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Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two feeding trials were performed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, and amino acids of three animal‐origin and four plant‐origin ingredients in Totoaba macdonaldi. In the first feeding trial, the animal‐origin ingredients were evaluated using totoaba juveniles with an initial weight of 529.7 ± 104.2 g, and for the second feeding trial 745.9 ± 210.6 g. Evaluated ingredients were: poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal (FM), soy protein concentrate, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten (CG), and wheat gluten (WG). Each experimental ingredient was evaluated in triplicate. ADCs of dry matter ranged from 35.9% for FM to 67.9% for poultry by‐product, while the protein ADCs values ranged from 41.7% for CG to 83.2% for poultry by‐product. Fish meal ADC (79.6%) was similar to poultry by‐product but significantly higher than WG and soy protein concentrate (72.5% and 72.6%, respectively). The ADCs for lysine were significantly higher for WG, sardine meal, poultry by‐product, and SMB (94.5%, 79.8%, 79.4%, and 79.4%, respectively). Based on the results from the present study, poultry by‐product, WG, and soy protein concentrate are the most promising alternative ingredients (i.e., to the fishmeal) for the formulation of totoaba grow‐out feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or/and unfermented SBM replacing a portion of fish meal (FM) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four groups of juvenile coho salmon (initial weight 152.23 ± 3.21 g) in triplicate were fed for 12 weeks on four different iso-nitrogen and iso-lipid experimental diets: G0 diet (28% FM protein, control group), G1 diet (18% FM protein and 10% SBM protein), G2 diet (18% FM protein, 5% SBM protein, and 5% FSBM protein), and G3 diet (18% FM protein and 10% FSBM protein). The main results were compared with the G0 diet; the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and condition factor of juveniles in G3 were increased significantly (p < 0.05). The content of muscle crude protein, the total protein, glucose, albumin, total cholesterol in serum, and the total antioxidant capacity in the liver of juveniles in G3 was increased significantly (p < 0.05). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase in the intestine, the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in the liver of juveniles in G3 were increased significantly (p < 0.05). The expression levels of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, serine/threonine kinase, mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 genes in the liver of juveniles in G3 were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05). The feed coefficient ratio, viscerosomatic index, the contents of muscle moisture, and malondialdehyde in the liver of juveniles in G3 were decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 genes in the liver of juveniles in G3 were downregulated significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the survival rate, food intake, and muscle crude lipid and ash of juveniles among the experimental groups. In conclusion, FSBM to replace a portion FM had a positive effect on the growth performance, protein deposition, antioxidant enzyme activity, digestive enzyme activity, protein synthesis, and immune-related genes of juvenile coho salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic spintronics is an emerging research field that offers numerous fundamental physics and has shown potential in future spintronic applications. The spin-polarized hybridized interface formed at the ferromagnet (FM)/organic molecule (OM) interface is called the "spinterface." It has been found that the spinterface helps to reduce the well-known impedance mismatch issue in spin valves, enhances spin-polarization of the effective FM electrode, and aligns the molecular levels for easy spin transport. High magnetoresistance (MR) of ∼ 400% has been observed at low temperatures (∼10 K) for OM-based spin valves. However, the MR value at room temperature for such OM-based spin valves is low (∼10%) due to the complex nature of the FM/OM interface. During the last decade, much attention has been devoted to understand the nature of FM/OM interface for tailoring spintronic device functionalities. In this context, the role of spinterface on the global magnetization reversal, magnetic domains, and magnetic anisotropy in FM/OM systems becomes very important. Furthermore, it is also essential to understand the impact of crystallinity and thickness of FM on the induced moment in the non-magnetic OM in such heterostructures. Here, in this brief review, we give our Perspective on the progress and future challenges of the role of spinterface on various magnetic properties in FM/OM systems. Furthermore, we also discuss the recent observation of spin pumping in FM/OM systems where the OMs exhibit reasonable spin–orbit coupling. This shows the potential of OMs for spin–orbit torque-based physics and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study gives a description of the formation of self-nitrogen doped activated carbon (NDAC) by a novel way of employing fish meal (mixture of Atherina hepseetus and Sardina pilchardus of 60% protein) as nitrogen dopant, ZnCl2 as impregnate agent, sawdust as carbon source and water with a mass ratio (2:1:1:12), which subjected to the hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal mixture was oven dried and carbonized under a flow of nitrogen for one h at 600, 700, and 800 °C. The characterization of NDAC was performed by using various analytical techniques analyses. The synthesized NDAC exhibited unique features such as microporous structure (1.84 ~ 2.01 nm), high surface area (437.51 ~ 680.86 m2/g), the volume of total pores (0.22 ~ 0.32 cm3/g) and nitrogen content (12.82 ~ 13.73%). Batch removal tests were achieved to investigate the impact of chromium ions starting concentration (100–400 mg/L), NDAC dose (0.5–2.5 g/L), pH and contact time (5–120 min). Such helpful characteristics of NDAC, particularly for NDAC600, were suitable to use as an excellent adsorbent for Cr6+ ions with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) (769.23 mg/g), and the highest chromium ions adsorption uptake (81.18%) was obtained at pH value 1.5 at room temperature. Both Halsey and Temkin models fitted the adsorption data quite reasonably. The uptake of toxic chromium ions is best represented with pseudo-second-order rate kinetics data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost 60% of the fish meal produced globally is used in aquaculture feeds. Fish meal production relies on finite wild-marine resources and is considered as an unsustainable ingredient. Insect meal (IM) is considered a sustainable source with high levels of protein suitable for growth promotion. Grape marc (GM) is a waste byproduct of the winery industry rich in pigments with antioxidant capacity. However, the inclusion of both ingredients can affect the flavor of the meat of abalone and the color of the shell due to different nutritional profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of IM and GM on the flavor volatile compounds and shell color of the juvenile Haliotis iris in a 165-days feeding trial. Abalone were offered four experimental diets with different levels of IM and GM inclusion and a commercial diet (no IM or GM). Soft bodies of abalone were used to characterize volatile compounds using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and color changes were analyzed in ground powder of abalone shells using color spectrophotometry 400–700 nm (visible). The results showed 18 volatile compounds significantly different among the dietary treatments. The inclusion of IM did not significantly affect the flavor volatile compounds detected, whereas the inclusion of GM reduced volatile compounds associated with lipid-peroxidation in abalone meat. The inclusion of IM and GM did not significantly affect the lightness nor the yellowness, blueness, redness, and greenness of the ground shells. The supplementation of abalone feeds with GM can help to reduce off-flavour compounds which may extend shelf-life of raw abalone meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the role of replacing fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) protein on the growth performance and intestinal morphology, immunity, and microbiota of the pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus\ x E. lanceolatus&lowbar;). Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with increasing levels of FSBM (0%, 20% and 40%; referred to as FM, FSBM20 and FSBM40 diets, respectively) as a replacement for fish meal were selected for this study. The pearl gentian grouper were fed these diets for 10 weeks. The findings revealed that the growth of fish fed the FSBM diets (FSBM20 and FSBM40) were remarkably lower than the fish fed the FM diet. Pathological manifestations of intestinal inflammation, such as shortened intestinal mucosal folds and thickened lamina propria, were observed in the fish fed the FSBM diets. Moreover, the gene expression levels of IL1β, IL12, IL17, and TNFα were remarkably upregulated in fish fed the FSBM40 diet, in contrast to the gene expression levels of IL4, IL5, IL10, and TGFβ1, which were remarkably downregulated (p < 0.05). The FSBM diets significantly affected the stability of the fish gut microbiota. Photobacterium was the dominant phylum in all experimental groups, and the proportion of these bacteria gradually decreased with increasing FSBM substitution. The composition of intestinal flora at the genus level was not the same in the three experimental groups, with a richer composition of intestinal bacteria detected in the FSBM20 and FSBM40 groups (p < 0.05). The correlation between intestinal flora balance and immune gene expression revealed that only Photobacterium was negatively correlated with the above upregulated genes, while other bacteria were positively correlated with these pro-inflammatory factors (p < 0.05). Photobacterium was positively correlated with the above