaraes, AL, Gutierrez, L, Hardy, R, Kumar, RH, He, J, Heidemann, C, Hihtaniemi, IT, Ho, SY, Ho, SC, Hofman, A, Russo, ARV, Hormiga, CM, Horta, BL, Houti, L, Hussieni, AS, Huybrechts, I, Hwalla, N, Iacoviello, L, Iannone, AG, Ibrahim, MM, Ikeda, N, Ikram, MA, Irazola, VE, Islam, M, Iwasaki, M, Jacobs, JM, Jafar, T, Jasienska, G, Jiang, CQ, Jonas, JB, Joshi, P, Kafatos, A, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kasaeian, A, Katz, J, Kaur, P, Kavousi, M, Kelishadi, R, Kengne, AP, Kersting, M, Khader, YS, Kiechl, S, Kim, J, Kiyohara, Y, Kolsteren, P, Korrovits, P, Koskinen, S, Kratzer, W, Kromhout, D, Kula, K, Kurjata, P, Kyobutungi, C, Lachat, C, Laid, Y, Lam, TH, Landrove, O, Lanska, V, Lappas, G, Laxmaiah, A, Leclercq, C, Lee, J, Lehtimaki, T, Lekhraj, R, Leon-Munoz, LM, Li, Y, Lim, W-Y, Lima-Costa, MF, Lin, H-H, Lin, X, Lissner, L, Lorbeer, R, Lozano, JE, Lundqvist, A, Lytsy, P, Ma, G, Machado-Coelho, GLL, Machi, S, Maggi, S, Makdisse, M, Rao, KM, Manios, Y, Manzato, E, Margozzini, P, Marques-Vidal, P, Martorell, R, Masoodi, SR, Matsha, TE, Mbanya, JCN, McFarlane, SR, McGarvey, ST, McLachlan, S, McNulty, BA, Mediene-Benchekor, S, Meirhaeghe, A, Menezes, AMB, Merat, S, Meshram, II, Mi, J, Miquel, JF, Mohamed, MK, Mohammad, K, Mohan, V, Yusoff, MFM, Moller, NC, Molnar, D, Mondo, CK, Moreno, LA, Morgan, K, Moschonis, G, Mossakowska, M, Mostafa, A, Mota, J, Muiesan, ML, Muller-Nurasyid, M, Mursu, J, Nagel, G, Namesna, J, Nang, EEK, Nangia, VB, Navarrete-Munoz, EM, Ndiaye, NC, Nervi, F, Nguyen, ND, Nieto-Martinez, RSE, Ning, G, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Noto, D, Ochoa-Aviles, AM, Oh, K, Onat, A, Osmond, C, Otero, JA, Palmieri, L, Panda-Jonas, S, Panza, F, Parsaeian, M, Peixoto, SV, Pereira, AC, Peters, A, Peykari, N, Pilav, A, Pitakaka, F, Piwonska, A, Piwonski, J, Plans-Rubio, P, Porta, M, Portegies, MLP, Poustchi, H, Pradeepa, R, Price, JF, Punab, M, Qasrawi, RF, Qorbani, M, Raitakari, O, Rao, SR, Ramachandran, A, Ramos, R, Rampal, S, Rathmann, W, Redon, J, Reganit, PFM, Rigo, F, Robinson, SM, Robitaille, C, Rodriguez, LA, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rodriguez-Perez, MDC, Rojas-Martinez, R, Romaguera, D, Rosengren, A, Rubinstein, A, Rui, O, Ruiz-Betancourt, BS, Rutkowski, M, Sabanayagam, C, Sachdev, HS, Saidi, O, Sakarya, S, Salanave, B, Salonen, JT, Salvetti, M, Sanchez-Abanto, J, Nunes, R, Santos, R, Sardinha, LB, Scazufca, M, Schargrodsky, H, Scheidt-Nave, C, Shibuya, K, Shin, Y, Shiri, R, Siantar, R, Sibai, AM, Simon, M, Simons, J, Simons, LA, Sjostrom, M, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J, Slusarczyk, P, Smeeth, L, Snijder, MB, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soumare, A, Staessen, JA, Steene-Johannessen, J, Stehle, P, Stein, AD, Stessman, J, Stockl, D, Stokwiszewski, J, Strufaldi, MW, Sun, C-A, Sundstrom, J, Suriyawongpaisal, P, Sy, RG, Tai, ES, Tarawneh, M, Tarqui-Mamani, CB, Thijs, L, Tolstrup, JS, Topbas, M, Torrent, M, Traissac, P, Trinh, OTH, Tulloch-Reid, MK, Tuomainen, T-P, Turley, ML, Tzourio, C, Ueda, P, Ukoli, FM, Ulmer, H, Valdivia, G, Van Valkengoed, IGM, Vanderschueren, D, Vanuzzo, D, Vega, T, Velasquez-Melendez, G, Veronesi, G, Verschuren, M, Vioque, J, Virtanen, J, Visvikis-Siest, S, Viswanathan, B, Vollenweider, P, Voutilainen, S, Wade, AN, Wagner, A, Walton, J, Mohamud, WNW, Wang, M-D, Wang, YX, Wannamethee, SG, Weerasekera, D, Whincup, PH, Widhalm, K, Wiecek, A, Wilks, RJ, Willeit, J, Wojtyniak, B, Wong, TY, Woo, J, Woodward, M, Wu, AG, Wu, FC, Wu, SL, Xu, H, Yang, X, Ye, X, Yoshihara, A, Younger-Coleman, NO, Zambon, S, Zargar, AH, Zdrojewski, T, Zhao, W, Zheng, Y, Danaei, G, Fahimi, S, Lu, Y, Zhou, B, Hajifathalian, K, Di Cesare, M, Lo, W-C, Reis-Santos, B, Cowan, MJ, Shaw, JE, Bentham, J, Lin, JK, Bixby, H, Magliano, D, Bovet, P, Miranda, JJ, Khang, Y-H, Stevens, GA, Riley, LM, Ali, MK, Ezzati, M, Abdeen, ZA, Kadir, KA, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Acosta-Cazares, B, Aekplakorn, W, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, Ahmadvand, A, Al Nsour, M, Alkerwi, A, Amouyel, P, Andersen, LB, Anderssen, SA, Andrade, DS, Anjana, RM, Aounallah-Skhiri, H, Aris, T, Arlappa, N, Arveiler, D, Assah, FK, Avdicova, M, Balakrishna, N, Bandosz, P, Barbagallo, CM, Barcelo, A, Batieha, AM, Baur, LA, Ben Romdhane, H, Bernabe-Ortiz, A, Bhargava, SK, Bi, Y, Bjerregaard, P, Bjorkelund, C, Blake, M, Blokstra, A, Bo, S, Boehm, BO, Boissonnet, CP, Brajkovich, I, Breckenkamp, J, Brewster, LM, Brian, GR, Bruno, G, Bugge, A, de