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It is known that differences between potentials of soma, dendrites and different parts of neural structures may be the origin of electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. These potentials may be produced by some excitatory synapses and currents of charges between neurons and then thereafter may themselves cause the emergence of new synapses and electrical currents. These currents within and between neurons emit some electromagnetic waves which could be absorbed by electrodes on the scalp, and form topographic images. In this research, a model is proposed which formulates EEG topographic parameters in terms of the charge and mass of exchanged particles within neurons, those which move between neurons, the number of neurons and the length of neurons and synapses. In this model, by knowing the densities of the frequencies in different regions of the brain, one can predict the type, charge and velocity of particles which are moving along neurons or are exchanged between neurons.

Previous experiments have shown that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields could cause serious effects on the evolution of cells. We propose a mathematical model which confirms those results. In our model, electromagnetic waves could cause the motions of ions and charges and the emergence of some currents around and in the interior of cells. These currents produce some waves which interact with the DNAs and remove or attach some repressors. Consequently, some genes could be turned on or off, and cells could obtain some properties or lose them. The frequency of the external waves should be close to the frequency of the exchanged waves between the repressors and DNAs or even bigger than them. We test this idea and did some experiments on quail embryonic cells. We connected a sample of these cells to a battery and considered their evolution. We observed that after connecting the battery and the production of electrical current, some rings around the quail embryonic cells emerged. Maybe, these rings are the response of the cells to changes in electromagnetic waves and electrical currents.

Purpose: Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a soft tissue sarcoma with poor prognosis, and little molecular evidence exists for its origin, initiation, and progression. The aim of this study was to elucidate candidate molecular pathways involved in tumor pathogenesis.Experimental Design: We employed high-throughput array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and cDNA-Mediated Annealing, Selection, Ligation, and Extension Assay to profile the genomic and expression signatures of primary and metastatic ASPS from 17 tumors derived from 11 patients. We used an integrative bioinformatics approach to elucidate the molecular pathways associated with ASPS progression. FISH was performed to validate the presence of the t(X;17)(p11.2;q25) ASPL–TFE3 fusion and, hence, confirm the aCGH observations.Results: FISH analysis identified the ASPL–TFE3 fusion in all cases. aCGH revealed a higher number of numerical aberrations in metastatic tumors relative to primaries, but failed to identify consistent alterations in either group. Gene expression analysis highlighted 1,063 genes that were differentially expressed between the two groups. Gene set enrichment analysis identified 16 enriched gene sets (P < 0.1) associated with differentially expressed genes. Notable among these were several stem cell gene expression signatures and pathways related to differentiation. In particular, the paired box transcription factor PAX6 was upregulated in the primary tumors, along with several genes whose mouse orthologs have previously been implicated in Pax6 DNA binding during neural stem cell differentiation.Conclusion: In addition to suggesting a tentative neural line of differentiation for ASPS, these results implicate transcriptional deregulation from fusion genes in the pathogenesis of ASPS. Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1521–30. ©2014 AACR.

PDF file, 143K, Characteristics for all men and by ERG-overexpression status among 90 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)a, PHS and HPFS cohorts 1982-2011.

XLS file, 43K, List of studies reviewed for but excluded from the meta-analysis.

PDF file, 130K, Selection process for the study inclusion in the meta-analysis.

Background: Whether the genomic rearrangement transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2):v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) has prognostic value in prostate cancer is unclear.Methods: Among men with prostate cancer in the prospective Physicians' Health and Health Professionals Follow-Up Studies, we identified rearrangement status by immunohistochemical assessment of ERG protein expression. We used Cox models to examine associations of ERG overexpression with biochemical recurrence and lethal disease (distant metastases or cancer-specific mortality). In a meta-analysis including 47 additional studies, we used random-effects models to estimate associations between rearrangement status and outcomes.Results: The cohort consisted of 1,180 men treated with radical prostatectomy between 1983 and 2005. During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 266 men experienced recurrence and 85 men developed lethal disease. We found no significant association between ERG overexpression and biochemical recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78–1.26] or lethal disease (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.61–1.43). The meta-analysis of prostatectomy series included 5,074 men followed for biochemical recurrence (1,623 events), and 2,049 men followed for lethal disease (131 events). TMPRSS2:ERG was associated with stage at diagnosis [risk ratio (RR)≥T3 vs. T2, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16–1.30) but not with biochemical recurrence (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.86–1.17) or lethal disease (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.47–2.09).Conclusions: These results suggest that TMPRSS2:ERG, or ERG overexpression, is associated with tumor stage but does not strongly predict recurrence or mortality among men treated with radical prostatectomy.Impact: This is the largest prospective cohort study to examine associations of ERG overexpression and lethal prostate cancer among men treated with radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1497–509. ©2012 AACR.