downregulated genes, while other bacteria were negatively correlated with these anti-inflammatory factors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high levels of substitution of FSBM for fish meal causes intestinal inflammation in pearl gentian grouper. This is likely associated with changes to the intestinal flora. More attention should be paid to the negative role of dietary FSBM on intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of feed stimulants is very helpful to increase the feed intake of fish, especially in the development of low fish meal (FM) diets. FM replacement effect by various plant protein sources (corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and corn protein concentrate (CPC)) in diets with an addition of jack mackerel meal (JMM) as feed stimulants on growth, feed availability, and biochemical composition of olive flounder was elucidated. An experimental design of two-way (two replacement levels (25% and 50%) × 3 replacement sources (CGM, SPC, and CPC)) analysis of variance was adopted. Seven diets were formulated. Amount of 60% FM was contained in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, 25% and 50% FM were replaced by CGM, SPC, and CPC with an addition of 12% JMM as feed stimulants, referred to as the CGM25, CGM50, SPC25, SPC50, CPC25, and CPC50 diets, respectively. Four hundred and twenty juvenile fish were distributed into 21 flow-through tanks. All diets were assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to satiation twice a day for 56 days. Both dietary replacement levels and sources had statistical effect on weight gain (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.045 , respectively), specific growth rate (SGR) (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.033), and feed consumption (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.03) of fish. Dietary increased FM replacement levels lowered weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish. Weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish fed the Con and CGM25 diets were statistically (P < 0.05) greater than those of fish fed the CGM50, SPC50, and CPC50 diets. Both replacement level and source had no statistical effect on feed utilization, biochemical composition except for statistical effect of replacement source on glycine content of fish, and lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of fish. FM up to 25% could be substituted with CGM, SPC, and CPC in the olive flounder feeds supplemented with 12% JMM as feed stimulants without compromising growth, feed utilization, and lysozyme and SOD activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to evaluate alternative protein ingredients in a low-fish meal (FM) diet for red seabream (Pagrus major). Twelve experimental diets were formulated. Control diet (CON) was designed to contain 60% FM. Other experimental diets were formulated by replacing 50% of FM from the CON with soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten (CG), meat meal (MM), and/or chicken byproduct meal (CBM). Four diets were designed including one of SPC, CG, MM, or CBM as FM replacer and designated as SPC, CG, MM, and CBM. Six other diets were formulated by adding two ingredients as SPC and CG, SPC and MM, SPC and CBM, CG and MM, CG and CBM, or MM and CBM, and designated as SCG, SMM, SCM, CMM, CCM, and MCM, respectively. The 12th diet (MIX) was formulated by including SPC, CGM, MM, and CBM. Triplicate fish groups (50.2 ± 0.1 g) were hand-fed for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of fish was significantly improved by MM and MCM diets compared to CG, SCG, CMM, and CCM diets. WG of CON, SPC, CM, SMM, SCM, and MIX groups were comparable with MM and MCM groups. The lowest WG was observed in CG and CMM groups. Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly higher in MM group compared to SPC, CG, SGC, and CMC groups. FE of MCM group was significantly higher than CG and SCG groups. Fillet linolenic acid (C18:2n–6) level in CG group was significantly higher than CON, MM, CM, SCM, CCM, and MCM groups. Serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in MCM and MIX groups. Therefore, a high level of dietary CG reduces the growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream. A mixture of MM and CBM seems to be more efficient in replacing FM from red seabream diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of defatted superworm (Zophobas atratus) larvae meal (DBWLM) as an alternative protein ingredient for juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were characterized by replacing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% fish meal (DBWLM0, DBWLM15, DBWLM30, DBWLM45, DBWLM60, and DBWLM75, respectively) with DBWLM on a w/w basis and feeding them to juvenile shrimp (0.34 ± 0.04 g) for 56 days. The results showed that the replacement of up to 75% fish meal by DBWLM had no negative effect on the growth performance of P. vannamei. The survival of shrimp in the DBWLM30 group was the highest, and the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, condition factor, and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter in the DBWLM15 group were the highest. The substitution of DBWLM for fish meal significantly increased the elasticity of flesh, improved the total content of umami amino acids in flesh (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine), promoted lipid metabolism in shrimp, and reduced serum lipid levels. With the increase in DBWLM level, serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase activity, and intestinal inflammatory gene expression (IGF-1 and IL-6) were inhibited, malondialdehyde content decreased, and total antioxidant capacity level and superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly. Histological sections of the hepatopancreas showed that when 60% or more fish meal was replaced, the hepatopancreas atrophied and had irregular lumen distortion, but the cell membrane was not damaged. Microbiome analysis showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased and the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the DBWLM replacement group, and it was rich in "metabolism"-related functional pathways. It is worth mentioning that the expression of amino-acid-related enzymes was upregulated in the DBWLM15 and DBWLM30 groups, and the DBWLM75 group inhibited the biosynthesis of steroids and hormones. To conclude, the replacement of 15%–45% fish meal with DBWLM can result in better growth and immune status, improved meat elasticity, and reduced inflammation in P. vannamei. However, it is recommended that the replacement level should not exceed 60%, otherwise it will cause atrophy of hepatopancreas cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of a sustainable business model with social acceptance, makes necessary to develop new strategies to guarantee the growth, health, and well-being of farmed animals. Debaryomyces hansenii is a yeast species that can be used as a probiotic in aquaculture due to its capacity to i) promote cell proliferation and differentiation, ii) have immunostimulatory effects, iii) modulate gut microbiota, and/or iv) enhance the digestive function. To provide inside into the effects of D. hansenii on juveniles of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) condition, we integrated the evaluation of the main key performance indicators coupled with the integrative analysis of the intestine condition, through histological and microbiota state, and its transcriptomic profiling. Results: After 70 days of a nutritional trial in which a diet with low levels of fishmeal (7%) was supplemented with 1.1% of D. hansenii (17.2 × 105 CFU), an increase of ca. 12% in somatic growth was observed together with an improvement in feed conversion in fish fed a yeast-supplemented diet. In terms of intestinal condition, this probiotic modulated gut microbiota without affecting the intestine cell organization, whereas an increase in the staining intensity of mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulphated glycoconjugates coupled with changes in the affinity for certain lectins were noted in goblet cells. Changes in microbiota were characterized by the reduction in abundance of several groups of Proteobacteria, especially those characterized as opportunistic groups. The microarrays-based transcriptomic analysis found 232 differential expressed genes in the anterior-mid intestine of S. aurata, that were mostly related to metabolic, antioxidant, immune, and symbiotic processes. Conclusions: Dietary administration of D. hansenii enhanced somatic growth and improved feed efficiency parameters, results that were coupled to an improvement of intestinal condition as histochemical and transcriptomic tools indicated. This probiotic yeast stimulated host-microbiota interactions without altering the intestinal cell organization nor generating dysbiosis, which demonstrated its safety as a feed additive. At the transcriptomic level, D. hansenii promoted metabolic pathways, mainly protein-related, sphingolipid, and thymidylate pathways, in addition to enhance antioxidant-related intestinal mechanisms, and to regulate sentinel immune processes, potentiating the defensive capacity meanwhile maintaining the homeostatic status of the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial peptide has been widely developed in cultivation industry as feed additives. However, its functions in reducing the detrimental impacts of soybean meal (SM) remain unknown. In this study, we prepared nano antibacterial peptide CMCS-gcIFN-20H (C-I20) with excellent sustained-release and antienzymolysis, and fed mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) with a SM diet supplemented with different levels of C-I20 (320, 160, 80, 40, 0 mg/Kg) for 10 weeks. 160 mg/Kg C-I20 treatment significantly improved the final body weight, weight gain rate and crude protein content of mandarin fish and reduced feed conversion ratio. 