Leon, AC, Can, G, Candido, APC, Capuano, V, Carvalho, MJ, Casanueva, FF, Caserta, CA, Castetbon, K, Chamukuttan, S, Chaturvedi, N, Chen, C-J, Chen, F, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Chetrit, A, Chiou, S-T, Cho, Y, Chudek, J, Cifkova, R, Claessens, F, Concin, H, Cooper, C, Cooper, R, Costanzo, S, Cottel, D, Cowell, C, Crujeiras, AB, D'Arrigo, G, Dallongeville, J, Dankner, R, Dauchet, L, de Gaetano, G, De Henauw, S, Deepa, M, Dehghan, A, Dhana, K, Di Castelnuovo, AF, Djalalinia, S, Doua, K, Drygas, W, Du, Y, Egbagbe, EE, Eggertsen, R, El Ati, J, Elosua, R, Erasmus, RT, Erem, C, Ergor, G, Eriksen, L, la Penaa, JE-D, Fall, CH, Farzadfar, F, Felix-Redondo, FJ, Ferguson, TS, Fernandez-Berges, D, Ferrari, M, Ferreccio, C, Finn, JD, Foger, B, Foo, LH, Fouad, HM, Francis, DK, Franco, MDC, Franco, OH, Frontera, G, Furusawa, T, Gaciong, Z, Galbarczyk, A, Garnett, SP, Gaspoz, J-M, Gasull, M, Gates, L, Geleijnse, JM, Ghasemain, A, Giampaoli, S, Gianfagna, F, Giovannelli, J, Gross, MG, Rivas, JPG, Gorbea, MB, Gottrand, F, Grant, JF, Grodzicki, T, Grontved, A, Gruden, G, Gu, D, Guan, OP, Guerrero, R, Guessous, I, Guimaraes, AL, Gutierrez, L, Hardy, R, Kumar, RH, He, J, Heidemann, C, Hihtaniemi, IT, Ho, SY, Ho, SC, Hofman, A, Russo, ARV, Hormiga, CM, Horta, BL, Houti, L, Hussieni, AS, Huybrechts, I, Hwalla, N, Iacoviello, L, Iannone, AG, Ibrahim, MM, Ikeda, N, Ikram, MA, Irazola, VE, Islam, M, Iwasaki, M, Jacobs, JM, Jafar, T, Jasienska, G, Jiang, CQ, Jonas, JB, Joshi, P, Kafatos, A, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kasaeian, A, Katz, J, Kaur, P, Kavousi, M, Kelishadi, R, Kengne, AP, Kersting, M, Khader, YS, Kiechl, S, Kim, J, Kiyohara, Y, Kolsteren, P, Korrovits, P, Koskinen, S, Kratzer, W, Kromhout, D, Kula, K, Kurjata, P, Kyobutungi, C, Lachat, C, Laid, Y, Lam, TH, Landrove, O, Lanska, V, Lappas, G, Laxmaiah, A, Leclercq, C, Lee, J, Lehtimaki, T, Lekhraj, R, Leon-Munoz, LM, Li, Y, Lim, W-Y, Lima-Costa, MF, Lin, H-H, Lin, X, Lissner, L, Lorbeer, R, Lozano, JE, Lundqvist, A, Lytsy, P, Ma, G, Machado-Coelho, GLL, Machi, S, Maggi, S, Makdisse, M, Rao, KM, Manios, Y, Manzato, E, Margozzini, P, Marques-Vidal, P, Martorell, R, Masoodi, SR, Matsha, TE, Mbanya, JCN, McFarlane, SR, McGarvey, ST, McLachlan, S, McNulty, BA, Mediene-Benchekor, S, Meirhaeghe, A, Menezes, AMB, Merat, S, Meshram, II, Mi, J, Miquel, JF, Mohamed, MK, Mohammad, K, Mohan, V, Yusoff, MFM, Moller, NC, Molnar, D, Mondo, CK, Moreno, LA, Morgan, K, Moschonis, G, Mossakowska, M, Mostafa, A, Mota, J, Muiesan, ML, Muller-Nurasyid, M, Mursu, J, Nagel, G, Namesna, J, Nang, EEK, Nangia, VB, Navarrete-Munoz, EM, Ndiaye, NC, Nervi, F, Nguyen, ND, Nieto-Martinez, RSE, Ning, G, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Noto, D, Ochoa-Aviles, AM, Oh, K, Onat, A, Osmond, C, Otero, JA, Palmieri, L, Panda-Jonas, S, Panza, F, Parsaeian, M, Peixoto, SV, Pereira, AC, Peters, A, Peykari, N, Pilav, A, Pitakaka, F, Piwonska, A, Piwonski, J, Plans-Rubio, P, Porta, M, Portegies, MLP, Poustchi, H, Pradeepa, R, Price, JF, Punab, M, Qasrawi, RF, Qorbani, M, Raitakari, O, Rao, SR, Ramachandran, A, Ramos, R, Rampal, S, Rathmann, W, Redon, J, Reganit, PFM, Rigo, F, Robinson, SM, Robitaille, C, Rodriguez, LA, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rodriguez-Perez, MDC, Rojas-Martinez, R, Romaguera, D, Rosengren, A, Rubinstein, A, Rui, O, Ruiz-Betancourt, BS, Rutkowski, M, Sabanayagam, C, Sachdev, HS, Saidi, O, Sakarya, S, Salanave, B, Salonen, JT, Salvetti, M, Sanchez-Abanto, J, Nunes, R, Santos, R, Sardinha, LB, Scazufca, M, Schargrodsky, H, Scheidt-Nave, C, Shibuya, K, Shin, Y, Shiri, R, Siantar, R, Sibai, AM, Simon, M, Simons, J, Simons, LA, Sjostrom, M, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J, Slusarczyk, P, Smeeth, L, Snijder, MB, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soumare, A, Staessen, JA, Steene-Johannessen, J, Stehle, P, Stein, AD, Stessman, J, Stockl, D, Stokwiszewski, J, Strufaldi, MW, Sun, C-A, Sundstrom, J, Suriyawongpaisal, P, Sy, RG, Tai, ES, Tarawneh, M, Tarqui-Mamani, CB, Thijs, L, Tolstrup, JS, Topbas, M, Torrent, M, Traissac, P, Trinh, OTH, Tulloch-Reid, MK, Tuomainen, T-P, Turley, ML, Tzourio, C, Ueda, P, Ukoli, FM, Ulmer, H, Valdivia, G, Van Valkengoed, IGM, Vanderschueren, D, Vanuzzo, D, Vega, T, Velasquez-Melendez, G, Veronesi, G, Verschuren, M, Vioque, J, Virtanen, J, Visvikis-Siest, S, Viswanathan, B, Vollenweider, P, Voutilainen, S, Wade, AN, Wagner, A, Walton, J, Mohamud, WNW, Wang, M-D, Wang, YX, Wannamethee, SG, Weerasekera, D, Whincup, PH, Widhalm, K, Wiecek, A, Wilks, RJ, Willeit, J, Wojtyniak, B, Wong, TY, Woo, J, Woodward, M, Wu, AG, Wu, FC, Wu, SL, Xu, H, Yang, X, Ye, X, Yoshihara, A, Younger-Coleman, NO, Zambon, S, Zargar, AH, Zdrojewski, T, Zhao, W, and Zheng, Y