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PDF file - 303K, L704N or I941R cis mutation disrupts constitutive dimerization of mutant EGFR (S1); Tyrosine-phosphorylation is abrogated on L704N or I941R compound mutants of dimerization-dependent mutants (S2); Wild-type EGFR, but not Ex20Ins mutant are dependent on asymmetric dimerization for oncogenic transformation (S3); Tyrosine-phosphorylation on dimerization-independent mutants is significantly impaired by introduction of receiver-impairing or activator-impairing mutation (S4); Cell surface expression levels of various EGFR mutants in NIH-3T3 cells (S5); Activities of receiver monomers and activator monomers of wild-type EGFR (S6); Cell surface expression of mutant EGFR in stable cell lines (S7); Differential pharmacological effects of gefitinib and cetuximab against distinct mutant EGFR (S8); Generation and characterization of bitransgenic mice with inducible expression of EGFR Ex20Ins in lung compartments (S9); Cetuximab downregulates tyrosine phosphorylation on mutant EGFR in mouse tumors (S10).

Beer was a staple of early modern diets across northern Europe and the Atlantic World. While its profound social, economic, and cultural significance is well established, little is known about the nature and quality of the drink itself, particularly its nutritional characteristics. Until now, attempts to estimate calorie and alcohol content have been monodisciplinary in approach, involving either theoretical calculations based on grain content, or a rough approximation with modern equivalents. Using sixteenth-century Ireland as a case-study, this article describes an interdisciplinary approach to the problem of early modern beer. Exploiting a rich seam of unpublished archival material, the project recreates an early modern beer, using the most appropriate ingredients, equipment, and processes possible. Scientific analysis of the finished drink offers new perspectives on beer as a dietary staple. The project is a model for integrating practical or experimental approaches into mainstream historical study, and the practice of radical interdisciplinarity. It represents the most comprehensive effort to recreate an historic beer in any context to date, bringing together historians, experimental archaeologists, agronomists, microbiologists, brewing scientists, craftworkers, farmers, and maltsters to tackle problematic questions about the past

This paper will introduce an interdisciplinary research project that is seeking to understand the nature and meaning of food in Ireland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This was a period of increasingly globalised trade when new foods arrived into Ireland, some of which, such as the potato, eventually became dietary staples. Irish food cultures were also influenced by neighbouring Britain, which ruled over Ireland at the time, but some food choices seem to reflect more local traditions, such as the predominance of oats in certain social and economic contexts. Over the past two decades in Ireland, hundreds of archaeological excavations have unearthed food-related materials dating to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological remains, and artefacts, such as cooking and eating utensils. Much of the data relating to these finds resides in individual technical reports, however, and is considered on an individual site basis only. The ERC-funded “FoodCult” research project is addressing this issue through collation and analysis of archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and artefact data from a wide variety of urban and rural excavations. New stable isotope analyses are being undertaken on human bone to discover dietary consumption, and new organic residue analyses of ceramics are finding out what foods they contained. These new archaeological and scientific analyses are being integrated with evidence from historical sources, providing a ground-breaking new approach to understand food and identity in a complex society. This paper will explore archaeobotanical and historical evidence, focusing on fruits, highlighting the challenges of an interdisciplinary approach, key gaps in knowledge, and how the FoodCult project is addressing these issues.

Thermal sensations contribute to our ability to perceive and explore the physical world. Reproducing these sensations in a spatiotemporally programmable manner through wireless computer control could enhance virtual experiences beyond those supported by video, audio and, increasingly, haptic inputs. Flexible, lightweight and thin devices that deliver patterns of thermal stimulation across large areas of the skin at any location of the body are of great interest in this context. Applications range from those in gaming and remote socioemotional communications, to medical therapies and physical rehabilitation. Here, we present a set of ideas that form the foundations of a skin-integrated technology for power-efficient generation of thermal sensations across the skin, with real-time, closed-loop control. The systems exploit passive cooling mechanisms, actively switchable thermal barrier interfaces, thin resistive heaters and flexible electronics configured in a pixelated layout with wireless interfaces to portable devices, the internet and cloud data infrastructure. Systematic experimental studies and simulation results explore the essential mechanisms and guide the selection of optimized choices in design. Demonstration examples with human subjects feature active thermoregulation, virtual social interactions, and sensory expansion.