160 mg/Kg C-I20-fed fish maintained appropriate goblet cells number and mucin thickness, as well as improved villus length, intestinal crosssectional area. Based on these advantageous physiological changes, 160 mg/Kg C-I20 treatment effectively reduced multi-type tissue (liver, trunk kidney, head kidney and spleen) injury. The addition of C-I20 did not change the muscle composition and muscle amino acids composition. Interestingly, dietary 160 mg/Kg C-I20 supplementation prevented the reduction in myofiber diameter and change in muscle texture, and effectively increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially DHA + EPA) in muscle. In conclusion, dietary C-I20 in a reasonable concentration supplementation effectively alleviates the negative effects of SM by improving the intestinal mucosal barrier. The application of nanopeptide C-I20 is a prospectively novel strategy for promoting aquaculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is an alternative ingredient for Fish Meal (FM) which is expected to reduce aquaculture operational costs and positively impact fish growth and health. The effect of BSF fresh meal on growth response, digestibility, intestinal hematology, and intestinal histology of cork fish was investigated. The BSF experiment with mixed percentages as treatments, by 20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, was repeated four times. Furthermore, there were 50 individuals/m3 cork fish with an average weight of 1.6 ± 0.05 g distributed in each treatment. An increase in BSF influences a significant decrease in the Relative Growth Weight (RGW) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) while the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) value has improved. The enzymes were significantly increased, and the histological morphology of the intestine was normal. The highest leukocytes and erythrocytes reached 5.29 ± 1.08 × 104/mm³ and 3.22 ± 1.37 × 106/mm³, within the normal range and slightly above the threshold of 3.00 × 106/mm³. Meanwhile, BSF fresh meal as a substitute feed recommended for cork fish is not more than 20%, which can impact better growth and digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: To warrant food security and nutrition, more sustainable aquafeeds should be used in fish farming, and the content of fish meal (FM) in fish diets should be reduced. Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used alternative raw materials to replace FM in commercial diets, although a high SBM dietary content can affect fish growth, physiology, and wellbeing. Although these effects are known to be produced by several antinutritional factors (ANFs), the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Deeper characterization of how SBM dietary content alters fish physiology will allow the development of more integrative fish physiology monitoring. In the present work, the expression of six microRNAs (miRs) in blood plasma was associated with a high SBM dietary content and related physiological consequences. Circulating miRs can be used as a less invasive procedure to monitor fish physiology without the need of animal sacrifice, allowing the development of more sustainable aquafeeds with the use of fewer animals in experimentation. High dietary SBM content is known to induce important physiological alterations, hampering its use as a major FM alternative. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were fed two experimental diets during 9 weeks: (i) a FM diet containing 12% FM; and (ii) a vegetable meal (VM) diet totally devoid of FM and based on SBM (26%). Fish fed the VM diet did not show reduced growth performance when compared with fish fed the FM diet. Nevertheless, fish fed the VM diet had an increased viscerosomatic index, lower apparent fat digestibility, higher aminopeptidase enzyme activity and number of villi fusions, and lower α-amylase enzyme activity and brush border integrity. Small RNA-Seq analysis identified six miRs (omy-miR-730a-5p, omy-miR-135c-5p, omy-miR-93a-3p, omy-miR-152-5p, omy-miR-133a-5p, and omy-miR-196a-3p) with higher expression in blood plasma from fish fed the VM diet. Bioinformatic prediction of target mRNAs identified several overrepresented biological processes known to be associated with high dietary SBM content (e.g., lipid metabolism, epithelial integrity disruption, and bile acid status). The present research work increases our understanding of how SBM dietary content has a physiological impact in farmed fish and suggests circulating miRs might be suitable, integrative, and less invasive biomarkers in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 45-day feeding experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation on the growth of milkfish larvae. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic (580 g protein/kg and 120 g lipid/kg) experimental diets were prepared with varying levels of AA supplementation at 0 (AA0), 250 (AA250), 500 (AA500), 1000 (AA1000), and 2000 (AA2000) mg ascorbic acid (L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate) equivalent/kg diet. The experiment results revealed that milkfish fed with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of AA showed significantly better (p < 0.05) performance in terms of final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate. The highest level of red blood cells count in pre- and post-challenge groups was recorded in AA500 group. Intestinal histology revealed that the length of villi, the thickness of lamina propria, and the concentration of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria were observed to be more in AA500 and AA1000 compared with control, AA250 and AA2000. AA supplementation at 1000 level (AA1000) had the best survival (93.3%) against Vibrio harveyi challenge (5 × 105 CFU/fish) with significantly higher survival compared with control. Based on the curvilinear (polynomial) regression analyses, the optimum final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival were obtained at dietary ascorbic acid levels of 1175, 1174, 1238, 1262, 1246 and 1174 mg/kg diet, respectively. Accordingly, the optimum dietary ascorbic acid required for milkfish in a range of 1174 mg/kg to 1262 mg/kg is beneficial for better health, survival, and growth. The findings of this study can be used as the baseline scientific information on the ascorbic acid requirement for the formulation of a cost‐effective diet for milkfish larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies on the replacement of fishmeal with plant protein sources in tilapias have been undertaken. In order to quantify the effect of replacing fishmeal with plant protein sources on the growth performance of tilapias, a meta-analysis approach was applied. Despite the high heterogeneity and funnel plot asymmetry, the meta-analysis showed that replacing fishmeal with plant protein sources has a significant positive effect on the growth performance of tilapias. Thus, tilapias appear to be preadapted to utilizing plant protein sources. Furthermore, the feed value, nutritional quality and cost of the commonly used plant ingredients (soybean, sunflower, canola, cottonseed, kikuyu and azolla meals) were explored. The Solver function in Excel was used to formulate least-cost diets using the plant meals. Azolla had the highest nutritional index (9.7436). This was attributed to its excellent amino acid profile that exceeded the requirements of tilapias. Nutritional index and feed value were lowest in kikuyu because of its poor amino acid profile as it registered the lowest amino acid index (0.4918). These results indicate that the amino acid profile is more important in the determination of nutritional quality than the percent protein content. Azolla and soybean meal are good candidates for the replacement of fishmeal in the diets of tilapias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of fishmeal with plant protein sources has been studied in Penaeus vannamei. However, it has only been studied from the point of view of protein replacement, forgetting the integral role that fishmeal plays in the nutrition of shrimp. This study aimed to determine if a supplement of dietary phosphorus can sustain the fishmeal replacement by a blend of plant protein feedstuffs, with betaine and tauren as attractants and still supporting homeostasis, growth, digestive enzymes, and lipid-soluble antioxidant systems at normal levels in juveniles of P. vannamei. A standard feed (25% fishmeal) for juvenile P. vannamei was partially replaced with a mix of plant ingredients (soybean and canola paste, soy protein concentrate, and wheat meal). These feedstuffs were supplemented with amino acids (MET, LYS, TAU) plus microencapsulated exogenous phytase, betaine, and dicalphosphate. P. vannamei juveniles (2.56 g) were maintained in 100 L fiber tanks for 70 days. Biomass was significantly affected by the treatments (P < 0.05), being better as the fishmeal was replaced in the diet and comparable to commercial feed. No significant changes were observed in blood parameters. Muscle superoxide dismutase activity was significantly affected by the diets (P < 0.05). There were adaptive changes in digestive enzymes, and homeostasis remained stable. Fishmeal replacement may depend on supplementation with taurine and soluble phosphorus, not only for performance but flesh quality, and here, the shear strength of the shrimp muscle remained within the acceptable value (69-81 mJ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly hatched nauplii of Artemia is extensively used as a live feed for ornamental fish hatchlings; however, its high cost and unbalanced nutrients necessitate exploring sustainable alternatives. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of four formulated diets of 0%,5%, 10%, and 20% inclusion levels of egg yolk powder and other ingredients (fish meal, soybean meal, rice polish, corn) during the nursery stage of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) compared to Artemia salina as a control. Results showed that survival did not differ (P > 0.05) among the diets. Weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate of the fry fed with 10% egg yolk-included diet containing 49.6% fish meal and 18.8% soybean meal were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other test diets and the A. salina. All the diets showed higher stress indexes (P < 0.05) than the control; the test diets did not affect pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soy protein supplements, with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors, are produced from soybean meal by different processes. This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Methods: Sixty nursery pigs (6.6 ± 0.5 kg BW) were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases (P1, P2, and P3). Treatments were: Control (CON), basal diet with fish meal 4%, 2%, and 1%, poultry meal 10%, 8%, and 4%, and blood plasma 4%, 2%, and 1% for P1, P2, and P3, respectively; basal diet with soy protein concentrate (SPC), enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESB), fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus (FSBL), and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus (FSBB), replacing 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1, P2, and P3, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. Results: The SPC did not affect the BW, ADG, and G:F, whereas it tended to reduce (P = 0.094) the ADFI and tended to increase (P = 0.091) crypt cell proliferation. The ESM did not affect BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F, whereas tended to decrease (P = 0.098) protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. The FSBL decreased (P < 0.05) BW and ADG, increased (P < 0.05) TNF-α, and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA (P = 0.065) and IgG (P = 0.089) in jejunal mucosa. The FSBB tended to increase (P = 0.073) TNF-α, increased (P < 0.05) Clostridium and decreased (P < 0.05) Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal mucosa. Conclusions: Soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33% until 7 kg body weight, up to 67% from 7 to 11 kg body weight, and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs. Fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus, however, increased the immune reaction and oxidative stress in the intestine consequently reducing the growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To establish normal values for pre- and post-prandial bile acids and protein C in Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups. ANIMALS 45 harbor seals undergoing rehabilitation at the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Mammal Rescue Centre, 0 to 16 weeks, and deemed healthy aside from malnutrition or maternal separation. PROCEDURES Venous blood was collected from the intervertebral extradural sinus in fasted seals and again 2 hours after a fish meal. RESULTS The reference interval (90% CL, confidence limit) for pre-prandial (fasting) bile acids was 17.2 µmol/L to 25.4 µmol/L, post-prandial bile acids were 36.9 µmol/L to 46.4 µmol/L, and protein C was 72.3% to 85.4%, across ages. For comparison between developmental ages, pups were grouped into 3 age classes: < 14 days, 5 to 8 weeks, and 10 to 16 weeks. Age affected pre- and post-prandial bile acids; pups < 14 days had significantly higher pre-prandial bile acids (36.0 µmol/L ± 16.5 µmol/L; P < .0001) than other age groups and pups 5 to 8 weeks had significantly higher post-prandial bile acids (50.4 µmol/L ± 21.9 µmol/L; P < .001). Protein C was also affected by age, with seals < 14 days having significantly lower values (mean, 51.8% ± 16.7%; P < .0001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study established normal reference intervals for bile acids in harbor seal pups and offered a preliminary investigation into protein C in pinnipeds. The bile acid values from 0- to 16-week-old seal pups were well above established normal ranges for domestic species, highlighting the utility of age- and species-specific reference ranges. The values presented here and the differences across age classes will aid clinicians in accurately diagnosing hepatobiliary disease in harbor seal pups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted with the aim of isolating and diagnosing mycotoxigenic fungi in fish feed and some of its components (soybean meal, yellow corn, wheat flour, barley flour and wheat bran), as well as determining the levels of biogenic amines contamination in fishmeal and animal protein concentrate. Samples were randomly collected from various locations in Basra province, with 1kg per sample, in October 2022 to represent the sample taken. The ability of some isolated fungi to produce aflatoxins was detected using three culture media (potato dextrose agar, yeast extract agar, and coconut agar) and three temperature levels (25, 30 and 35°C). Results showed that six types of fungi were isolated from the grain and fish feed samples. Aspergillus niger was the most frequent fungal species found in the studied samples, with a frequency rate of 22.7% to 34%. The fungal species Alternaria alternata ranked second in frequency rate, ranging between 11.16% and 20.96% in the studied samples. The remaining fungi, including Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus flavus had lower frequency rates than the two previous fungi. Some of the fungal species had the ability to produce aflatoxins at a temperature of 35°C, especially A. flavus and A. niger on the YES and PDA culture media. The production ability of the remaining fungi was low and varied. The results showed that the concentration of amines varied among the different samples. Histamine had the lowest concentration in the animal protein concentrate at 1.382mg/100g, while its concentration was higher in fish meal at 2.836mg/100g. Cadaverine had a lower concentration than histamine, with 0.384mg/100g in animal protein concentrate and increasing up to 0.778mg/100g in fish meal. It was concluded that monitoring fish feed and its components is necessary to detect levels of fungi, mycotoxins and various amines in order to maintain fish health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to the scarcity of fishmeal resources, alternatives that provide the necessary nutrients for Litopenaeus vannamei are being sought. While fishmeal has been the main nutrition source of Litopenaeus vannamei due to its rich nutrients, the search for protein sources to replace it is becoming increasingly important. The protein derived from Clostridium autoethanogenum protein shows great potential as a substitute for fishmeal owing to its exceptional nutritional value. However, previous studies have suggested that the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei may be adversely affected by the fishmeal replacement of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein. Research has demonstrated that chenodeoxycholic acid can improve the growth and intestinal health of Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets were formulated with varying concentrations of chenodeoxycholic acid to feed Litopenaeus vannamei. The results revealed that replacing partial fishmeal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein and adding 0.06% chenodeoxycholic acid led to significant improvements in the growth performance, lipid metabolism, and sterol metabolism. Additionally, the hepatopancreas health of the Litopenaeus vannamei was also improved. The conducted experiment has set the groundwork for further investigation into determining the most effective quantity of chenodeoxycholic acid to be utilized in low fishmeal diets. The study aimed to assess the impact of adding chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei on their growth performance, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and hepatopancreas health while being fed a low fishmeal diet. Five diets were formulated, one of which contained 25% fishmeal (PC); fishmeal was partially replaced with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein in the remaining four diets and supplemented with 0, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09% CDCA (NC, BA1, BA2, and BA3, respectively). In this study, four replicates of each diet were assigned and each replicate consisted of 30 shrimp with an average weight of (0.25 ± 0.03 g). The shrimp were fed four times a day for a period of 56 days. The results of this study indicate that the inclusion of CDCA in the diet had a positive impact on the growth performance of the shrimp. The final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) of the shrimp in the PC group were similar to those in the BA2 group, and significantly higher than those in the other three groups. The survival rate (SR) was similar among all groups. In comparison to the PC group, the low fishmeal groups exhibited a significant decrease in the crude lipid content of the whole shrimp, as well as the Total cholesterol (T-CHOL), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels in the hemolymph. Regarding the sterol metabolism, the dietary supplementation of CDCA up-regulated the mRNA expression of intracellular cholesterol transporter 1-like (npc1), 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (7dhcr), Delta (24) sterol reductase (Δ24), HMG-CoA reductase membrane form (hmgcr), and sterol carrier protein 2 (scp). In the lipid metabolism, the mRNA expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein (srebp) was significantly down-regulated in the shrimp fed the BA1 diet and the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (ampk) was significantly up-regulated in the shrimp fed the BA1 and BA3 diets compared to the PC group. The mRNA expression of triacylglycerol lipase (tgl) was significantly up-regulated in the shrimp fed the BA2 diet compared to the NC group. Compared with the shrimp fed the PC diets, the dietary supplementation of CDCA significantly down-regulated the protein expression of SREBP1. The lumen damage in the BA1 group was significantly less severe than those in the NC group. The addition of 0.06% CDCA to low fishmeal diets can improve the growth performance, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and hepatopancreas health of L. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a review of the available literature on the significance of forage fish, the plethora of services they provide, and the threats faced by them. Forage fish are pelagic planktivorous species that operate as conduits of energy between the lower trophic level (plankton) and the upper trophic level (predators). A variety of ecosystem services are provided by them, from serving as prey for higher trophic levels to producing fish meal and oil. Forage fish have a consumption value for humans and cultural importance to many societies. Forage fish have faced constant natural and anthropogenic threats in the past, resulting in numerous fish collapses which subsequently impacted their predators. The economic benefit provided by forage fish has been estimated to be approximately $ 18.7 billion per annum. An introspection of the data on ecosystem services revealed lack of data on regulating and cultural services, eventually leading to a monetary underestimation and their commercial prioritization over the wider benefits they provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most typical feed ingredients for shrimp, plants represent a low-cost source in substituting for traditional high-cost feed ingredients. Extrusion is a common grains processing technique to make plant nutrients available and more digestible to animal. Different levels (15, 30, 45, and 60%) of extruded low-quality chickpea meal were included in a formulated diet for the juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in a closed system for 75 days. The growth of shrimp fed with the tested diets was similar to the control group (P > 0.05). We concluded that the use of extruded cull chickpea meal is a potential food alternative to replace fishmeal effectively in diets for L. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out at College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani. Microscopically, no adverse histopathological changes were seen in the kidneys, liver, gills and intestines of Cyprinus carpio for T2(replacing fishmeal with 5% lentil) and T3 (replacing fishmeal with 10% lentil) in comparison with the control (T1). However, various levels of adverse histopathological changes were seen in the T4(replacing fish meal with 15% lentil) and T5 (replacing fishmeal with 20% lentil). In the kidneys, dilation of the Bowman’s spaces was evidently associated with a decrease in the mesangial cellularity of glomerular tuft. In the liver, congestion of the central vein was apparent together with centrilobular infiltration of inflammatory cells. In the gills, hyperplasia of primary and secondary lamellae was evident. In the intestine, vacuolar degeneration of the lining epithelial cells was apparent together with extravasation of RBCs associated with marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. In conclusion, the partial replacement of the fishmeal in diets of C. carpio by crude lentil seeds was safe at the 5% and 10% levels as indicated by various levels of adverse histopathological effects on the kidneys, liver, gills, and intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: the American red crayfish [Procambarus clarkii] is an invasive species whose presence has been confirmed in central Colombia. In the southern part of the United States, where it is naturally distributed, it is an important aquaculture resource; however, high environmental impacts have been documented in areas where it has been introduced, precisely because of its high colonization capacity and the consequent impact on native species. The growing record of its presence in different systems, in the center of the country, suggests an accelerated expansion pattern and implies that, as has occurred in other countries, negative effects may occur on the general structure of these highland ecosystems if mechanisms are not applied that allow some level of control. Knowledge gap: the possibility of controlling the expansion of the red cray-fish through manual eradication is a viable alternative, if some type of use is validated; this should include an economic incentive to motivate people to fish for it. The process to obtain a meal that serves as a protein source, for aquaculture concentrates, is an option that should be evaluated. Purpose: evaluate the inclusion of cray-fish meal, as a partial replacement of fish meal, in a concentrate formulated for rainbow trout at a fingerling stage. Methodology: specimens of P. clarkii were captured using traps with animal bait. The crayfish were processed to obtain a meal. The experimental food was elaborated after analyzing the composition of the meal. Four treatments were applied, three with difierent percentages of crayfish meal inclusion [T1: 2 %, T2: 4 % and T3: 6 %] and another treatment [control] did not include meal. The trout fingerlings were fed with the treatments until they reached 6 cm of total length. Total length [cm] and weight [g] were sampled every ten days for a period of 60 days. Through analysis of variance [ANOVA], the following variables of the fingerlings were compared at the end of the period: final weight [Pf, g], total length gains [GLT], weight [GP], feed conversion factor [FCA], speci fic growth rate [TCE], condition factor [K] and percentage of mortality [%]) Results and conclusions: among treatments, and for the variables evaluated, were no statistically significant differences among treatments. It was concluded that, until the length reached for the fishes, the inclusion at a level of 6 % of crayfish meal is acceptable as a partial replacement of other fish meals. Obtaining the meal from whole specimens makes it dificult to balance the diets of fishes that require higher replacement percentages of protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish meal (FM) is an essential product as a primary protein source in the fish feed industry. Due to the expensive price of FM and the negative impact of its high consumption on the environment, alternative protein sources for FM were necessary to be tested. Poultry by-Product meal (PBPM) is a high quality and low-cost protein source. In this study, FM was partially and completely replaced by PBPM in Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) diet to study its effect on biomass performance and nutrient utilization. Six formulas were prepared to replace FM protein with PBPM protein: Maram feed as a commercial control (CC), feed, the experimental control (EC) 0% PBPM, (C3) 32% PBPM, (C4) 67% PBPM, (C5) 100% PBPM-Saudi Radwa Feed company (SRFC), and (C6) 100% PBPM-Con. The study period was extended for 56 days in outdoor ponds. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed three times daily (initial average weight = 41 g). Final survival ranged between 97% and 72% in all diet treatments and final gain was (41.32g – 14.73g). However, the gain of C4 (41.32) was higher than in the controls CC (38.24) and EC (40.69) also, feed conversion ratios FCR (1.21– 4.29). The best results of growth performance and nutrient utilization were for C4 (67% PBPM). The results of this study showed that poultry by-product meal is a great alternative protein source up to 67% of the fish meal for fish meal for the feeding of Nile tilapia fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60 days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Betaine HCL pepsin on growth and survival of striped snakehead (Channa striata), fingerlings. The fishes were collected from wild habitat and distributed homogenously at the rate of 10 fishes/tank in six treatment group each with four replicates. Six iso-nitrogenous (52% crude protein) diets (T2 - T6) were formulated with 0.5% Betaine HCL Pepsin except in control (T1). The weight gain was significantly higher in T2 (28.814±0.281g) as compared to other groups. Specific growth rate (6.498±0.054) and gross conversion efficiency (0.567±0.006) of experimental fishes in T2 were significantly higher than the other treatment groups. Whereas, the food conversion ratio was significantly lower in T2 (1.764±0.020) followed by T1 (1.896±0.009). It may conclude that addition of 0.5% Betaine HCL Pepsin in diets increases the growth, feed digestibility and reduce the feed loss. By this study, we can conclude that by adding Betaine HCL pepsin in the diet enhanced feed utilization reflected with significantly higher growth rate in experimental fishes when diet contain plant protein (SBM 28%) in combination of animal protein (FM 57%) for the striped snakehead fish. Thus, the study revels within of Betaine HCL Pepsin as a feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the ten leading aquaculture commodities in Indonesia. The high demand for milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) certainly requires a new alternative to fulfill feed ingredients in milkfish cultivation. Currently, the fish meal comes from imports and is quite expensive, despite being the main source of protein for farmed fish. Therefore, an alternative to the fish meal is needed to reduce production costs. One of them is maggot meal which has high availability and high protein. This study aims to examine maggot meal as fish meal substitutes effects on milkfish's (Chanos chanos Forsskal) growth and survival. This study utilized the experimental method, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and analyzed with ANOVA. The difference in treatment lies in the difference in the percentage of fish and maggot meal as the substitutes, divided into five treatments of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The parameters being observed include absolute weight gain, survival rate, and specific weight growth rate. The results illustrate highest average absolute weight growth was recorded in 0% maggot meal substitution, and the highest daily specific weight growth rate was in the treatment of substitution with 0% maggot meal. The greatest survival rate, there is a substitution of 25% maggot meal. ANOVA results illustrated no significant effect (P<0.05) on the growth of total weight, the growth rate of specific weight, and the milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) survival rate from the maggot meal substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This feeding trial was conducted for replacing of fish meal with rice protein concentrate (RPC). For this purpose, five diets with the same protein and energy (40% and 21 KJ g -1 DM respectively) were made. Fish meal was replaced