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. METHODS: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. FINDINGS: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two

Published
2015

167. Fertility decline and the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality

Author

Heidi Colleran, Ilona Nenko, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Ruth Mace, and Grazyna Jasienska

Subjects
Adult, Rural Population, inequality, Adolescent, Inequality, media_common.quotation_subject, Population Dynamics, Population, Demographic transition, Fertility, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Young Adult, wealth, demographic transition, Economic inequality, Political science, Development economics, Humans, education, B- ECONOMIE ET FINANCE, Socioeconomic status, Research Articles, status, Aged, General Environmental Science, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, General Immunology and Microbiology, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, 8. Economic growth, fertility decline, Female, Poland, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Educational capital, Social status
Abstract

In the course of demographic transitions (DTs), two large-scale trends become apparent: (i) the broadly positive association between wealth, status and fertility tends to reverse, and (ii) wealth inequalities increase and then temporarily decrease. We argue that these two broad patterns are linked, through a diversification of reproductive strategies that subsequently converge as populations consume more, become less self-sufficient and increasingly depend on education as a route to socio-economic status. We examine these links using data from 22 mid-transition communities in rural Poland. We identify changing relationships between fertility and multiple measures of wealth, status and inequality. Wealth and status generally have opposing effects on fertility, but these associations vary by community. Where farming remains a viable livelihood, reproductive strategies typical of both pre- and post-DT populations coexist. Fertility is lower and less variable in communities with lower wealth inequality, and macro-level patterns in inequality are generally reproduced at the community level. Our results provide a detailed insight into the changing dynamics of wealth, status and inequality that accompany DTs at the community level where peoples' social and economic interactions typically take place. We find no evidence to suggest that women with the most educational capital gain wealth advantages from reducing fertility, nor that higher educational capital delays the onset of childbearing in this population. Rather, these patterns reflect changing reproductive preferences during a period of profound economic and social change, with implications for our understanding of reproductive and socio-economic inequalities in transitioning populations.

Published
2015
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171. Brief Communication: Women with More Feminine Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Have Higher Reproductive Success.

Author

Klimek, Magdalena, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Nenko, Ilona, and Jasienska, Grazyna

Subjects
FINGER measurement, PHYSIOLOGY of women, FETAL development, REPRODUCTIVE health, ESTROGEN
Abstract

Objectives: Prenatal development has a long-lasting influence on biological condition and health. Second-tofourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is suggested as an indicator of sex hormone exposure during fetal development, and it is likely that women with a more feminine digit ratio were exposed to higher prenatal estrogen levels. Therefore, we tested if 2D:4D was related to a woman's reproductive characteristics. Methods: We studied 319 women aged 46-92, who went through a natural menopause and whose husbands were alive at least until their menopause were studied. Women were recruited at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site located in rural Poland. Results: Women with more feminine 2D:4D had a higher number of children (P = 0.002), gave birth to their last child at a later age (P = 0.02), and had a longer reproductive lifespan (P = 0.04) than women with more masculine 2D:4D. Age and number of years of education were included as potential confounders in the analyses. Conclusions: The results indicated that women with more feminine 2D:4D had higher reproductive success. While the exact mechanisms were not known, and the relationship between 2D:4D and adult sex hormone levels was questioned by previous studies, there might be other biological pathways explaining the observed results, that is, via behaviors that were indirectly related to fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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176. LREE distribution patterns in zoned alkali feldspar megacrysts from the Karkonosze pluton, Bohemian Massif – implications for parental magma composition.

Author

E. Słaby, R. Seltmann, B. Kober, A. Müller, L. Galbarczyk-Gasiorowska, and T. Jeffries

Subjects
IGNEOUS intrusions, ROCK-forming minerals, SILICATE minerals, PLATEAUS
Abstract

The elemental compositions of zoned alkali feldspar megacrysts from the Karkonosze pluton have been analysed and Pb isotope ratios determined using LA-ICP-MS, EMPA and TIMS. The results are used to interpret the magmatic environments within which they crystallized. Growth zones in the megacrysts show fluctuating trace element patterns that reflect a systematic relationship between incompatible LREE and compatible Ba. Chemical gradients between zones in the cores and rims of the megacrysts are not accompanied by significant variation in initial Pb isotope composition. The nucleation and crystallization of the megacrysts is interpreted as having occurred in an environment of magmatic hybridization caused by mixing of mantle and crustal components in which effective homogenization of the Pb isotope composition preceded the onset of megacryst growth. The concentrations of LREE in alkali feldspar zones were used to reconstruct hypothetical melt compositions. Some of the zones appear to have crystallized in an homogenous magmatic environment having clear geochemical affinities with end-member magmas in the Karkonosze pluton, whereas others crystallized in heterogeneous domains of magma hybridization. With the exception of Nd, zones crystallized in more homogeneous magma show LREE fractionation under near-equilibrium conditions. Trace element abundances of megacrysts grown in dynamic, homogeneous magmatic environments of the Karkonosze pluton occasionally deviate from the predicted patterns and show LREE impoverishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007

178. Effects of betahistine on patient-reported outcomes in routine practice in patients with vestibular vertigo and appraisal of tolerability: Experience in the OSVaLD study