Supplemental Material for State Labor Laws and Government Responsiveness to Public Opinion by Daniel DiSalvo, Patrick Flavin, and Michael Hartney in Political Research Quarterly

It has been known that both brain and heart produce magnetic fields however, intensity of heart magnetic field is more. The question arises that what is the relation between heart and brain waves. We answer this question by suggesting a theoretical model which use of hemoglobins and other spinors as packages of information and spin waves for exchanging information between heart and brain. In this model, heart genes within heart cells control motions of charged ions and their spins. By motions of these electrical and spinor ions, both electrical and magnetic waves are emerged. Electrical waves produce known action potentials and magnetic waves force on iron atoms within hemoglobins and electrons on other biological objects and induce spin waves and information in multigonal structures around them. Hemoglobins and other spinors are carried by blood cells and liquid molecules and move from heart to brain. Near neurons within the brain, magnetic spins within the hemoglobins and spinors force into ions and cause to their motion towards cells. These ions pass the neuron membranes, force on ionic packages and cause that some new ions become free. These charged/spinor ions produce electrical currents between neurons and emit some magnetic and electrical waves around the brain. We have done some calculations which show by increasing height differences between two mans, time differences for exchanging information between brain and heart increase. This result is related to local entanglement between spinors. However, there is additional non-local entanglements between spinors on the heart and spinors on the brain. These entanglements may be produced through two ways: 1. Some spinors within blood vessels and nerve systems may join to each other and form several strings. Any change in one of spins within this string, cause to changes in all spins. Thus, information could be transmitted between brain and heart immediately. 2. In addition to classical magnetic field which is produced by charged currents, there is another quantum magnetic field which is produced by spinors. This quantum wave couldn’t be detected by present devices, however any change in spinors on the heart cause to a change in quantum magnetic field and spinors on the brain. This is a theoretical model and could be a proposal for scientists to test it.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Metastatic progression and tumor evolution complicates the clinical management of cancer patients. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) characterization is a growing discipline that aims to elucidate tumor metastasis and evolution processes. CTCs offer the clinical potential to monitor cancer patients for therapy response, disease relapse, and screen ‘at risk' groups for the onset of malignancy. However, such clinical utility is currently limited to breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer patients. Further understanding of the basic CTC biology of other malignancies is required to progress them towards clinical utility. Unfortunately, such basic clinical research is often limited by restrictive characterization methods and high-cost barrier to entry for CTC isolation and imaging infrastructure. As experimental clinical results on applications of CTC are accumulating, it is becoming clear that a two-tier system of CTC isolation and characterization is required. The first tier is to facilitate basic research into CTC characterization. This basic research then informs a second tier specialised in clinical prognostic and diagnostic testing. This study presented in this manuscript describes the development and application of a low-cost, CTC isolation and characterization pipeline; CTC-5. This approach uses an established ‘isolation by size’ approach (ScreenCell Cyto) and combines histochemical morphology stains and multiparametric immunofluorescence on the same isolated CTCs. This enables capture and characterization of CTCs independent of biomarker-based pre-selection and accommodates both single CTCs and clusters of CTCs. Additionally, the developed open-source software is provided to facilitate the synchronization of microscopy data from multiple sources (https://github.com/CTC5/). This enables high parameter histochemical and immunofluorescent analysis of CTCs with existing microscopy infrastructure without investment in CTC specific imaging hardware. Our approach confirmed by the number of successful tests represents a potential major advance towards highly accessible low-cost technology aiming at the basic research tier of CTC isolation and characterization. The biomarker independent approach facilitates closing the gap between malignancies with poorly, and well-defined CTC phenotypes. As is currently the case for some of the most commonly occurring breast, prostate and colorectal cancers, such advances will ultimately benefit the patient, as early detection of relapse or onset of malignancy strongly correlates with their prognosis.