with RPC by levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Experimental diets fed to kutum fry (initial weight of 340±20 mg) three times daily to satiation for 60 days. The highest final weight (1020 mg) and weight gain (670 mg) and the lowest FCR (1.5) were observed in the 50% substitution treatment, which was significantly different from the other treatments (P < 0.05). The survival rate was 100% and the same for all diets. No significant difference was observed in carcass composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash) between different treatments (P > 0.05). By increasing the amount of replacement of rice protein concentrate, the amount of n -3 decreased and the amount of n -6 increased (P<0.05). The ratio of n -3 to n -6 did not change significantly up to the level of 25%, but it showed a significant decrease with the increase of the substitution level. The amount of total amino acid did not change significantly among the treatments with the increase in the concentration level. The highest amount of essential amino acids was related to the 25% treatment, which was significantly different from the control, 50, 75 and 100% replacement treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that rice protein concentrate can be used as a substitute for fish meal up to 50% in the diet without significant change in the growth of Kutum fry. Of course, the quality of carcass fatty acids was not maintained at this level, and the 25% level was more suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of wheat gluten as a substitute for fish meal (FM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the low-fishmeal-based extruded diet in red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara. Eight isonitrogenous (441–456 g kg−1) and isocaloric (21.5–22.0 MJ kg−1) diets were produced, including the control diet (R0), three diets with 33.3, 66.7, and 100% FM being replaced by a mixture of wheat gluten, wheat, and taurine (GWT) (RF1, RF2, RF3), three diets with 33.3, 66.7, and 100% SPC replaced by GWT (RS2, RS2, RS3) and one diet with 50% FM and 50% SPC replaced by GWT (RFS). Results showed that feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), protein retention efficiency, and liver superoxide dismutase activity increased linearly, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased linearly with the decrease of dietary FM. Additionally, FI, WG, and FCR significantly increased with decreasing dietary SPC. Overall, 100% FM or 61.2% SPC can be safely replaced by wheat gluten in the red-spotted grouper diet containing 20.0% FM and 21.4% SPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is an economical and alternative protein source. Here, three experimental diets were formulated with CAP replacing 0% (CAP-0), 30% (CAP-30), and 60% (CAP-60) of fishmeal to investigate the alterations of structure integrity, fatty acids profiles, and lipid metabolism in the muscle of pearl gentian grouper. With increasing levels of CAP substitution, the percentages of 16 : 0 or 18 : 0 were decreased in triglycerides (TG) and diacylglycerols (DG); 18 : 1 or 18 : 2 was increased at the sn−1 and sn−2 positions in phosphatidylethanolamines; 20 : 5n−3 was increased in TG and DG. The phosphatidylcholines (PC) (18 : 3/20 : 5), PC(22 : 6/17 : 1), and sphingomyelins (d19 : 0/24 : 4) were identified as potential lipid biomarkers between CAP treatments. The CAP-30 treatment enhanced lipolysis and lipogenesis, while the CAP-60 treatment inhibited lipogenesis. In conclusion, fishmeal replacement with CAP affected the lipid characteristics and lipid metabolism, whereas it did not affect the structural integrity and fatty acids profiles in the muscle of pearl gentian grouper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) or soy protein concentrate (SPC) with wheat gluten on growth performance, feed utilization, and nutrient digestibility and retention in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Seven isonitrogenous (441–456 g kg−1 crude protein) and isocaloric (21.5–22.0 MJ kg−1 gross energy) diets were produced to replace 0%, 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% of FM or SPC with a mixture of wheat gluten, wheat, and taurine (GWT, 77.5% wheat gluten, 20.5% wheat and 2.0% taurine). The gradual replacement of protein in FM with GWT had no significant effects on feed intake, whole-body composition, and the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices, but resulted in a linear decrease in the weight gain rate, feed efficiency, and retention of nitrogen, energy, and essential amino acids (Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val). The apparent digestibility of most essential amino acids (Cys, His, Leu, Lys, and Phe) and total amino acids increased linearly. Replacement protein in SPC with GWT had no significant effects on feed intake, growth, the feed conversion ratio, whole-body composition, and the hepatosomatic index, but resulted in a linear decrease in nitrogen, energy, and Met retention; the digestibility of Cys and Met increased linearly. Overall, wheat gluten is a more effective alternative for replacing protein in SPC than FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first shock-tube experiments on two-dimensional dual-mode air-SF6 interfaces with different initial spectra subjected to a convergent shock wave. The convergent shock tube is specially designed with a tail opening to highlight the Bell-Plesset (BP) and mode-coupling effects on amplitude development of fundamental mode (FM). The results show that the BP effect promotes the occurrence of mode coupling, and the feedback of high-order modes to the FMalso arises earlier in convergent geometry than that in its planar counterpart. Relatively, the amplitude growth of the FM with a higher mode number is inhibited by the feedback, and saturates earlier. The FM with a lower mode number is affected more heavily by the BP effect, and finally dominates the flow. A new model is proposed to well predict the amplitude growths of the FM and high-order modes in convergent geometry. In particular, for FM that reaches its saturation amplitude, the post-saturation relation is introduced in the model to achieve a better prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts have been made to find alternatives to fish meal (FM), as the sustainability of aquaculture depends on it. Insect meal (IM) is a potential candidate to partially replace FM, being more sustainable and economically viable. In this experimental trial, three diets were tested with different yellow mealworm incorporation: a control diet with no IM, a diet with an inclusion of 10% IM (Ins10), and a diet with an incorporation of 20% IM (Ins20). The diets were tested on 10.5 g meagre for 47 days. The results showed that an IM inclusion higher than 10% affected both growth (2.6 vs. 2.2) and FCR (1.5 vs. 1.9) of meagre juveniles. However, this reduction in growth did not result from lower protein retention or changes in muscle fibre area or density. Little differences were observed in the activity of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes except for aminopeptidase total activity which was higher in the control and Ins10 compared to Ins20 (3847 vs. 3540 mU/mg protein), suggesting no limitations in protein synthesis. Also, the alkaline phosphatase intestinal maturation index was higher in the control group compared to the IM groups (437 vs. 296). On the contrary, several differences were also found in the proteolytic activity in the hepatic and muscle tissues of meagre juveniles fed the Ins10 diet. The inclusion of IM had no impact on intestine histomorphology but changes were detected in the enterocytes of fish from control and Ins10 which showed hypervacuolization and nucleus misplacement compared to the Ins20 treatment. Nevertheless, a higher percentage of Vibrionaceae was recorded for meagre fed on the Ins20 diet. Since no signs of inflammation were observed in the distal intestine, this suggests IM incorporation could have had an important impact on intestinal health due to its antimicrobial properties. This is supported by an increase in the haematocrit in the treatments where IM was added (20 to 25%). In conclusion, incorporations of IM at percentages up to 10% do not seem to have a negative impact on meagre performance at this age but can enhance the fish immune system and protection against intestinal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate identification of fishes is essential for understanding their biology and to ensure food safety for consumers. DNA barcoding is an important tool because it can verify identifications of both whole and processed fishes that have had key morphological characters removed (e.g., filets, fish meal); however, DNA reference libraries are incomplete, and public repositories for sequence data contain incorrectly identified sequences. During a nine-year sampling program in the Philippines, a global biodiversity hotspot for marine fishes, we developed a verified reference library of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for 2,525 specimens representing 984 species. Specimens were primarily purchased from markets, with additional diversity collected using rotenone or fishing gear. Species identifications were verified based on taxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data, and sequences are associated with voucher specimens, live-color photographs, and genetic samples catalogued at Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. The Biodiversity of Philippine Marine Fishes dataset is released herein to increase knowledge of species diversity and distributions and to facilitate accurate identification of market fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are gaining interest among researchers and the aquafeed industry due to the fluctuating price and supply of fish meal (FM). This study evaluated the growth performance, feed stability, blood biochemistry, and liver and gut morphology of Betta splendens using BSFL as an alternative to FM. Five formulated diets were prepared: 0% BSFL, 6.5% BSFL, 13% BSFL, 19.5% BSFL, and 24.5% BSFL. The expansion rate, pellet