Author

Benecke, H., Pérez-Garrigues, H., Bin Sidek, D., Uloziene, I., Kuessner, D., Sondag, E., Theeuwes, A., Boari, L., Chaves, A. G., Dorigueto, R. S., Ganança, F. F., Gonçalves, D. U., Hyppolito, M. A., Korn, G. P., Munhoz, M. S., Oliveira, J. A., Ajisafe, O., Angilleta, B., Bracalenti, I., Carlos, J. M., Dada, O., Ho, M., Kopyto, A., Laliberté, A., Lau, Y., Medina, X., Mercier, C., Nijmeh, P., Pietraszek, B., Roberge, C., Vincent, S., Zeitouni, A., Aras, I., Bencic, I., Bonifacic, M., Branica, S., Dovzak-Kokic, D., Drvis, P., Gortan, D., Grdinic, B., Grigic, J., Handzic, I., Ivkovic, M., Juros, V., Kovacic, J., Krstic, E., Lucin, Z., Maksimovic, Z., Maslovara, S., Rak, I., Resler Seks, A., Ries, M., Trotic, R., Rosenberg, A., Gaal, A., Badacsonyi, M., Balogh, G., Bandula, M., Baranya, E., Jeges, B., Brajnovits, T., Bucsai, A., Tubony, C., Csill, R., Czegledi, I., Olah, L., Draveczky, E., Vaszkun, L., Siro, E., Fain, A., Foth, A., Gerlinger, I., Gestelyi, G., Getachen, K., Ghayada, R., Gilincsek, L., Guth, I., Hegedus, E., Hegyi, I., Jofeju, E., Kerepesi, L., Krisan, I., Laszlo, K., Lorincz, T., Marisch, I., Mihalecz, K., Breznyan, M., Mori, I., Nagy, L., Manhalter, N., Pal, A., Papp, M., Peter, J., Prunk Eger, F., Radai, F., Szihalmy, I., Torma, E., Torok, K., Trencsenyi, G., Varga, E., Vincze, A., Vogel, R., Szakolczay, Z., Zsilinszky, Z., Rovo, Z., Tamas, L., Mester, B., Hudak, I., Toth, L., Merczel, A., Agarwal, V. K., Bhatia, R., Bhimani, B., Biswal, R. N., Biswas, A., Chowdary, V. S., Dhond, P., Dube, T. N., Gopakumar, G., Kansara, A., Khound, G., Kirtane, M. V., Mukherjee, A., Nagpal, T., Ravikumar, A., Reddy, V., Sampat, N., Shaikh, S., Sinha, S., Vaid, N., Valsangkar, S., Vasnoi, S., Vishwanathan, A., Blumberga, I., Bucina, B., Cakule, G., Demidova, L., Dolge, A., Dzirgause, M., Freimane, A., Fricbergs, J., Frolova, V., Ganus, I., Gavare, I., Grigs, V., Grusle, M., Levins, E., Veidule, I., Indrane, M., Saihulova, I., Jeca, A., Jegere, D., Ivanova, A., Kalitas, N., Kalnina, Z., Kanepe, K., Karlovska, M., Kokina, I., Krigere, R., Krisjane, D., Kukurane, S., Kundrate, G., Kukaine, S., Kukute, I., Lagzdina, L., Lapsa-Arenta, S., Madre, S., Matusevica, A., Mežale, I., Melnika, V., Mickevica, S., Morlata, N., Naudina, M. S., Nimroda, L., Norina, D., Opelte, V., Pavlovska, I., Priede, Z., Proskurna, T., Purina, J., Kamsa, I., Raumane, D., Kenina, V., Roska-Levina, D., Rozenbaha, A., Rozkalne, A., Ruta, A., Sendze, G., Silins, A., Skrupska, D., Skurule, I., Sokalska, A., Stepko, Z., Supe, I., Telezenko, I., Tretjaka, N., Turlaja, V., Uzbeka, I., Valucka, T., Vancans, J., Vasilevskis, U., Veinberga, V., Viba, Z., Vitkovska, M., Vitolina, A., Voitovica, L., Zigure, I., Zilite, I., Bakstiene, J., Balkaitiene, R., Basinskiene, V., Beinaraviciene, R., Bertasiene, Z., Bieliauskiene, I., Budrikiene, N., Butkus, A., Butkus, E., Butkus, R., Cholomskiene, V., Dainius, K., Degteriova, R., Deveikyte, A., Dirzauskiene, J., Einoriene, D., Gadeikis, E., Gircys, P., Grazeviciute, L., Ivaskevicius, A., Janciute, J., Jankauskiene, D., Jersova, J., Jociene, I., Jokimaitiene, J., Jukneliene, R., Kanapeckiene, V., Karaliene, V., Kazlauskas, A., Kicas, R., Kiskuniene, I., Kiudelis, A., Kizlaitiene, R., Kuriene, A., Lukaseviciene, N., Lukosaitis, A., Malikeniene, T., Markeleviciene, R., Mazonyte, S., Nadusauskiene, M., Narkeviciene, V., Naumcik, J., Navickiene, E., Pancyreva, I., Pavydyte, J., Persidskaja, O., Petkiniene, V. R., Petrileviciene, R., Petrosiute, B., Pliopliene, I., Puckiene, Z., Razukiene, J., Remeikiene, S., Rudzeviciene, E., Sceponaviciute, S., Scerbickiene, L., Sersniova, I., Sinkuniene, N., Skerneviciute, I., Snureviciute, V., Sostakiene, N., Tunkulas, E., Vitkauskiene, V., Zakarauskiene, R., Zorjan, N., Zurauskiene, R., Sani, A., Mohamad, A., Abdullah, A., Abdullah, B., Hassan, F., Selvarajah, G., See, G. B., Mann, G. S., Singh, H., Hj Ahmad, H. A., Hailani, I., Mohd Yusof, I., Gopalan Nair, K., Sathananthar, K. S., Singh, K., Saim, L., Abdul Ghani, M. H., Herg, M., Jalaludin, M. A., Md Daud, M. K., Khir Abdullah, M., Noor, N. H., Mohamed, N. R., Esa, N. K., Jusoh, N. M., Narayanan, P., Choo, P. K., Al Konee, R. A., Rajagopalan, R., Ismail, R., Mohd Hashim, S. S., Kumarasamy, S., Suan, T. L., Kamalden, T. M., Sang, T. T., Ambu, V. K., Leman, W. I., Abidin, Z. A., Salahuddin, Z., Yusof, Z., Burduk, P., Chmura, H., Czecior, E., Dabrowski, P., Diechota, L., Dietrich, G., Domagata, M., Durko, M., Frak, W., Franczuk-Gwiazda, M., Galbarczyk, D., Gaweowicz, J., Kabacinska, A., Kadej, G. Z., Kapuscinski, J., Kolebacz, B., Korpus-Kaminska, I., Lachowicz, M., Mielnik, E., Mihutka, S., Nilewski, J., Nouinska, E., Obzebowska-Karszania, Z., Oleksiak, M., Palasik, W., Paradowski, B., Paskal, J., Pospiech, L., Pres, K., Rynio, E., Schneider, K., Siger, M., Stoniewska-Piackus, M., Szczuto, J., Wilczynski, K., Wojcick, P., Woynowski, W., Tomasz Zatonski, Ziolkowska-Kochan, M., Zygadlo, E. N., Alaicescu, M., Augustin, A., Bădescu, A., Baltag, D., Bărbos, C., Becuşi, T., Bucan, L., Călăraşu, R., Cămpeanu, A., Chirileanhu, R. D., Comşa, G. I., Constantinescu, D., Cotulbea, S., Cozma, S., Cucoş, L., Docu, A. A., Dulămea, A., Enache, N., Ene, A., Fischer, T. S., Floare, L., Frăsineanu, A., Geană, I., Georgescu, E., Georgescu, M., Georgescu, M. J., Gherman, E., Hăncu, A., Iliescu, I., Ionescu-Mihăiţă, E. R., Ionita, E., Ionita, I., Iovănescu, D., Ladea, M., Loghin, V., Marceanu, L., Mărginean, I., Mariam, G., Marin, M., Mariş, C., Mârţu, D., Matcău, L., Muhlfay, G., Muică, L., Naconecinîi, D., Nirestean, A., Niţă, A., Niţu, L., Oană, N., Oancea, A., Oşanu, M., Panea, N., Pascu, A., Pastia, M., Pavel, R., Pendefunda, L., Petrutiu, S., Plăviţu, I., Poenaru, M., Popa, G. C., Popa, G., Popi, S., Popovivci, A., Prelipceanu, D., Radu, L., Rădulescu, L., Roceanu, A., Rusu, A., Sabău, M. S., Safta, D., Sarafoleanu, D., Stanciu, M., Stănciulescu, R., Ştefanache, F., Stefanescu, E. H., Szatmari, S., Szocs, Tomescu, L., Tudorache, B., Tudose, C., Ursu, C., Vasilescu, L., Vasu, I., Vioreanu, M., Zaboş, D., Zaharia, C., Zainea, V., Zarie, G., Alekseeva, N., Amelin, A., Artemova, I., Batysheva, T., Bobyreva, S., Boyko, A., Buldakova, N., Ganzhula, P., Gaponova, O., Hanevich, T., Hozova, A., Isachenkova, O., Ismailov, A., Zhuravleva, E., Kostenko, E., Lilenko, S., Lisenker, L., Makarova, G., Manevich, T., Matsnev, E., Melnikov, O., Morozova, S., Nesterova, O., Nikulina, I., Otcheskaya, O., Pivovarova, V., Rotor, L., Rylskiy, A., Shalabanova, I., Shinkarev, S., Sorokoumov, V., Vdovichenko, T., Vinetskiy, Y., Vostricova, I., Zadorozhnaya, T., Breznik Farkas, B., Felbabic, J., Geczy Buljovcic, B., Grad, A., Hoenigman, B., Kurent, Z., Krek, B. P., Rok, B., Spindler, M., Vatovec, J., Zorn, A., Zupan, L., Aguila, A. A., Caballero, B. M., Garcia, V. C., Cruellas, T. F., Munoz, P. C., Domenech, J. I., Donderis, S. J., Estevez, G. M., Pallas, P. E., Grani, M. F., Gonzalez, C. F., Galindo, O. J., Garcia, A. A., Garcia, G. B., Gonzalez, G. I., Hernandez Ade, S., Hijano, E. R., Lopez, E. J., Saiz, A. J., Izquierdo, L. J., Perez, L. L., Paya, P. L., Mesa, M. M., Molina, P. M., Navarrete, A. L., Marti, G. L., Melgarejo, M. F., Orts, A. M., Suarez, G. P., Perez, M. P., Perez, G. H., Perez, G. V., Rodriguez, R. S., Santos, P. S., Soto, V. A., Malluguiza, C. J., Ramirez, L. R., Jimenez, M. R., Barona Guzmán, R., Escamilla, C. Y., Saiz, M. V., Gisbert, A. F., Provedo, P. C., Pardo, S. E., Alemán, L. O., Martin, S. E., and Marco, A. J.

180. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Iurilli, Maria LC, Zhou, Bin, Bennett, James E, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Sophiea, Marisa K, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Solomon, Bethlehem D, Taddei, Cristina, Danaei, Goodarz, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Savin, Stefan, Cowan, Melanie J, Bovet, Pascal, Damasceno, Albertino, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hayes, Alison J, Ikeda, Nayu, Jackson, Rod T, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Liu, Jing, Miranda, J Jaime, Saidi, Olfa, Sebert, Sylvain, Sorić, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Gregg, Edward W, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiri, Parisa, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Bo Andersen, Lars, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Ängquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicová, Mária, Avi, Shina, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Jørgensen, Maja Bæksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, José R, Baran, Joanna, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barceló, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Romdhane, Habiba Ben, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloísa, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Lele, Elysée Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, João, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brophy, Sinead, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-De-Mesquita, H Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, De León, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula C, Cañete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Capková, Nadežda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajús, José A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Li Chee, Miao, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Crujeiras, Ana B, Csilla, Semánová, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina, D'Arrigo, Graziella, D'Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Re Saavedra, María Ángeles Dal, Dallongeville, Jean, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, De Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, 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Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, and Filippi, Sarah

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, obesity, BMI, Epidemiology and Global Health, underweight, None, 1. No poverty, 3. Good health, Research Article
Abstract

Funder: Wellcome Trust; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Funder: Medical Research Council; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.

181. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Author

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Abstract

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of

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182. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

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Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Maruszczak, Katharina, Marventano, Stefano, Mascarenhas, Luis P, Masoodi, Shariq R, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E, Mavrogianni, Christina, Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McFarlane, Shelly R, McGarvey, Stephen T, McKee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M, McLean, Scott B, McNulty, Breige A, Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jørgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B, Menon, Geetha R, Mensink, Gert BM, Menzano, Maria Teresa, Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I, Metspalu, Andres, Meyer, Haakon E, Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F, Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Milkowska, Karolina, 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K, Msyamboza, Kelias P, Mu, Thet Thet, Muc, Magdalena, Mugoša, Boban, Muiesan, Maria L, Mukhtorova, Parvina, Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Milanovic, Sanja Music, Musil, Vera, Mustafa, Norlaila, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M, Najafi, Farid, Nakamura, Harunobu, Námešná, Jana, Ei K Nang, Ei, Nangia, Vinay B, Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Nauck, Matthias, Neal, William A, Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nekkantti, Chandini, Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Liis, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E, Nikitin, Yury P, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Nogueira, Helena, Norat, Teresa, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nuhoglu, Irfan, Nurk, Eha, O'Neill, Terence W, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M, Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Claes, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A, Oliveira, Isabel O, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Ortiz, Pedro J, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioannis, Pahomova, Elena, de Paiva, Karina Mary, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrios, Park, Soon-Woo, Park, Suyeon, Parnell, Winsome R, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M, Pasquet, Patrick, Patel, Nikhil D, Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Peer, Nasheeta, Pei, Gao, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C, Peres, Marco A, Pérez-Farinós, Napoleón, Pérez, Cynthia M, Peterkova, Valentina, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Pettenuzzo, Emanuela, Peykari, Niloofar, Pham, Son Thai, Pichardo, Rafael N, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iris, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N, Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M, Popovic, Stevo R, Porta, Miquel, Posch, Georg, Poudyal, Anil, Poulimeneas, Dimitrios, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J, Price, Jacqueline F, Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J, Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F, Qorbani, Mostafa, Bao, Tran Quoc, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rakhimova, Ellina, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rakovac, Ivo, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rarra, Vayia, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A, Rasmussen, Mette, Rech, Cassiano Ricardo, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M, Regecová, Valéria, Revilla, Luis, Rezaianzadeh, Abbas, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Richter, Adrian, Rigo, Fernando, Rinaldo, Natascia, de Wit, Tobias F Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M, Rivera, Juan A, Robitaille, Cynthia, Roccaldo, Romana, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L, Rosario, Rafaela V, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel GR, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rühli, Frank J, Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Moreno, Emma Ruiz, Rusakova, Iuliia A, Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sacchini, Elena, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safiri, Saeid, Saki, Nader, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Lèlita C, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Sanz, Sara Santos, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savvas, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sein, Aye Aye, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Victor, Serra-Majem, Luis, Servais, Jennifer, Ševcíková, Ludmila, Shalnova, Svetlana A, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shirani, Majid, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skodje, Gry, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinus, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanovic, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Doris, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Syddall, Holly E, Sylva, René Charles, Szklo, Moyses, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Liis, Tamosiunas, Abdonas, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thomas, Nihal, Thuesen, Betina H, Tichá, Lubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Maties, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrios, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistoklis, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Tomas, Veidebaum, Toomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesus, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thomas, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, and Filippi, Sarah

Abstract

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.

184. Cycle Effects Are Not Universal: A Case Study of Urinary C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Rural Polish and Polish American Samples.

Author

Wilson MA, Lee KMN, Ehrlich DE, Rogers-LaVanne MP, Jasienska G, Galbarczyk A, and Clancy KBH

Subjects
Humans, Poland, Female, Adult, Young Adult, Adolescent, United States, Middle Aged, Pregnanediol analogs & derivatives, Pregnanediol urine, C-Reactive Protein analysis, Menstrual Cycle, Rural Population statistics & numerical data
Abstract

Objectives: We need to better understand how the menstrual cycle interacts with other biological systems, such the inflammation and immune response. One way to study this interaction is through C-reactive protein (CRP). Studies of CRP concentrations across the menstrual cycle have been inconsistent. This study explores menstrual cycle CRP variation in two geographically different samples of Polish and Polish American individuals., Methods: Analyses were conducted on 76 Polish and 22 Polish American daily urine samples collected on the first day of menstruation until the start of their next period. CRP, estrone-3-glucuronide, and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide were assayed. Sample-specific linear mixed models were used to examine cycle effects and median CRP concentrations across cycle phases and between the start of menses and remainder of the cycle were compared using Kruskal-Wallace and Dunn tests., Results: Polish and Polish American samples had distinct menstrual cycle CRP phenotypes. The Polish sample did not show cycle effects. The Polish American LMM demonstrated that CRP decreases after the first 3 days of menses (estimate -0.17, t-value -5.2). The KW and Dunn tests supported this. CRP concentrations were higher during the early follicular (median 0.406, p < 0.05), specifically the first 3 days of menstruation (median 0.466, p < 0.01), and lower in the luteal (median 0.277, p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Results suggest that changes in CRP during menstrual cycle are not universal across populations. In the Polish American sample, CRP was highest during the early follicular, specifically the first 3 days of menstruation, suggesting a potential relationship between the menstrual cycle and inflammation., (© 2025 The Author(s). American Journal of Human Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Published
2025
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185. It gets better with age: Resilience, stigma, and mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer persons from Poland.

Author

Koziara K, Mijas ME, Galbarczyk A, Wycisk J, Pliczko MP, Krzych-Miłkowska K, and Grabski B

Abstract

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer populations are disproportionately affected by chronic stress associated with stigma which contributes to health adversities including depression. Negative impact of stigma on health can be alleviated by factors such as resilience. Little is known however on how exposure to stigma, protective factors and mental health change with age among gender and sexually diverse persons. Our study aimed at investigating this issue. Our sample consisted of (i) 245 sexually diverse cisgender women, (ii) 175 sexually diverse cisgender men, and (iii) 98 transgender and gender diverse persons. We collected data through a web-based survey. Linear regression models were performed to investigate the interactions of age and each group of participants for resilience, stigma exposure, and mental health indicators (depression and self-esteem). We hypothesized that resilience and mental health indicators will be positively associated with age in all distinguished groups despite the continued exposure to minority stress. The analysis yielded no significant relationships between stigma exposure and age among study participants. However, we observed significant interaction effects of distinguished groups of participants and age in case of self-esteem, depression, and resilience. Self-esteem and resilience were related positively, and depression was negatively associated with age in all study groups. Additionally, we observed that sexually diverse cisgender men demonstrated significantly increased resilience, reduced depression and higher self-esteem compared to other groups. Although the exposure to stigma did not decrease with age, resilience and self-esteem increased, suggesting that LGBTQ persons manage to thrive despite adversities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Koziara, Mijas, Galbarczyk, Wycisk, Pliczko, Krzych-Miłkowska and Grabski.)

Published
2022
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186. Experimental and cross-cultural evidence that parenthood and parental care motives increase social conservatism.

Author

Kerry N, Al-Shawaf L, Barbato M, Batres C, Blake KR, Cha Y, Chauvin GV, Clifton JDW, Fernandez AM, Galbarczyk A, Ghossainy ME, Jang D, Jasienska G, Karasawa M, Laustsen L, Loria R, Luberti F, Moran J, Pavlović Z, Petersen MB, Smith AR, Žeželj I, and Murray DR

Subjects
Attitude, Child, Female, Humans, Politics, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Motivation
Abstract

Differences in attitudes on social issues such as abortion, immigration and sex are hugely divisive, and understanding their origins is among the most important tasks facing human behavioural sciences. Despite the clear psychological importance of parenthood and the motivation to provide care for children, researchers have only recently begun investigating their influence on social and political attitudes. Because socially conservative values ostensibly prioritize safety, stability and family values, we hypothesized that being more invested in parental care might make socially conservative policies more appealing. Studies 1 (preregistered; n = 376) and 2 ( n = 1924) find novel evidence of conditional experimental effects of a parenthood prime, such that people who engaged strongly with a childcare manipulation showed an increase in social conservatism. Studies 3 ( n = 2610, novel data from 10 countries) and 4 ( n = 426 444, World Values Survey data) find evidence that both parenthood and parental care motivation are associated with increased social conservatism around the globe. Further, most of the positive association globally between age and social conservatism is accounted for by parenthood. These findings support the hypothesis that parenthood and parental care motivation increase social conservatism.