durability index, floatability, bulk density, and water stability of the prepared feed have been assessed. Except for the diameter of the feed, all the parameters studied differed significantly (p < 0.05) across the experimental diets. After 60 days, the fish fed with 13% BSFL had the highest final length, final weight, net weight gain, specific growth rate, weight gain, and gastrointestinal weight, with mean and standard deviation values of 3.97 ± 0.43 cm, 3.95 ± 0.1 g, 2.78 ± 0.1 g, 4.63 ± 0.17 , 4.65 ± 0.13 , 237.26 ± 7.9 % , and 0.04 ± 0.01 mg, respectively. Similar blood haematology and biochemical properties, including corpuscular volume, lymphocytes, white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase, were the highest (p < 0.05) in the 13% BSFL diet group compared to the other treatment groups. In addition, BSFL had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on villus length, width, and crypt depth for the anterior and posterior guts of B. splendens. The 13% BSFL diet group had an intact epithelial barrier in the goblet cell arrangement and a well-organized villus structure and tunica muscularis, compared to the other treatment groups. Furthermore, the liver cell was altered with different BSFL inclusions; the 13% FM group demonstrated better nuclei and cytoplasm structure than the other treatment groups. In conclusion, replacing 13% FM with BSFL could improve the growth performance, blood parameters, and liver and intestine morphology of B. splendens, thus providing a promising alternative diet for ornamental freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of adding microcapsule lysine and methionine on growth and biochemical parameters of Cyprinus carpio in feed. A total of 450 Cyprinus carpio with similar specifications, strong mobility, no miscellaneous diseases were randomly divided into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 30 fish in each replicate. Control group 1 (CM group) was fed with no amino acid, and control group 2 (LMM group) was fed with 0.45% crystal lysine + 0.15% crystal methionine. Test group 1 (WLM group), test group 2 (WMM group) and test group 3 (WLMM group) were fed 0.63% microcapsule lysine, 0.30% microcapsule methionine, 0.63% microcapsule lysine + 0.30% microcapsule methionine, respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 w. The results showed that amino acid microencapsulation delays the absorption time of exogenous amino acids in Cyprinus carpio. The EE content of Cyprinus carpio in WMM group and WLMM group were significantly higher than that of CM group and LMM group (P<0.05). The SOD activity in plasma of Cyprinus carpio in LMM group was significantly higher than that of WLM group and WLMM group (P<0.05). The results of foregut sections showed that there was partial damage to intestines of Cyprinus carpio in all groups. The experiment indicates that the amount of fish meal is 6%, lysine and methionine in feed can provide growth needs of Cyprinus carpio without additional supplementation of crystalline amino acids or microcapsule amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern aquaculture is moving towards sustainable aquafeed formulations and farming techniques that allow the application of the circular economy concept and the reduction of water consumption. In this regard, the present study is focused on the use of black soldier fly full-fat prepupae meal (HPM) enriched with spirulina as a more sustainable aquafeed ingredient in diets intended for European seabass reared in aquaponic systems. The results obtained from the present study allowed us to demonstrate the suitability of aquaponic systems for the rearing of euryhaline finfish species and the beneficial properties of spirulina-enriched HPM on fish growth, welfare, and quality features. Within the modern aquaculture goals, the present study aimed to couple sustainable aquafeed formulation and culturing systems. Two experimental diets characterized by 3 and 20% of fish meal replacement with full-fat spirulina-enriched black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae meal (HPM3 and HPM20, respectively) were tested on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles during a 90-day feeding trial performed in aquaponic systems. The experimental diets ensured 100% survival and proper zootechnical performance. No behavioral alterations were evidenced in fish. Histological and molecular analyses did not reveal structural alterations and signs of inflammation at the intestinal level, highlighting the beneficial role on gut health of bioactive molecules typical of HPM or derived from the enriching procedure of insects' growth substrate with spirulina. Considering the quality traits, the tested experimental diets did not negatively alter the fillet's fatty acid profile and did not compromise the fillet's physical features. In addition, the results highlighted a possible role of spirulina-enriched HPM in preserving the fillet from lipid oxidation. Taken together, these results corroborate the use of sustainable ingredients (spirulina-enriched HPM) in aquaponic systems for euryhaline fish rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing 0% (control), 10% (T10), 20% (T20), 30% (T30), and 40% (T40) fish meal with a Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) by-product in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Triplicate groups of 30 fish (5.36 ± 0.01 g) were fed two times daily to apparent satiation for 60 days. The experimental results showed that the Tubiechong by-product could improve the growth performance of largemouth bass by increasing the FBW, WGR, and SGR until the replacement ratio was 40%. The quadratic regression analysis showed that the proportion of the Tubiechong by-product was 20.79% and 20.91%, respectively, when WGR and SGR were the best. Concurrently, the meat quality in the replacement groups was higher, specifically, the lightness and white values were higher, and the water loss rates were lower (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Moreover, the changes of the activities of CAT and GSH in the liver and T-AOC and GSH in serum could reveal the antioxidant capacity improvement of fish by the Tubiechong by-product. In the study, the replacement groups had lower T-CHO and HDL-C in serum (P < 0.05), indicating that the Tubiechong by-product had an active role in improving blood lipid and regulating lipid metabolism. Simultaneously, the replacement groups had a normal structure with central hepatocytes' nuclei and deviated from the center partly, while most of the hepatocytes were swollen in the control group with nuclear degeneration. The results showed that the Tubiechong by-product had a positive effect on the liver health of fish. Conclusively, the present study indicated that the partial dietary replacement of fish meal using the Tubiechong by-product (for up to 40% replacement level) in the diet of largemouth bass not only caused no adverse effects on fish health but also improved the growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic health and is conducive to supplying nutritious, high-quality, and healthy aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp production has been one of the most important sectors of aquaculture for the last few decades for both its market value and consumer acceptance. The majority of shrimp feeding protocols in typical production setups rely on a combination of feed trays and predetermined feed plans which do not account for real-time consumption or feed preferences. However, for the last decade, the development of passive acoustic monitoring has allowed a much more direct measurement of shrimp feed intake by capturing and integrating clicking sounds produced by shrimp while eating. Integrating acoustic responses with automated feeding systems has allowed the development of on-demand feeding systems for shrimp. Hence, this technology is a potential tool to help understand feed preferences when the feeding protocol is based on real-time demand for feed rather than predetermined quantities. Building on previous research, the goal of this trial was to use passive feedback acoustic feeders as a tool to evaluate if shrimp prefer diets with different protein sources when given the option to eat as much as requested. A 13-week trial was conducted in 16, 0.1-ha outdoor ponds, stocked at 30 shrimp/m2 and equipped with the AQ1 acoustic feeding system. At day 45, the acoustic system was initiated, and four treatments were assigned with a 35% crude protein diet with different protein sources: all-plant, 8% poultry meal (PM), 8% fish meal (FM), and 12% FM. A second growth trial was conducted in 20, 800-L outdoor recirculating system with similar density (30 shrimp/tank), and shrimp were offered a predetermined feeding rate. We did not find statistical differences in any of the main production parameters. Results of this study indicate that shrimp did not clearly favor a particular diet. This suggests that, irrespective of ingredient matrix, a well-balanced feed will produce suitable growth even when shrimp are allowed to determine their feed intake. The use of acoustic feeders opens the door for nutrition research in which the shrimp are fed on demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp are economically important candidates for aquaculture in Tanzania; however, their farming is constrained by reliance on costly feeds, attributed to the use of fishmeal as the main ingredient. This study determined the efficacy of green algae Chaetomorpha sp. on survival, feed utilization, biochemical composition, and fatty acids profile of the cultured Penaeus monodon as a potential candidate for replacing fishmeal. Four experimental feeds, F0, F1, F2, and F3, denoting fishmeal replacement levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively, were made. Post-larvae weighing 0.49 ± 0.06 g were stocked at 15 individuals/m3 in 2 m3 hapa nets in three replicates and reared for 45 days. The F2 treatment showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) survival rate than the other treatments. F2 and F3 improved growth significantly with F3 exhibiting the highest weight gain (8.02 ± 0.26 g) compared to the other treatments. The biochemical composition varied significantly (p<0.05) across treatment levels. The F2 treatment demonstrated the highest muscle somatic index (MSI) of 71.77 ± 2.32%. The F3 treatment exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) crude protein (CP) than the other treatments. Crude fat (CF) in F0 and F2 treatments were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other replacement levels. The F0 and F1 treatments exhibited higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than the other treatments. In contrast, F2 and F3 treatments had high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The replacement of Chaetomorpha algae at 20 to 30% levels in feeds improved feed utilization, biochemical composition, and fatty acids profile of the farmed Penaeus monodon. However, the replacement of Chaetomorpha algae at 30% resulted in high saturated fatty acids but lowest survival rates. Thus, at a 20% replacement level, Chaetomorpha algae are suitable for partial replacement of fishmeal in P. monodon feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using vegetable protein sources as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (PWS) has a negative impact on their health. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, affects PWS and causes financial losses. Nucleotides modulate the immune response and could contribute to counteracting these issues. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation on performance, immune response, and survival when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, in PWS receiving a diet with FM partially replaced with vegetable protein sources. A feeding trial (1000 PWS; 56 days) and a challenge trial (600 PWS; 10 days) were performed using diets with different FM inclusion levels (26%, 23.4%, 22.1%, and 20.8%), with or without 0.1% nucleotides. A non-challenged, non-supplemented group was also used in the challenge trial. Adding nucleotides to diets with reduced FM allowed significantly better results in growth performance parameters and total hemocyte count (THC). In the challenge trial, compared to control, nucleotide supplementation led to significantly higher THC and survival rate 15 h post-challenge. In conclusion, adding nucleotides to PWS diets improves their immune response and resistance to aquatic pathogens, allowing FM to be replaced by vegetable protein sources without negatively affecting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify new alternative raw materials as sources of protein for fish feed, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the protein and dry matter of Lemna minor duckweed included in a diet for cachama negra Colossoma macropomum and the effects of the productive performance in the fry stage, calculating its weight. To estimate the coefficients, the indirect method was used with the inert marker chromic oxide (Cr2O3), collecting the feces by Siphoning. 136 fingerlings (average weight 0.4 g) were used, which were randomly distributed in the aquariums (experimental units) with a volume of 27 liters, in groups of 17 fingerlings/aquarium. Two experimental diets were evaluated: the reference diet (T1) composed of 42% fishmeal, 14% cassava, 43% soybean and 1.0% Cr2O3, and the test diet (T2), composed of 71% fishmeal. of reference diet, 1.0% Cr2O3 and 28% of the test ingredient (duckweed flour). Four replicates per diet were evaluated. Feces were collected and immediately dried and stored at 60°C and –12°C, respectively, until analyzed for proximal composition and Cr2O3 levels. The experimental phase lasted 30 days, the results of weights per replicate in the biometrics were evaluated through a descriptive statistical analysis. No statistical differences (p>0.05) were found by biometry between the treatments, even so, higher productive yields were found with T2. Survival was T1=94.12%, and T2=100%. The CDA for dry matter and protein of the raw material were 92.57±3.60 and 77.97±0.91, respectively. The inclusion of this meal in diets for cachama fingerlings is feasible in terms of growth, weight gain and reduction of feed costs, in addition, the high ADC value shows that cachama negra can digest duckweed protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to analyze the composition and feeding safety of Periplaneta americana. The study was to measure of major nutrient component, mineral elements, amino acid, heavy metals, microorganisms and other components of Periplaneta americana. The results showed that the main nutrient components of Periplaneta americana were 71.2% of crude protein, 18.4% of crude fat, 8.8% of crude ash and 7.0% of crude fiber, respectively. The content of crude protein and crude fat were higher than those of Peruvian fish meal. The content of mineral elements K, P, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I and Mo in Periplaneta americana were higher than those in Peruvian fish meal. It contained 18 kind of amino acids, accounting for 48.72% of the total, belonging to the complete protein, and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids was 39.57%. The content of heavy metal and other harmful components were all within a safe range. The study indicates that Periplaneta americana can be use as a high-quality functional protein raw material, which has a good feeding application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the growth performance, microbiota, immunity response, and disease resistance in hybrid grouper fed with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) replacement of fishmeal. Six groups of isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated including a positive control group (50% fishmeal, PC), a negative control group (CPC replaced 50% of fishmeal protein, NC), and Clostridium butyricum supplemented with 0.05% (C1, 5 × 10 8 CFU/kg), 0.2% (C2, 2 × 10 9 CFU/kg), 0.8% (C3, 8 × 10 9 CFU/kg), and 3.2% (C4, 3.2 × 10 10 CFU/kg), respectively, to the NC group. The results showed that weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the C4 group than that in the NC group (P < 0.05). After supplementation with C. butyricum, the amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities were significantly higher than the NC group (P < 0.05 ; except group C1), and the same results were obtained for intestinal morphometry. The intestinal proinflammatory factors were significantly downregulated, and the anti-inflammatory factors were significantly upregulated in the C3 and C4 groups compared with the NC group after supplementation with 0.8%-3.2% C. butyricum (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, the PC, NC, and C4 groups were dominated by the Firmicutes and the Proteobacteria. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacillus in the NC group was lower than that in the PC and C4 groups. After supplementation with C. butyricum, grouper in the C4 group showed significantly higher resistance to V. harveyi than the NC group (P < 0.05). Above all, taking into account the effects of immunity and disease resistance, it was recommended to supplement 3.2% C. butyricum in the diet of grouper fed the replacement of 50% fishmeal protein by CPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the experimental investigations on magnetic (spin polarization and exchange bias) and transport (spin-flip and spin-flop) properties of Co2FeSi Heusler compound at cryo temperature and high magnetic field. The spin cluster characteristic of the material is revealed by the M[T] curve of the ZFC, FC, and FW cycles. This can exhibit spin polarization behavior of anti-ferromagnetism (AFM) at 30–70 K. Furthermore, at a critical field of 0.2 T, AFM transforms into ferromagnetic (FM) and on further increasing the magnetic field, the spin polarization region becomes linear due to perseverance of FM behavior. The isothermal magnetization [M(H)] are also evaluated at different temperatures and AFM to FM transition has been observed at various applied magnetic fields. These magnetic measurements are used to determine exchange bias [EB] parameters such as HE, HC, and Mr both at low and room temperature. The resistivity [ρ(T)] has been measured at 0 and 5 T field, which explain the increasing trend of metallic nature at cooling cycle and also provides a clear evidence of magnonic, phononic resistivity and spin-flip scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentiality of using two novel aqua-derived meals from fish waste biomass in either nonfermented (FW) or fermented (FFW) form as dietary partial fishmeal (FM) substitutes for juvenile European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, (IBW, 29 g) was investigated. FW meal (40% crude protein, 20% lipids, and 7.5% ash) was fermented using the marine fungus, Beauveria bassiana. The influence of partial substitution of dietary FM using either FW or FFW meal at, 15%, 30% and 45% levels, on fish immunity and liver and intestinal histomorphology was examined to determine the appropriate form and optimal inclusion level of each. Fish were fed a basal control diet and six test diets containing either FW or FFW, each at three FM substitution levels, for 90 days. Results showed that the total serum protein, albumin, globulin, phagocytic activity of leucocyte, respiratory burst, lysozyme activities, and immunoglobulin IgM were all significantly improved in fish consumed the FW diet, at all incorporation levels, relative to the other diets. Intestinal and liver histology were also examined for any morphological alteration. Normal fish liver architecture was recorded in all experimental fish groups, with no signs of inflammation. Inspection of the proximal, mid, and distal intestine via the light and electron microscopy illustrated that seabass fed the FW30 diet had normal gut structure. Meanwhile, administration of the highest dietary FW/FFW level (45%) induced some inflammatory signs in the proximal intestinal mucosa of seabass. These findings suggest that FW meal is a feasible alternative for replacing 30% of FM in the seabass diet without compromising fish immunity and liver / intestinal integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]