Published
2022
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187. Dietary Protein Source Matters for Changes in Inflammation Measured by Urinary C-Reactive Protein in Rural Polish Women.

Author

Ban HE, Lee KMN, Rogers-LaVanne MP, Zabłocka-Słowińska K, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G, and Clancy KBH

Subjects
Female, Humans, Animals, Pregnancy, Dietary Proteins, Poland epidemiology, Inflammation, C-Reactive Protein, Urinary Tract
Abstract

Objectives: Multiple macronutrients have been shown to affect systemic inflammation, a well-known predictor of chronic disease. Less often, varying sources of these macronutrients are examined. Different subsistence environments lead to varying access to protein sources which, combined with physical activity patterns, may lead to different relationships than among more typically studied sedentary, industrialized populations. This study hypothesizes an association between dietary protein intake and urinary C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentration in women from a rural, agrarian Polish community., Materials and Methods: We assessed protein intake and their sources for 80 nonsmoking, premenopausal Polish women who were not pregnant, nursing, or on hormonal birth control during the study or within the previous six months. Each participant completed multiple 24-hour dietary recalls during one menstrual cycle. Participants collected morning void urinary samples daily over one menstrual cycle for urinary CRP analysis. We analyzed relationships between plant and animal protein intake and CRP over the menstrual cycle by multiple linear regression., Results: Plant protein in cereal foods was significantly positively associated with cycle-average urinary CRP concentrations (p<0.05) after controlling for body fat percent, total energy intake, and dietary fiber. Foods containing animal protein were not significantly associated with CRP., Discussion: Contents of this population's main plant and animal protein sources differ from those of more commonly studied industrialized populations. Within the context of a population's typical diet, more emphasis may need to be placed on particular source of protein consumed, beyond plant versus animal, in order to understand relationships with CRP., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Published
2022
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188. Associations between Daily Ambient Air Pollution and Pulmonary Function, Asthma Symptom Occurrence, and Quick-Relief Inhaler Use among Asthma Patients.

Author

Ścibor M, Balcerzak B, Galbarczyk A, and Jasienska G

Subjects
Dust analysis, Environmental Monitoring methods, Humans, Nebulizers and Vaporizers, Particulate Matter analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Asthma drug therapy, Asthma epidemiology
Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is harmful to human health, especially for people with asthma. The goal of this study was to enhance the knowledge about the short-term effects of daily air concentrations of PM on health outcomes among asthma patients. The novelty of this study was the inclusion of a homogeneous group of patients (N = 300) with diagnosed and partly controlled asthma. Patients recorded their symptoms, asthma quick-relief inhaler use, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements in a diary for two weeks. Data on particulate air pollution were obtained from stationary monitoring stations. We have shown that particulate pollutants (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) are associated with significant deterioration of PEF and an increase in the frequency of early asthma symptoms, as well as asthma quick-relief inhaler use. These effects are observed not only on the day of exposure, but also on the following day. For public health practice, these results support the rationale for using peak-flow meters as necessary devices for proper asthma self-management and control, especially in locations where the air is polluted with particles. This may decrease the number of asthma patients seeking medical help.

Published
2022
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189. Dysregulated by stigma: Cortisol responses to repeated psychosocial stress in gay and heterosexual men.

Author

Mijas M, Blukacz M, Koziara K, Kasparek K, Pliczko MP, Galbarczyk A, and Jasienska G

Subjects
Adult, Humans, Male, Saliva chemistry, Heterosexuality psychology, Heterosexuality statistics & numerical data, Homosexuality, Male psychology, Homosexuality, Male statistics & numerical data, Hydrocortisone metabolism, Social Stigma, Stress, Psychological metabolism
Abstract

Background: Research on pathways linking stigma with health inequalities affecting sexual minority populations, focused predominantly on exploring the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) dysregulation profiles associated with chronic stress. One of such profiles reflecting a state of increased susceptibility to disease, and not yet studied among sexual minority individuals, is impaired habituation to repeated stress of the same type. In this study we explored whether sexual identity modulates endocrine stress responses and stress responses habituation in healthy heterosexual and gay men. We also explored the associations between perceived sexual minority stigma and cortisol response to stress in the latter group., Methods: Gay (N = 49) and heterosexual (N = 40) men, aged 24.4 years, were confronted twice with the Trier Social Stress Test and provided 5 salivary cortisol samples for each of the two testing sessions. A multilevel mixed-effects approach was used to model the cortisol curve throughout the two-day procedure. Habituation to repeated stress was conceptualized as the decrease in the total cortisol levels as well as the change in the cortisol curvilinearity between the first and the second testing session., Results: Gay participants were characterized by significantly higher cortisol levels throughout both laboratory visits. Their cortisol levels were also predicted by perceived rejection from family due to minority sexual identity, and stigma-related vicarious trauma. Although neither group showed habituation defined as the decrease in cortisol level, the shape of the cortisol curve changed between both visits only in the heterosexual participants., Conclusions: Increased cortisol levels observed in gay men are predicted by minority stressors. Combined with non-habituation, the upregulation of the HPA axis may constitute a physiological pathway linking stigma to adverse health outcomes., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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190. La donna è mobile? Lack of cyclical shifts in facial symmetry, and facial and body masculinity preferences-A hormone based study.

Author

Marcinkowska UM, Galbarczyk A, and Jasienska G

Subjects
Adult, Choice Behavior physiology, Cues, Estradiol analysis, Face, Facial Recognition physiology, Female, Fertility physiology, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone analysis, Luteinizing Hormone urine, Masculinity, Menstrual Cycle, Ovulation, Poland, Saliva chemistry, Sexual Behavior physiology, Sexual Behavior psychology
Abstract

Although under investigation for more than two decades, a common agreement on the occurrence of cyclical shifts in women's masculinity and symmetry preferences is still missing. Such shifts are considered to be an important feature of sexual selection as they supposedly direct women's attention towards cues for "good genes" (e.g. masculinity and symmetry) during times when probability of conception is the highest. Multiple studies have, however, failed to find these shifts. We attempt to address this lack of agreement analysing a sample of 110 healthy women, using intra-participant design and repeated measurements of oestradiol and LH during the cycle. To ensure the reliable detection of increased conception probability, both LH- based ovulation tests and multiple oestradiol measurements were used. We found no significant differences between women's preferences during different cycle phases for either body or facial masculinity, or for facial symmetry. Differences remained non-significant after controlling for participants' sexual openness, relationship status, and self-judged attractiveness. We suggest that putative cyclical shifts in preferences for cues for good genes are either very small (impossible to be tracked even with a relatively large sample) or they are far more complex than previously assumed, and further studies accounting for more confounding variables should be undertaken., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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191. Lack of support for relation between woman's masculinity preference, estradiol level and mating context.

Author

Marcinkowska UM, Ellison PT, Galbarczyk A, Milkowska K, Pawlowski B, Thune I, and Jasienska G

Subjects
Adult, Estradiol analysis, Face, Female, Fertilization physiology, Humans, Male, Ovulation metabolism, Saliva chemistry, Saliva metabolism, Young Adult, Choice Behavior physiology, Estradiol metabolism, Masculinity, Menstrual Cycle metabolism, Menstrual Cycle psychology, Reproduction physiology, Sexual Partners psychology
Abstract

It has been proposed that women's preferences for male facial sexual dimorphism are positively correlated with conception probability and differ between short- and long-term mating contexts. In this study, we tested this assumption by analyzing relationships between estradiol levels to the women's preferences of male faces that were manipulated to vary in masculinity. Estradiol was measured in daily saliva samples throughout the entire menstrual cycle collected by Polish women with regular menstrual cycles. In our analyses, we included the three most commonly used definitions of the fertile window in the literature. After computing the overall masculinity preference of each participant and measuring hormone levels, we found that i) the timing of ovulation varied greatly among women (between -11 and -17days from the onset of the next menses, counting backwards), ii) there was no relationship between daily, measured during the day of the test (N=83) or average for the cycle (N=115) estradiol levels and masculinity preferences, iii) there were no differences in masculinity preferences between women in low- and high-conception probability phases of the cycle, and iv) there were no differences in masculinity preferences between short- and long-term mating contexts. Our results do not support the idea that women's preferences for a potential sexual partner's facial masculinity fluctuate throughout the cycle., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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192. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is related to differences in potential fertility in women: a case of antagonistic pleiotropy?

Author

Jasienska G, Ellison PT, Galbarczyk A, Jasienski M, Kalemba-Drozdz M, Kapiszewska M, Nenko I, Thune I, and Ziomkiewicz A

Subjects
Adult, Alleles, Female, Fertility genetics, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone analysis, Saliva chemistry, Apolipoprotein E3 genetics, Apolipoprotein E4 genetics, Genetic Pleiotropy, Polymorphism, Genetic, Reproduction genetics
Abstract

The alleles that are detrimental to health, especially in older age, are thought to persist in populations because they also confer some benefits for individuals (through antagonistic pleiotropy). The ApoE4 allele at the ApoE locus, encoding apolipoprotein E (ApoE), significantly increases risk of poor health, and yet it is present in many populations at relatively high frequencies. Why has it not been replaced by natural selection with the health-beneficial ApoE3 allele? ApoE is a major supplier of cholesterol precursor for the production of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone, thus ApoE has been suggested as the potential candidate gene that may cause variation in reproductive performance. Our results support this hypothesis showing that in 117 regularly menstruating women those with genotypes with at least one ApoE4 allele had significantly higher levels of mean luteal progesterone (144.21 pmol l(-1)) than women with genotypes without ApoE4 (120.49 pmol l(-1)), which indicates higher potential fertility. The hormonal profiles were based on daily data for entire menstrual cycles. We suggest that the finding of higher progesterone in women with ApoE4 allele could provide first strong evidence for an evolutionary mechanism of maintaining the ancestral and health-worsening ApoE4 allele in human populations., (© 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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193. Community-level education accelerates the cultural evolution of fertility decline.

Author

Colleran H, Jasienska G, Nenko I, Galbarczyk A, and Mace R

Subjects
Cultural Evolution, Educational Status, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Poland, Fertility, Population Dynamics, Reproductive Behavior
Abstract

Explaining why fertility declines as populations modernize is a profound theoretical challenge. It remains unclear whether the fundamental drivers are economic or cultural in nature. Cultural evolutionary theory suggests that community-level characteristics, for example average education, can alter how low-fertility preferences are transmitted and adopted. These assumptions have not been empirically tested. Here, we show that community-level education accelerates fertility decline in a way that is neither predicted by individual characteristics, nor by the level of economic modernization in a population. In 22 high-fertility communities in Poland, fertility converged on a smaller family size as average education in the community increased-indeed community-level education had a larger impact on fertility decline than did individual education. This convergence was not driven by educational levels being more homogeneous, but by less educated women having fewer children than expected, and more highly educated social networks, when living among more highly educated neighbours. The average level of education in a community may influence the social partners women interact with, both within and beyond their immediate social environments, altering the reproductive norms they are exposed to. Given a critical mass of highly educated women, less educated neighbours may adopt their reproductive behaviour, accelerating the pace of demographic transition. Individual characteristics alone cannot capture these dynamics and studies relying solely on them may systematically underestimate the importance of cultural transmission in driving fertility declines. Our results are inconsistent with a purely individualistic, rational-actor model of fertility decline and suggest that optimization of reproduction is partly driven by cultural dynamics beyond the individual.

Published
2014
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194. Timing of natural menopause covaries with timing of birth of a first daughter: evidence for a mother-daughter evolutionary contract?

Author

Galbarczyk A and Jasienska G

Subjects
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Poland, Pregnancy, Young Adult, Menopause physiology, Models, Biological, Mother-Child Relations
Abstract

Age at natural menopause is characterized by significant variability, but the factors responsible for this observed variation are still not well recognized. Humans are cooperative breeders and non-reproducing grandmothers play important roles in raising children. We propose an evolutionary "mother-daughter contract" hypothesis that suggests that the oldest daughter helps her mother to raise younger siblings but, in return, expects her mother to cease her reproduction, shifting energy and time once her daughter's children are born. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 914 Polish postmenopausal women. From among those, 506 women, 44-98 years old, who had at least one child and who went through a natural menopause were included in the analysis. A woman's age at menopause was sensitive to the age at which she had her first daughter. The age of giving birth to the first daughter, even when she was not her first child, positively correlated with the age of the mother's menopause (N=332, p<0.02), while the age of giving birth to a first son did not have a statistically significant effect (N=332, p=0.36). Results of our study suggest that research on the menopausal transition should take into account mother-daughter relationships as potentially important determinants of the timing of menopause., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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